Analyzing Grammar

Language index

Agatu 98

Amele 100, 116, 191, 220, 316–317, 321

Amharic 185

Arabic 143, 151, 185

Asheninca 146n.5

Azerbaijani, Southern 120, 229, 284, 302

Bariba 99

Basari 307

Bekwarra 314

Bengali 195n.15

Biatah 140, 185

Birom 309

Buru 117

Cambodian (Khmer) 133, 201

Cashinahua 109

ChiBemba 151, 161

Chichewa 261–262, 273, 276, 277–278, 328

Chimwiini 278

Chinantec, Lalana 291

Chinantec, Palantla 314

Chinese 80, 131–132, 141, 160, 175, 185, 206–208, 234, 246n.21

Chinook 150

Chontal, Oaxaca 305

Chukchee 280

Dogon 233

Dusun 150, 185

Dutch 256

Dyirbal 109, 129, 130

Ekpeye 169

English 17, 34–35, 37, 56, 63, 90–92, 103, 105, 112, 200, 204–205, 223, 234–235, 241, 244n.1, 248–249, 288, 292–294, 317

   adverbial clause as PP 227–229

   auxiliary verbs 82, 165

   derivational morphology 12, 252, 254, 255, 260, 263–264, 270

   imperfective aspect 157

   noun phrases 87–89, 90–92, 97

   possessor phrase 92, 95, 322

   “strong” verbs 308

   subject–aux inversion 225

   subjecthood properties 56–57

   suppletive morphology 23, 290

   VP constituent 81–82

Eskimo 185

Eskimo, Greenlandic 204, 206

Estonian 195n.15

Finnish 24, 195n.15, 213, 215, 252

French 80, 140, 172n.4, 185, 256

Gee 18–21

German 80, 128, 129, 137, 139, 140, 160, 186, 233, 235, 254, 259, 263, 308

Greek 185

Gurung 163

Hatam 93

Hausa 181

Hebrew 182, 185, 213, 238, 307

Hindi 110, 195n.15, 234

Hokkien 185

Hopi 217n.7, 283

Huichol 289

Hungarian 195n.15, 217n.9

Indonesian (see Malay)

Inga 329

Irish 185

Italian 80, 172n.4, 256, 326

Jacaltec 144, 204

Japanese 80, 84, 134, 271, 279

Kalaw Lagaw Ya 124

Kalkatungu 118

Karo Batak 257–258

Kashmiri 195n.15

Kayan 141

Khmer (see Cambodian)

Kimaragang Dusun 141, 149, 166, 185, 226–227, 275–276, 305, 306

Kinyarwanda 283

Korean 288

Land Dayak 185

Latin 22, 129, 134, 164, 188, 200, 217n.3, 245n.18, 298–299, 301

Lithuanian 149

Lotuko 7–10

Luiseño 265

Malak-Malak 94

Malay/Indonesian 63, 92, 139, 140, 141, 160, 185, 212, 229, 241, 279, 287n.14, 304, 307, 309–310, 320–321

   constituent structure 28–32, 41, 44

   classifiers 132–133

   derivational morphology 254, 256–257, 258

Malayalam 81, 102–104, 106, 110, 199, 271

Manipuri 259, 260

Mersthami (artificial) 49

Mohawk 281

Muna 149, 255, 326–328, 333n.6

Nahuatl 112, 280

Ngbaka 48, 83

Ngiyambaa 169

Nivkh 134

Onandaga 23

Papago 310

Persian 238

Pitjantjatjara 107–108

Polish 333n.6

Popoluca, Sayula 286

Portuguese 80, 81, 92, 112, 117, 129, 139, 150, 243, 255, 259, 264, 333n.6

Quechua, Cuzco 261

Quechua, Huallaga 167, 208–209, 213, 226

Quechua, Imbabura 151, 260

Quechua, Tarma 291

Quiché 119

Rembarrnga 23

Rotuman 311–312

Romanian 172n.4

Russian 114, 156, 158, 209–210, 324

Salish 50n.9

Sama, Pangutaran 273, 330

Samoan 141

Sherpa 167

Southern Tiwa 113, 146n.6, 280, 281–282

Spanish 155–156, 159, 183–184, 301, 325, 328

Sùpyìré 182

Susurunga 139

Swahili 24, 130, 159, 200, 335–340

Tabulahan 114–116, 333n.6

Tagalog 162–163, 172n.5, 174, 176, 178–181, 184, 185, 186, 234, 238, 304, 305, 310, 311, 323–324, 332

Tamil 168

Tawala 266

Teochew 1–2

Terena 308

Tibetan 168

Tlingit 331

Tok Pisin 190, 214

Turkish 17, 185, 213, 233, 260, 277, 306

Tzeltal 133

Vietnamese 133

Wakashan 50n.9

Wali 297

Walmatjari 106–107, 143, 167

Wantoat 295

Warlpiri 29, 229

Warrgamay 94

Welsh 292, 308

Yessan-Mayo 215

Yidiny 122

Yimas 143

Yurok 185

Zapotec, Isthmus 10–12, 14–17, 130, 140

Subject index

ablaut 308

adjuncts 58, 227

   arguments vs. adjuncts 58–60

   complements vs. adjuncts 87–89, 187–188

adverbial clause (= clausal adjunct) 219, 227–230, 240

adversatives 279–280

agreement 17, 56, 62, 80, 111–116, 118, 138, 189

   concord (= agreement with N) 117

   possessor agreement 93, 116–117, 245n.11

allomorphy 288–301

   lexically conditioned 290, 291

     (see also inflectional classes)

   morphologically conditioned 291–292

   phonologically conditioned 289, 291, 294

ambiguity 26, 165

   lexical 27

   structural 27, 52

anaphora vs. deixis 136–137

animacy 110

     (see also person–animacy hierarchy)

applicative 273–274

apposition 138, 327, 333n.8

argument structure 68

arguments 53, 58, 62

aspect 147, 152–157

   lexical aspect 152–154

   perfective vs. imperfective 154–157

   telicity 154, 156

case 102–111, 116, 117, 140

   ergative vs. accusative 105–107, 118

   grammatical vs. semantic 103–104, 118

causatives 260, 277–278

circumfix 254, 257, 279, 307

classifiers 128, 131, 133–134

clause 32, 53

   attributive clause 175, 178

   equative clause 175, 178

   existential clause 181, 190, 195n.17

   locative clause 175, 178

   meteorological clause 186, 212

clause-mates 76

clitic 99, 101n.5, 208, 209, 213, 217n.8, 316–329

   clitic climbing 326

   clitic doubling 328

   clitic vs. affix 318–319, 325–329

   phrasal affix 322

   second position clitics 323–324

   simple clitics 320–322, 329

   special clitics 320, 322–325, 329

collocational clash (see selectional restrictions)

complement 37, 75, 87

   complement clause 219, 220–225, 240

complementary distribution 16, 20, 116, 289, 326, 327

complementizer 220

compositionality of meaning 8

compounds 14, 248–249

consonant mutation 308

constituents 26, 27, 28–32, 40, 47

   AP constituent 90–92

   constituency tests 30–32

   discontinuous 29, 195n.7

   N′ (“N-bar”) 97–98

   S′ (“S-bar”) 221

   VP constituent 81–82

coordination 91, 218–219

copula 173, 176–177, 178, 181–185

defective verbs 181

diminutives 254–255

dummy subject 186

ellipsis 37

ergativity 105–110

   ergative agreement 114–116

   split ergativity 107–110, 118

extraposition 221

focus 198, 205, 208, 209, 213, 217n.9

gender 128–131, 133–134, 139, 299

   common gender 134

grammatical hierarchy 33, 38

Grammatical Relations (GRs) 29, 55–58, 78, 272

   primary vs. secondary objects 61–62, 287n.4

   semantically restricted 79, 86n.7

   terms vs. oblique arguments 57–58, 62

imperative 186, 199–203

impersonal clauses 185–187

incorporation 23, 280–282

infix 149, 162, 257, 304, 305–306

inflection vs. derivation 247, 250–253, 259–262, 290

inflectional classes 297–299, 300

   conjugations 298

   declensions 298

intensifiers (=adverbs of degree) 34, 90

irrealis 149, 162, 165

“Item and Process” model 304, 313

Kleene star 91

lexicon 43, 66, 262–264, 265

lexical entries 66–67, 83, 177

lexical insertion 43

linking 69

markedness 198–199

measure words 131

metathesis 311–312

minimal contrast 8, 11, 13

modality 147, 163, 165–168

   epistemic vs. deontic 166

   evidentials 167

   speaker-oriented vs. agent-oriented 166

mood 147, 163–165

   major moods 53, 163, 196

     (see also speech acts)

   subjunctive 164–165

morpheme

   definition 12–13

   discontinuous 307

     (see also circumfix)

   free vs. bound 13, 248, 316

   null 17–18

   portmanteau 22, 25n.3, 253, 298

   “process” morpheme (see Item and Process)

   root vs. affix 14, 16, 248, 316

morphological types 23

   agglutinating 22

   analytic (= isolating) 22

   polysynthetic 23

   synthetic 22

morphophonemics 290, 292–296, 299

negation 211–214

nominalization 233, 254, 256–258

noun

   mass vs. count 18, 36, 66–67, 90

   proper vs. common 44, 46

number 4, 16, 36, 139

“object deletion” 71, 80

paradigm 17, 252, 299

part of speech (see syntactic categories)

passive 271–273

   adversative passive 287n.9

perfect 158–161

person 16, 138

   inclusive vs. exclusive 139

person–animacy hierarchy 109, 126n.5

phrase 32, 35

   head vs. dependent 36–37

Phrase Structure

   annotations 77, 78

   PS rules 42–44

   tree diagrams 38–41

   VP constituent 81–82

politeness 140, 202

position class chart 15–17, 19, 22, 259–262

possession 92–95, 116–117, 180–181

   alienable vs. inalienable possession 93–94, 116

pragmatic functions (see topic; focus)

predicate 53, 63, 173

predicate complement (XCOMP) 92, 174, 176–177, 187–189

prescriptive grammar 5

“pro-drop” 79–81, 186

pronouns 45, 46, 135–143

   null (pro) 81

   reflexive vs. emphatic 137–138

propositions 53

proximity 140, 150

questions 203–210

   alternative question 204, 206

   indirect question 224, 239

   rhetorical questions 197

   tag questions 57, 204–205, 207, 211

   Wh-/constituent/content 31, 203, 205–206, 207–208

   Yes–No 2, 6, 203, 206–207, 324

quotation

   direct 224, 226–227

   indirect 224–225

reciprocals 275, 276

recurring partials 8, 10

recursion 94–95, 218

reduplication 162, 304, 309

reflexive affix 274

relative clauses 89, 98, 219, 230–240, 241

   correlative 234

   free relative 239–240

   headless relative clauses 239

   internally headed 233–234

   relative pronoun vs. relativizer 234–236

   restrictive vs. non-restrictive 231–232

resumptive pronouns 238

selectional restrictions 73–74, 173

semantic roles 53–55

speech acts 196–197, 214

stem 248, 250

“strong” verbs 308

subcategorization 59, 68, 70, 74–75, 83, 177, 179

subordination 219–241

subtractive morphology 310

suppletion 23, 290–292, 294–295, 296–297, 300

suprafix 308

syntactic categories 3, 26, 27, 33–38, 47, 253

   criteria for 34–36

   lexical 33–35

   major vs. minor 37

   phrasal 35–38, 44–46

tense 147–152

   relative tense 148, 151–152, 172n.5

topic 56, 198

transitivity 69, 83

     (see also valence)

valence 69–70, 83, 270

   valence alternations 70–72

   valence-changing operations 72, 256, 270–282

well-formedness conditions 75–76, 179

   uniqueness of oblique arguments 79

Word Formation Rule (WFR) 262–265, 272, 274

word boundaries 317, 318, 320

work charts 19–21, 115

zero-anaphora (see “pro-drop”)