Myths of the Archaic State

INDEX

Abada 31

Abu Hurayra 200

Achaemenid rulers, Achaemenids 112, 144, 155

achievement 27

actors, social 34, 35, 36, 102, 197

Adams, Robert McC. 19, 54, 148, 212

administrators 37

agency 113, 114, 182

‘Ain Ghazal 202–4

Akins, Nancy 167

Akkade 37, 142

Akkadian 103

Akkadians 49

Alexander the Great 155

Algaze, Guillermo 212, 213

alternate trajectories 31

Amorites 49, 146–7, 150, 154

amphictyony 56

analogies and comparisons 188–95

analogy 5, 18, 28, 180, 181, 192

   ethnographic 23, 31, 196

Anasazi 163, 171

ancestors 37, 97

Andean prehistory 28

Anderson, Benedict 50

Anderson, David 25

Arabian coast 209

Aramaic 149

“Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence” 183

archaic states (see myths) 5, 13, 196–7, 228

arenas of power 198

assemblies 36, 61, 110, 111, 112

Assurbanipal 152

Assyrian family-firms 58, 150

Assyrian King List 147

Assyrians, modern 160

Australian Archaeological Association 184

Australian hunter-gatherer societies, Aboriginal societies 161–2, 177

autonomy (of local groups) 15

Axial Age 140

Aztec 171

Babylon 123, 127, 128

Baines, John 47, 52, 61

Bak, Per 169

bandishness 177

bands 6, 13, 17, 29

basic level theory 186

Bawden, Garth 28

beer hall 127

beguines, beguinage 119, 120

behavioral archaeology 185

Beld, Scott 51, 57

belief systems 6, 37, 56, 136

Belshazzar 160

Benedict, Ruth 9

Bernbeck, Reinhard 206

beveled-rim bowls 54, 101, 211

biblical times 194

big-man societies 27

Binford, Lewis 9, 185, 186

biology 28

Blanton, Richard 37, 177, 189, 191

Boas, Franz 9, 10

   Boasian particularism 9

Boltz, William 94–6

Bones 185

Book of Revelations 126

Bridges, Elizabeth 114

Bronson, Bennet 229

brothel 127

Button, Seth 157

Cahokia 30, 31, 174, 193

Calakmul 49

Caldwell, Joseph 9, 204, 205

Cameron, Catherine 165

Campbell, Stuart 207

capitals 37

Carneiro, Robert 14, 19, 25, 26

Carter, Elizabeth 127

catastrophe theory 134, 136

center and periphery 138–9

centralization, central authority 16, 17, 134, 136

   central leadership 3

Chaco Canyon 162–74, 193

   and Cahokia 230–1

   Chaco masonry 172

   Chaco old order 171

   Chaco phenomenon 167, 171

   Chaco rituality (see rituality)

   Chaco system 167

   Chaco system of roads 167–70

   Chacoan complexity 168

   Chacoan complexity and heterarchy 179

   Chacoan great houses 172

   evolutionary history 173–4

Chaco and Mississippian societies 174–7

Chakrabarti, Dilip 31, 51

Chaldean kings 128

Chaldeans 153, 160

Chang, K. C. 96, 97, 230

charismatic individuals 32

Charlton, Thomas 45, 49

Chetro Ketl 167

chiefdoms 6, 13, 17, 20, 22–31, 41, 44, 174, 176, 177, 188, 196, 209

   beneficent chiefdoms 14

   beneficent and redistributive chiefdoms 14

   defined 23

   matrilineal 23

   Mississippian 31

   Polynesian 31

Childe, V. Gordon 19, 60, 229

China 37, 45, 49, 50

   Anyang 43, 50, 51, 97

   dynastic cycle 96, 100, 194

   early civilization 60

   Erligang culture 96

   Erlitou 43, 50, 51, 52, 96

   evolution of the first cities and states 96–100

   Han dynasty 100

   literati 28, 37, 100

   Longshan 50

   Mandate of Heaven 99, 100

   pre-Shang 96

   royal burials 96

   Shang dynasty 50, 96–100

     kings 98, 99

     state 98

   unification 100

   writing 94–5

   Xia dynasty 96

   Yanshi 51

   Yinxu at Anyang 96

   Zhengzhou 43, 50, 51

   Zhou dynasty 50, 96, 98, 99

Churchill, Winston 44

Cipolla, Carlo 149

circumscription 26

cities 38, 42–62, 91, 212

city-hall 58, 111

city-seals 55, 56

city-state culture 46

city-states 17, 44, 45, 194

   Maya and Mesopotamian 194

civilization 13, 14, 15–19, 46, 134, 136

   definition of 17

Clarke, David 183, 205

Clastres, Pierre 161

climate change 32

collapse 1, 13, 15, 28, 29, 38, 171, 197, 198, 213

collapse of ancient Mesopotamian states and civilization 140–60

   Old Akkadian state 142–4

   Old Babylonian state 147–9

   Third Dynasty of Ur (Ur III) 144–7

collapse of ancient states and civilizations 131–60

collective memory 231

comparative method 193, 195

complex adaptive systems 3, 169, 230

complex systems, complex societies, complexity 16, 28, 41, 62, 91, 136, 198

community leaders 117, 212

Confucius 100

conical clans 24

conflict and consensus 15 (see also models) 15

   ubiquity of conflict 15

constraints on growth 15

consumption 208

contemporary ancestors 18, 22

contracts 102

Cordell, Linda 171, 172

corporate strategy 177

corporate-network model 178

councils (see also assemblies) 58, 111, 112, 176

   of Egyptians 112

   of great and small in Old Assyrian texts 111, 150, 151

   of male citizens 110

countryside 61, 137, 197

Cowgill, George 38, 131, 137

craft specialists 35, 37

Creamer, Winifred and Jonathan Haas 23

cross-cultural comparison 23, 31

Crumley, Carole 35

Cuicuilco 48

cultural struggle 152

cultural-ecological adaptations 11

cycling 25, 26, 29, 132, 174

cylinder seals 54

Cyrus the Great 141, 155, 159

David (King) 37, 191

Darwin, theory of 21, 32

decision-making 36, 37

demographic implosion 54

dependants 35, 37, 39

deportations 152, 155

devadasis 127

Diakonoff, Igor 103, 111

differentiation (see also stratification) 15, 16, 32–3, 40, 41, 42, 60, 91, 134, 136, 181, 194

   horizontal 32

   vertical 32

disembedded capital 189, 190

dispute-settlement arenas 112

disputes 111

division of labor 202, 212

Dombradi, Eva 109

domestication 201

domination 3

Domuztepe 206

down-the-line trade 202

dowry 117, 118

Doyel, David 23

Drennan, Robert 23–8, 168

Driver, Godfrey 106

dual-processual model 177

Durkheim, Emile 138

Eanatum 57

Earle, Timothy 23, 24, 26

early state modules 46, 48

Eastwood, Clint 116

Ebla 111

egalitarian 5

Egypt 45, 46–8, 194

   Abydos 47

   Amarna 43, 47, 57

   Hierakonpolis 43, 47

   Memphis 43, 47, 52

   Naqada 43, 47, 52

   New Kingdom 48

   Old Kingdom 48

   Ptolemaic 203

   Thebes 43, 47, 52

   Thinis 47

Eisenstadt, Shmuel 138–40

Elamites 104

elders 36, 112

   of Jews 112

elites 15, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42

   rural 61

Emberling, Geoff 206

emergent properties 200, 201, 204

empires 12, 45

Enga 22

Engels, Friedrich 10

Enheduana 142

Enshakushana 57

entrepreneurs 49

Erra Epic 125

Esarhaddon 152

ethnic groups, ethnicity 15, 36, 40, 41, 49, 146, 154, 155, 156, 214

ethnoarchaeology 193

ethnographic examples 6

   ethnographic types 20

ethnolinguistic groups 208

Etowah 174

evolution 1, 4, 5, 6, 9 (see also neo-evolutionism) 1, 4, 5, 6, 9

   astrophysical 2

   biological 2, 4, 12

   civilizational ideology, of 17

   cultural 8

   cultural laws of 11

   ladder of development 20

   law of cultural evolution 9

   law of evolutionary potential 13

   multilinear 11, 12

   of simplicity 92

   pathways 161

   social 8

   socio-cultural 8

   trajectories 197

   universal 11

evolution of ancient states 6, 15

   of ancient civilizations 15

   new rules of the game 6

   old rules of the game 6

evolutionary history 198, 199

factoid 6, 7–8, 44

facts 12

Fairservis, Walter 23

Feinman, Gary 19, 28, 177

feudalism 12

Finkelstein, Jacob J. 107, 123, 124

fire-eaters, jugglers, wrestlers 126

Flannery, Kent 18, 134–5, 136, 189, 203

Forest, Jean-Daniel 210

Fortner, John 109

Foucault, Michel 184

Fowles, Severin 114, 173

free-floating resources 138, 139

Fried, Morton 7, 14

Friedman, Jonathan 10

Friedman, Renée 47

functionalist and adaptationist schools of thought 28

galacticize countrysides 50

Gallery, Maureen 125

Game of Archaeological Neologisms 181

Geertz, Clifford 50

Gelb, I. J. 111

Genealogy of Hammurabi 147

Giddens, Anthony 184

Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh and Akka 110, 111, 125, 160

   Epic 160

Gilman, Patricia 168

Göbekli Tepe 201

Godelier, Maurice 10

gods 37, 39

Goldenweiser, Alexander 9

Goodyear, Albert (see Raab)

Greece and Rome 194

Greeks, Greek 132, 155, 158

Griffeth, Robert 42, 46

growth model 229

Gulf War 160

Guti 144

Haas, Jonathan 8

Hacinebi Tepe 212

Hallan Çemi 200

Hallpike 16

Hammurabi of Babylon 58, 103–9, 123, 125, 127, 129, 147, 148–51, 160

Hansen, Mogens Herman 45, 49

Harappa (Indus Valley civilization) 36, 45, 51–2, 194, 228

   city-states 43, 52, 60, 229

   Harappa 43, 51

   Mohenjo Daro 43, 51

   tradition 60

Harris, Marvin 10, 11

Harris, Rivkah 117

Hawaii 22, 24, 30, 31

headman 110, 119, 148

Heidegger, Martin 184

Hellenism, Hellenistic rule (see also Seleucids) 155–9

Henry, Donald 23

Herodotus 121, 122, 126

Herskovits, Melville 9

heterarchy 35, 179

heterogeneity 27

high-level theory 185, 187–8

high-modernist schemes 93

history 195

Hittites 147, 148, 151

Hoebel, E. Adamson 102

holistic change 28

Hopewell 204

Hopi town of Oraibi 114–15

horizonal integration 230

Hsu, Cho-yun 98

hunter-gatherers 229

Hurrians 49

hypercoherence 135, 136

Ibbi-Sin 145

ideal types 20, 46, 58

identity 16, 131, 137, 154

ideology 3, 5, 17, 28, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 44, 62, 129, 174, 194, 197, 209, 214, 229

   high-modernist 92

   of domination 177

   of order and hierarchy 6

   of states, of statecraft, of governance, of centralization 3, 32, 39, 42, 115, 131, 140, 174

Ilushuma 149, 150

Indus Valley civilization (see Harappa)

inequality 27, 31, 35, 38, 40, 198

initial conditions 200

integration 32–3, 41, 42, 134, 136

interaction spheres 204–5, 230

Iraq 160

irrigation 11–12, 101, 102

Ishbi-Erra 145

Ishtar of Uruk 125, 126, 127, 128, 130

Jacobs, Jane 93

Jacobsen, Thorkild 55, 110

Janssen, Caroline 120

Jaspers, Karl 140

Jeffreys, David 47

Jerusalem 37, 160, 191–2

Jing, Zhichun 51

Johnson, Gregory 20

Jones, Rhys 162

Judge, James 168

Kantorowicz, Ernst 41

Kassites 49, 58, 147, 149, 151, 154

Katsina 171

Kauffman, Stuart 169

Katz, Dina 110

Kazane 206

Keightley, David 50, 96, 97, 98

Keith, Kathryn 61, 193

Kemp, Barry 47

Kenoyer, J. Mark 51, 52, 57

Kertzer, David 173

kezertu 116, 120

king lists 159

kinship 10, 16–17, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 61, 62, 97, 110, 138, 147, 149, 202, 205, 209, 210, 214

Kirch, Patrick 27

Knight, Vernon 23

knowledgeables 98, 99

Kolata, Alan 52

Kowalewski, Steven 177

Kraus, Fritz Rudolf 106

Kuwait 160

laborers 35

ladder of progressiveness 5

Lambert, Wilfred 123

lamentation priest (at Sippar) 125, 126, 127

landowners 38

Landsberger, Benno 106

Langton, Chris 177

Larsen, Mogens Trolle 111, 149

Laufer, Berthold 8

law (true) 196

law and order 39

law of evolutionary potential 134

leadership, leaders 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 42, 61, 62, 112, 194, 197, 214

   centralized 39

   of temple estates 36

   political leaders 38, 170

   principles 177

   religious leaders 38

   traditional 143

Le Corbusier 92

legal realists 102

legitimacy 17, 42, 61, 91, 155

Lekson, Stephen 162, 168, 171

Lenin 93

levels of archaeological theory 186

Levi, Giovanni 115

libraries 153

linearlization 134, 136, 137

list of professions 101

litigations 102

Liu, Li 50, 51

Liverani, Mario 110

Llewellyn, Karl 102

local community authorities, local autonomy, local groups 15, 28, 36, 110, 137, 139, 148, 192, 205

local resources 37

Lowie, Robert 9

Lugalzagesi of Umma 57

Machinist, Peter 100, 140

Maekawa, Kazuya 145

Mailer, Norman 7

Maine, Henry 10

maladaptation 134, 135

Mallowan, Max 207

Marxist theories 14, 138

Mathien, Joan 162, 167

Matthews, Roger 55

Maya 39, 52–3, 131

   city-states, small states 44, 45, 49, 53, 60, 177, 194

   civilization and Maya states 44, 60

   collapse 134, 135, 136

   Copan 43, 53

   El Mirador 43, 52

   Nakbe 53

   Tikal (see Tikal)

   writing 48

McElmo phase 171

McGuire, Randall 27

McIntosh, Susan 161

McNamara, JoAnn 121

Mead, Margaret 9

meaning, systems of 34

Medes 152

Melanesia 27

mercantile activity (see also trade) 35, 149–51

merchant families (see also Assyrian family-firms) 58, 150

merchants 117

Merodach-Baladan 160

Merton, Robert 20, 186, 187

Mesilim 57

Meskell, Lynn 47

Mesoamerica 167

Mesopotamia 11, 39

   Akkade 57, 58, 59

     collapse of 58

   Anu temple 54

   Assyria 149

   Assyria’s Babylonia problem 152

   Assyrian national deity 56

   Brak/Nagar 43, 55, 211

   Choga Mami 206

   Choga Mami transitional 209

   city-states, small states, micro-states, statelets 44, 45, 49, 53, 198, 214, 229

     evolution of 210

   civilization 44, 53, 60, 209

   collapse 53

   cultural identity 56

   Dilbat 116, 129

   Drehem 144, 145

   Eanna complex 43, 54, 211

   Early Dynastic period 56

   Eridu 54, 209, 210, 213

   god-lists 56

   Gawra 44, 209, 210

   Halaf 23, 101

   Hassuna 101

   Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf 205–9

   Isin 145

   Kanesh 58, 149

   Karduniash 58

   Kish 43, 57, 110, 123–8, 142, 211, 228

     and Hursagkalama 57

   Lagash 43, 55, 57, 103, 142, 143, 145

     Girsu (Telloh) 43, 57, 211

     Lagash king list 55

     Tell al-Hiba 43, 57

   land-sale documents, pre-Akkadian and Akkadian periods 111

   Larsa 43, 58

   later Neolithic 101

   law codes 100–9

     Dadusha of Eshnunna 103

     Lipit-Ishtar 103

     Ur-Namma 103

   legal pronouncements 94

   Leilan 143

   Maghzaliya 201

   Marad 116

   Mari 145

   Mesopotamian and Aztec city-states 19

   Neo-Assyrian capitals 192

   Neo-Assyrian kings 58

   Neo-Babylonian kings 59

   Neo-Babylonian period 111

   Nineveh 207

   Nippur 56, 123, 211

   Old Assyrian Assur 49

   Old Assyrian city-state of Assur 58

     city-state government 58

   Old Assyrian texts at Kanesh 111

   Old Babylonian period 58, 61, 116–26

   Port Tukulti-Ninurta 58

   Puzrish-Dagan 144

   Samarra 101

   Sawwan 205, 206

   Sippar 117, 125, 129

   Standard Babylonian 56

   stream of tradition 56

   Sumerian King List 55, 56, 58, 59, 144, 197, 213

   tokens 94

   transformation in the division of labor 54

   Ubaid period 23, 31, 54, 101, 209–10

   Umma 57, 145

   Ur 56, 58, 211

     Ur III (Third Dynasty of Ur) 58, 59, 104, 117, 144–7, 228 58, 59, 104, 117, 144–7, 228

   Uruk 43, 52, 54, 57, 60, 101, 110, 127, 128, 146, 157, 158, 176, 211, 213

     and Kullab 57

   Uruk expansion, Uruk colonies 54, 212–13

   Uruk period 23, 30, 54, 210–14

   Yarim Tepe 205, 206

Metcalf, Mary 167

Michalowski, Piotr 211

microhistory 115, 129

micro-states 17

middle-range theory 183, 184–7

Miles, John 106

military 37, 148

Millon, Rene 49

Milner, George 23

Mississippian polities, Mississippian chiefdoms 174–7, 209

Mississippian-ness 174

Moche 43, 52

models 6

   benefits and conflicts/coercion 14

   conflict 14

   on the middle-level 189

monocropping 93

Monte Albán 37, 189–92

Morgan, Edward 1, 5, 9, 10, 44

Morrison, Kathleen 45

Moundsville 174

myth, of social evolution, of the archaic state 2, 5, 44, 196–7, 231

Nabonidus 153

naditu 116–23

Naram-Sin 142

nation-states 13

Natufian 23

near decomposability 136, 137

Nebuchadnezzar II 153, 160

Neitzel, Jill 28

Nelson, Ben 170

Nemrik 200

new archaeologists 9

Nietzel, Jill 19

neo-evolutionism, neo-evolutionists 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 38, 41, 45, 62, 100, 113, 134, 135–6, 173, 176, 180, 182, 188, 195, 231

   classification, flaws in 19

   evolutionist process 12

   failures of 6, 19

   general 12

   model 18, 21

   specific 12

   trees 18

   true believers in 20

network strategy 177

Nichols, Deborah 45, 49

Nissen, Hans 55

nomads 41, 60

nuns, medieval 119

Nyerere, Julius 93

Oates, Joan 206

old rules of the game 6

Oppenheim, A. Leo 56

oracle bones 98

oral history 194

order 34, 36, 39–40, 91

   and law (see also law and order) 62

oriental despotism 112

Paquime 171

palaces 228–9

Parsons, Talcott 5, 186

pathologies 135, 138

patrimonial bureaucracy 37

Patterson, Thomas 8

Pauketat, Tim 163

Paynter, Robert 28

peer-polities 44, 48

Pepper, G. R. 167

Peregrine, Peter 177

phase transitions 230

pilgrimages 91, 170

Pittman, Holly 212

Plog, Fred 171

Polanyi, Karl 24

polis 46

Polynesia 27, 29, 31

population growth and pressure 11, 12, 14, 26, 28, 32, 201–2

port authority (karum) 119

Possehl, Gregory 23, 51, 228, 229

post-processual 182, 184, 195

potter’s workshop 207

Powell, Marvin 123

power 1, 3, 33–8, 197

   bottom-up aspects 2

   centralized 34

   competition for 198

   dimensions of 34, 38

   discourse about 34

   domains of 177, 194, 229

   economic 34, 35

   ideological 174

   ideologies of 16

   limited 29

   local 36

   political 35, 37–8, 39

   relations of 6

   rules of 34

   social 35, 36–7

   sources of 34

   structures 14

   struggle for 6, 42

   varieties of 1, 35

Power, Eileen 120

pre-political 173

priests 37

prime mover arguments 14

prior probabilities 188

processual archaeologists, processual archaeology 9, 184

profit 150

progress 1, 11

promotion 134, 136, 137

prostitution, ritual 122–6

pseudo-pressure 201

Pueblo Bonito 163–7

punctuated and holistic change 22, 26

purification priest 127

Qermez Dere 200

Raab, Mark and Albert Goodyear 185, 186

Rappaport, Roy 134, 135–6

Ratnagar, Shereen 51, 57

redistribution 24

reforms of Urukagina 103

relations of domination 32

relations of production 32

Rempel, Jane 155

Renfrew, Colin 22, 46, 134, 136

Rim-Sin 147

ritual caches 167

rituality 168, 170–1, 173, 177

rival claims to knowledge 7, 189

Roman empire 13

Rome 131

royal lineage 16

rules of the game 6

   academic rules 6

     rules of academic behavior 7

   new rules of the game 6

   old rules of the game 6

   substantive rules 6, 7

rules of social behavior 204

ruralization 52, 54, 61, 214

Russell, Bertrand 45

Sabi Abyad 206, 207

Saddam Hussain 160

Sahlins, Marshall 7, 12–15, 24, 27

Salado interaction sphere 171

salinization 102, 146

Salmon ruin 167, 168

Samsu-iluna 120

San 22

Sanders, William 20, 22, 26

Santa Fe Institute 169–70

Santley, Robert 189, 190

Sapir, Edward 9

Sargon (of Akkade) 37, 56, 57, 58, 142, 143, 144, 150

Schiffer, Michael 185, 186

Schreiber, Katharina 43, 52

Schwartz, Benjamin 98

Scott, James 92–4

sealand kings 123, 127, 128

seals 158

segmentation, social 36

segregation 134, 136

Seleucids (see also Hellenism) 155–9

self-organization (self-organized criticality) 169

Sennacherib 152

Service, Elman 7, 12–15, 134

settlement hierarchies 45

Shabik’eschee 162

shamans, shamanism 32, 97, 98

Shamash-shum-ukin 152

Shamshi-Adad 150, 151

Shoup, Daniel 157

Shulgi 144, 145, 147

Shutruk-nahhunte 104

silver 150

Simon, Herbert 136–7

simplicity 198

Sinopoli, Carla 45

site-size hierarchies 20

Smith, Adam 206

social change 131

social evolution 4, 29, 38

   and technological evolution 10

   Whiggish view 177

social evolutionary theory 1, 3, 6, 7, 197

social identity 16

social landscapes 44

social memory 40

social relations 32

social roles 3, 32, 114, 115, 131, 182, 198

social struggle 170

society-wide institutions 38

sociology of science 7

Southeast (American) 29

Southeastern ceremonial complex 174

Speiser, Ephraim 143

Spencer, Charles 25, 26

Spencer, Herbert 16

Spengler, Oswald 132, 133

spheres of interaction 96

stages 12, 13, 17, 18, 22, 28, 44, 134, 173, 180, 188, 193

states 6, 15–19

   and non-states 16

   appearance of 39, 58

   class-riven 26

   coercive state 14

   date of origin 38

   definition of 17

   different from chiefdoms 25

   identifying the state 41

   the state 15

staple goods 24

Stein, Gil 23, 212

Stein, Gil and Rana Özbal 210

Steinkeller, Piotr 43, 57, 145

Steward, Julian 1, 5, 7, 10–12

storage 36

storage and redistribution 91

stratification 14, 15, 27, 40, 60, 181

   and social differentiation 3, 15

Struever, Stuart and Gail Houart 204

struggle 15

   for control of economic resources 38

   for control of knowledge, ceremonies, and symbols 38

   for political and economic power 38

   of armed forces 38

   political 33

Sugiyama, Saburo 49

Sumerian 101, 154

Sumerians 49

sumptuary rules 24

surplus 34, 35, 36, 39, 229

Susa 104, 127, 210

symbols

   central 36, 42

   of cultural commonality 37, 38

   of ideologies of state 39

   of kingship and unification 48

   of social integration 34

   of statecraft 44

systemic fragility 198

systems theory 113, 134, 135, 137

Tainter, Joseph 131

Tasmanians 162–74

Taylor and Ford 93

Tayma (Teima) 153

temple-estates 41

Teotihuacan 36, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60, 176, 177, 190, 192, 229

   Street-of-the-Dead Complex 49

theatre-state 50

theocratic ruling class, theocracy 12, 24

   theocratic leadership 13

Theoretical Archaeology Group 184

theory, appropriate 182

theory, archaeological 183–95

theory, real 182

tholoi 206

Thomas, Carol 46, 49

Tiglath-Pileser III 152

Tikal 43, 49, 53

tin 150

Tiwanaku 43, 45, 52

Toll, H. Wolcott 167, 168

Toynbee, Arnold 132, 133

trade 35, 38, 41, 49, 96, 111, 130

trait-list 19

treaties 150

tribes 6, 13, 17, 29, 146, 149

Trigger, Bruce 50

Tukulti-Ninurta I 58

Tylor, Edward 1, 5, 8, 9, 12

types of societies 6, 7, 19, 23, 28

   culture types 11

   ethnographic 7, 20

typologies 5

urban interactions 197

urban flight 60

urbanization 60

   and ruralization (see also ruralization) 214

Ur-Namma 144

Uribe, Carlos 23

Utuhegal 144

valley-states of Peru 45

Varien, Mark 162

Vedas 194

Veenhof, Klaas 123

Vidal, Gore 122, 126

Ware, John 172

wards 110

warfare 14, 37, 49, 91, 96, 170

Wari 36, 43, 45, 52, 60

Watson, Patty Jo 23

wealth 35–6, 38, 39, 40

   stored 35

Webster, David 26, 52, 134, 136

Weber, Max 138

Weiss, Harvey and T. Cuyler Young, Jr. 212

Westbrook, Raymond 109

Wheatley, Paul 98

Willey, Gordon 189, 230

Willey, Gordon and Jeremy Sabloff 185

White, Leslie 1, 5, 7, 8–10, 12, 24

Wilcke, Claus 107, 110

Williams, William Carlos 113

Wills, Wirt 165

Wilshusen, Richard 162

Wilson, David 52

Wilson, John 47

Winter, Marcus 190

Wittfogel, Karl 11, 14

Wobst, Martin 192

world history 195, 197

Wright, Henry 20, 25, 26, 55

writing in China and Mesopotamia 94

   Mesopotamian 211

   official written langauge 101

Yates, Robin 50

Yoffee’s Rule 41