The Authoritarian Dynamic

Index

abortion, see moral intolerance

acquiescence, see F-scale, acquiescence response set in

Adorno, T., see Authoritarian Personality, The

age

   and authoritarianism, 154, 169, 173

   and intolerance, 115, 128, 133, 198

aggression, see frustration–aggression

aliens experiment, see experiment, aliens versus no aliens

Altemeyer, B., see authoritarianism, social learning as origin of; Right-Wing Authoritarianism; RWA scale

anti-Semitism, see racial intolerance

anxiety, see authoritarianism, insecurity as origin of

appendices, 37

Argentina, 27, 114

attitudinal constraint, 10–11, 33–36, 77–79, 117–118, 287–288, 319–322

   alternate sources of, 321–324

   and expertise, 80, 287–288, 320, 321–323

   and fear, 287–288, 322, 323

authoritarian dynamic, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11–12, 13, 17–20, 25–27, 33–36, 68–76, 268, 269–270, 281–282, 288–319, 325–326

   conditional effects of, 74

   dangerous world perceptions as function of, 64–66, 69–70

   different angles on, 59–62, 73–74, 80, 285, 317–319

   distinct components of, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 23, 26–27, 30, 140–141

   empirical tests of, 20, 31–33, 45–47, 52–59, 67–68, 288–319

   experimental manipulation of, 54–56, 67–68, 81, 268, 281–283, 284, 288–313, 325, 334

   explains inconsistent behavior, 59, 80–81, 269, 322, 325–326

   explains political conflict, 270

   explanatory reach of, 72–73, 114–115, 269–270, 298, 317, 325

   formal specification of, 73–74

   genocide as function of, 112–115, 324, 331–332, 335

   hypotheses of, see hypotheses

   misconceptions of process of, 26–27, 73–76

   misconceptions of theory of, 10, 68–76

   misconceptions of variables of, 26, 68–73, 76

   natural occurrence of, 56–59, 68, 112–113, 313–319, 334–335

   overview of experimental findings on, 309–311

   political outcomes of, 72–73, 164, 268, 270, 282, 287–288, 323–324

   prior empirical evidence on, 31–33

   reconciling prior research with theory of, 29–31, 269, 325–326

   specifying the process of, 73–76

   survey replication of, 56–59, 68, 313–319, 334–335

   universality of, 315, 316, 317, 334–335

   see also authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; belief consensus; belief diversity; leadership failure; leadership success; normative reassurance; normative threat

Authoritarian Personality, The, 16, 20, 136, 334, 335

authoritarian regimes, 331, 334–335

authoritarian revolution, 177–178, 183, 186, 327

authoritarianism

   activated by liberal democracy, 136–137, 324, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   activated by multicultural education, 136–137, 139–140, 146, 330–331, 334

   activation of, 17, 19, 25, 26, 33, 35, 45, 71, 81, 282, 284–288

   and age, 154, 169, 173

   aggregate evidence on, 28, 30, 61, 325–326

   apparent responsiveness to environmental threat, 4–5, 14, 15–16, 28, 33, 52, 61, 325–326

   and breadth of perspective, 148, 149, 160, 271

   and class, 157, 160–161, 169, 172, 173, 174

   as closed-mindedness, 16, 144, 147

   cognitive incapacity as origin of, 14, 15–16, 134, 139–140, 146–147, 149, 150, 161, 169, 170, 173, 195–198, 213–218, 234–236, 241, 266; see also closed-mindedness

   coherence of, 33–35, 36, 117–118, 287–288, 322

   conditional relationship between political conservatism and, 174–186, 198

   conditions for manifestation of, 17–20, 25–27, 28, 31–33, 35, 45–47, 112–113, 136–137, 146, 269–270, 319; see also authoritarian dynamic; belief consensus; belief diversity; leadership failure; leadership success; normative reassurance; normative threat

   confusion of conservatism with, 85, 136–137, 138–139, 140

   critiques of original concept of, 2–3

   cross-cultural analysis of, see comparative analysis

   and dangerous world perceptions, 69–70, 71–72

   distinct components of dynamic of, 4, 5, 10, 13, 16, 23, 26–27, 30, 140–141

   distinguished from group identification, 18, 140–141, 281; see also authoritarianism, as groupiness

   distinguished from laissez-faire conservatism, 22, 68–73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 132, 134–135, 138–140, 147, 149, 151–152, 153–155, 157, 173–175, 178–179, 181–183, 198, 269, 327–328

   distinguished from political conservatism, 45, 76–80, 83, 84, 138–139, 166–169, 170, 173–174, 186, 198, 269, 281, 283, 326–328

   distinguished from right wing, 22, 87–88, 132, 147, 149, 152, 166–167

   distinguished from status quo conservatism, 11, 18, 19, 22, 45, 68–73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 89–90, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–103, 104, 105–108, 109, 110–111, 112, 115–116, 122–123, 129, 134–135, 136–137, 138, 139–140, 147, 150–151, 155, 157–158, 173–174, 175–178, 183, 186, 198, 269, 281, 283, 327

   dynamic theory of, see authoritarian dynamic

   versus education, as sources of intolerance, 133–134, 147–148, 195–198, 240–242, 270–271, 330–331

   as enduring predisposition, 31, 33, 35, 136–137, 139–140, 145–146, 269, 326

   environmental influences on, 155–156, 160

   explanatory power of, 115–116, 128–134, 188–191, 192, 194–195, 268, 312, 316, 317

   Freudian psychodynamic theory of, 2–3, 21, 33, 149, 172

   F-scale as measure of, 3, 5, 20–21, 72, 140, 147

   functional basis of, 14, 25–26, 32–33, 59, 116, 142–143, 239, 268, 269–270, 277–278, 281, 287–288, 292, 319, 322, 330

   as fundamental predisposition, 13, 14, 23, 56, 62–63, 72, 77–78, 140–141, 195, 239, 265, 268, 269–270, 277–278, 319

   and fundamentalism, 145, 162, 271–272

   as general difference-ism, 6–7, 270–276, 277–278, 279–281, 297, 299–300, 304, 305–306, 310, 317, 325, 328–330

   as groupiness, 18, 20, 29, 70, 140–143; see also authoritarianism, distinguished from group identification

   has two poles, 317–319

   heritability of, 145–146, 162–163

   as inconsistent predictor of behavior, 3, 4, 13, 14, 16, 19–20, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 52, 59, 80–81, 269, 322, 325–326

   increasing influence on U.S. intolerance, 136, 188–191, 192, 194–195

   influence depends on abnormality of intolerance, 135–137, 151, 188–191, 192, 194–195, 271, 272, 307

   as innate predisposition, 145–146, 149, 162–163, 269, 326, 328–329, 335

   insecurity as origin of, 143–144

   interacting with threat, see authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; interaction effects; normative threat

   latent predisposition versus manifest expression of, 26, 33, 45–47, 71, 72, 79, 82–83, 112–113, 117–118, 146, 269, 284–285, 286–288, 309, 317, 319, 322, 323, 325–326, 330–331

   left-wing, 22, 132, 149, 174–175, 183–186, 327–328

   measurement of, 3, 5, 20–25, 26, 39, 44, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 72, 79, 82–83, 88, 91, 117–119, 133, 140, 154, 161, 165, 172–173, 195, 199, 203, 237, 265–266, 278, 286, 312, 315, 325

   measures failing to distinguish conservatism from, 88, 140, 144, 145, 150

   most influential in libertarian cultures, 135–137, 151, 271–272

   nature of, 14, 15, 17, 143, 239, 250, 265, 268, 269, 277–278, 319, 326–327

   and normative threat, see authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; belief consensus; belief diversity; leadership failure; leadership success; normative reassurance; normative threat

   original theory of, 2–3, 136, 149, 172, 250, 267

   origins of, 2, 3–5, 11, 13, 14, 15–16, 136, 139–143, 150, 154–156, 160–163, 169, 170–174, 186, 198

   and perceptions of dangerous world, 69–70, 71–72

   personality as origin of, 2, 3–4, 13, 15, 16, 25, 39, 134, 136–137, 139, 144–146, 149, 150, 162–163, 170, 172, 173, 214, 229–234, 241, 271–272, 335

   political outcomes of, 16–17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26–27, 31, 32, 33, 47, 72–73, 89–90, 164, 195, 239, 268, 270, 282, 287–288, 323–324

   predominant influence on cross-cultural intolerance, 11, 90–91, 128–134, 151, 198, 269, 317, 326–327

   predominant influence on U.S. intolerance, 11, 31–33, 188–191, 192, 194–198, 269, 312, 316

   primary concern is difference not change, 175–177, 179–181, 183, 281, 283

   problems caused by imprecision in theories of, 3–5, 68–69

   provides parsimonious account of all intolerance, 6–7, 270–276, 325

   punitive childrearing as origin of, 2, 3, 148–149, 172

   reviews of literature on, 3, 10

   Right-Wing, see Right-Wing Authoritarianism; RWA-scale

   rigid childrearing as origin of, 2, 3, 148–149

   social learning as origin of, 3–5, 13, 14, 16, 21, 25, 39, 136–137, 139–140, 143, 146, 148–150, 154, 162–163, 170, 173, 241–242, 260–261, 330

   versus sociocultural accounts, 136–137, 146, 151, 260–261, 269, 271, 274–276

   versus sociodemographic accounts, 115, 128–134

   stability of, 10, 26, 33, 35, 39, 76–79, 80, 139–140, 145–146, 287–288, 322

   subcultural versions of, 9, 141–142

   as terminal value, 152–153, 157

   and threat, see authoritarian dynamic; economic threat; normative threat; personal threat; threat

   universality of, 1–2, 9, 115, 116, 128–134, 151, 315, 316, 317, 334–335

   variance in, 113, 114, 123, 331

   varying explanatory power of, 11, 116, 127–128, 135–136, 188–191, 192, 194–195

   in West Germany versus East Germany, 162–163

   working-class, 148, 160–161

   see also authoritarian dynamic; childrearing values; libertarianism; Right-Wing Authoritarianism

belief consensus

   as key normative reassurance, 20, 124, 178–179, 180

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 124, 294, 304–305, 309, 316–319, 328–329, 330

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 304–305

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 294, 328–329, 330

   experimental manipulation of, 180, 277, 282–283, 286, 294, 304–305, 309–310, 320–321

   explicit versus implicit reports of, 283, 309–310

   see also belief diversity; normative reassurance; normative threat

belief diversity

   as exogenous variable, 41–43, 69–70, 71–72, 112–113, 124–125, 313–315, 317, 323, 326

   experimental manipulation of, 45–47, 50–51, 55, 64, 180–183, 268, 276–277, 282–283, 286, 294, 300–303, 308, 309–310, 320–321

   explicit versus implicit reports of, 283, 309–310

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 123–125, 127–128, 292, 294, 297, 300–303, 305, 308, 309, 316–319, 323–324

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 302–303, 305

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on political intolerance, 300–302

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on punitiveness, 308

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 292, 294, 297

   as key normative threat, 11–12, 17, 18, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 40, 71–72, 112–114, 178–179, 180–183, 276–277, 283, 309, 323, 326

   maximized by U.S. political system, 332–333

   measurement of, 40–41, 113–114, 123, 183, 313–315

   natural experience of, 112–114, 123–125, 183, 313–315, 335

   in Yugoslavia, 113

   see also belief consensus; normative reassurance; normative threat

Britain, 95–98, 333

Cambodia, 27

capital punishment, see punitiveness

censorship, see moral intolerance; political intolerance

change versus difference, see experiment, difference versus change

childrearing, as origin of authoritarianism, 2, 3, 148–149, 172

childrearing values

   development of measures of, 24

   as manifest expression of latent predisposition, 79, 80, 117–118, 284–285, 286–288

   as measure of authoritarianism, 23–25, 39, 57, 79, 82–83, 91, 118–119, 133, 161, 165, 172–173, 195, 199, 203, 237, 265–266, 312, 315, 325

   reflect fundamental values, 24, 82–83, 91, 129, 161, 165, 195

   reflect values, not childrearing practices, 24, 161, 165, 172–173

   reflect values, not political attitudes, 24, 82–83, 91, 129

   reflect values, not upbringing, 24, 172–173

   reliability of measures of, 284

   see also authoritarianism, measurement of

civil liberties, see free speech; political intolerance

class

   and authoritarianism, 157, 160–161, 169, 172, 173, 174

   and breadth of perspective, 148, 160, 271

   and intolerance, 128, 148, 240

closed-mindedness, 16, 144, 147

   see also authoritarianism, cognitive incapacity as origin of

cognitive factors, see authoritarianism, cognitive incapacity as origin of; closed-mindedness

common in-group identity model, 281, 329–330

   see also out-groups, changing conceptions of

comparative analysis, 89, 90–91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–103, 104, 105–108, 109, 110–111, 112, 115–116, 128–134

conscientiousness, see authoritarianism, personality as origin of

consensus, see belief consensus

conservatism, 11

   confusion of authoritarianism with, 85, 89, 136–137, 138–139, 140

   distinct meanings of, 86

   distinguished from authoritarianism, 174–186, 198, 269, 281, 283

   as label with confused and shifting content, 88–89, 138–139, 140, 163, 166, 186–187, 188, 195

   measures that fail to distinguish, 88–89, 138–139, 140, 144, 145, 150, 166, 195

   as psychological predisposition versus political ideology, 87, 88, 138–139, 166, 167–169, 174–175, 186–188, 195, 327

   as psychological predisposition versus political philosophy, 86, 88

   self-placement measures of, 88–89, 140, 153, 163, 164–165, 166, 167–169, 186–187, 188, 189, 195, 278

   see also laissez-faire conservatism; political conservatism; right wing; status quo conservatism

constraint, see attitudinal constraint

content analysis, 83

CRE95, 37, 44, 48–51, 53–56, 64–65, 67–68, 175, 179, 181–183, 276–282, 284, 286–287, 288, 289, 295–298, 300–302, 305–306, 308–309, 310–311, 312, 320–321

crime

   effects of experience of, 32, 41, 58, 68

   and punitiveness, 310–311, 335

   see also punitiveness

Croatia, 106, 111–112, 113, 114, 115

   see also Serbia; Yugoslavia

Cultural Revolution Experiment 1995, see CRE95

culture war, 324

Czechoslovakia, 109–110, 115, 162

dangerous world perceptions, 64

   and authoritarianism, 69–70, 71–72

   as endogenous variable, 69–70, 71–72

   as function of authoritarian dynamic, 64–66, 69–70

   measurement of, 28

   and normative threat, 29, 64–66, 69–70, 71–72

   as persistent belief versus current perception, 28, 69–70, 71–72

   and RWA scale, 28

datasets, 37

DCS97, 37, 38–44, 56–59, 65–66, 68, 81, 170–173, 183, 199

DCS-InDepth97, 11, 39, 83, 198, 199–202

   aggressive language in, 221

   anti-democratic attitudes in, 250, 253–254, 267

   anxiety in, 212–213, 225–228, 266

   automated coding of transcripts from, 218–219, 222

   awareness of racial norms in, 240–244, 255

   behavior confirmation in, 236–237

   blindness in, 199–200, 207, 214, 216, 222, 223, 234, 236–237, 239

   characteristics of the discussion in, 214–221, 266–267

   coding of interview transcripts from, 222–223, 239

   cognitive complexity of discussion in, 214–218, 234–236, 266

   cognitive deterioration around blacks in, 216–218, 266

   comfort with racial topics in, 228–229, 266

   connections between race and crime in, 240, 244–245, 258–261, 266

   content analysis of, 83

   critique of family breakdown in, 256, 264–265

   denial of racial discrimination in, 240, 248–249, 266

   dishonesty in, 212–213, 226–228

   distinctive themes of discussion in, 215, 218–221, 266–267

   distrust in, 211–212, 266

   ethnocentrism in, 250–252

   examines natural behavior, 199, 203–204, 237–238, 239, 265

   fears about moral decay in, 256, 261–263, 264, 267

   government to restore moral values in, 256, 263–264, 267–268

   intelligence in, 213–214, 234–236, 266

   interview questions for, 201, 239

   interview transcripts from, 202, 214–221

   interviewer logsheets from, 201–202, 211, 222

   measures of cognitive complexity in, 216

   measures of discussion themes in, 218–219

   moral relativism versus reification in, 262–263, 267

   morally intolerant attitudes in, 256–265, 267–268

   opinions on interracial contact in, 240, 244, 247–248

   patriotism in, 243–252, 254, 266–267

   personality differences evident in, 214, 229–234, 266

   political disengagement in, 250, 253

   politically intolerant attitudes in, 250–256, 266–267

   preconceived rating scales in, 201, 202, 205, 208

   punitive attitudes in, 256, 259–260, 264

   quantification of qualitative data from, 222–223, 239

   race-of-interviewer experiment in, 11, 39, 83, 199, 203–204, 237

   racial stereotypes in, 240, 244–245, 258–261, 266

   racially intolerant attitudes in, 240–249, 255, 266

   reactions to black interviewers in, 206–208, 212–213, 214, 216–218, 221, 223–229, 231–234, 240, 258–260, 266

   reluctance to air the dirty laundry in, 212, 220, 253, 254–255, 257–258, 263

   role of interview partner in, 201, 208

   role of primary interviewer in, 200–201, 204–205, 208

DCS-InDepth97 (cont.)

   rules for presenting quotes from, 223, 237, 239

   self-interest in, 207–208, 211–212, 223–225, 266

   spontaneous revelation of attitudinal differences in, 239, 265, 266

   spontaneous revelation of character differences in, 222–223, 237–238, 265, 266

   standardized protocols for, 205, 208, 211, 236–237

   subjects being versus seeming different in, 213, 214, 221, 222

   subjects selected for extreme predispositions, 199–200

   super-patriots in, 250, 254–256, 267

   unstructured nature of interviews in, 201, 237–238, 239, 265

DCS-Lewinsky Panel97–00, 39, 77

death penalty, see punitiveness

democracy, see liberal democracy

Denmark, 98–99, 126, 162

deviance, see moral intolerance

difference versus change, see experiment, difference versus change

difference-ism, see authoritarianism, as general difference-ism

discord, see belief diversity

discrimination, see racial intolerance

displacement, see authoritarianism, Freudian psychodynamic theory of

dissensus, see belief diversity

dogmatism, see closed-mindedness

Durham Community Survey 1997, see DCS97

Durham Community Survey-InDepth97, see DCS-InDepth97

Durham Community Survey-Lewinsky Panel97–00, see DCS-Lewinsky Panel97–00

dynamic, authoritarian, see authoritarian dynamic

East Germany, 101, 109, 123–124, 162–163

   authoritarianism in West Germany versus, 162–163

Eastern Europe, 91, 106–116, 127–128, 134–136

economic threat

   national, 27, 29, 32, 41, 45–47, 58, 68, 70, 283, 294–295, 300, 310

   personal, 32, 41, 45, 58, 68

   see also normative threat, versus economic threat

education

   and authoritarianism, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160–161, 169, 170, 173–174, 195–198, 271, 330

   and breadth of perspective, 271

   and democratic appreciation, 334

   effects disentangled from related factors, 133–134, 146, 147–148, 154, 160–161, 195–198, 240–242, 270–271

   and exposure to libertarian norms, 133–134, 148, 149, 160, 169, 173, 192–194, 198, 241–242, 271

   and intolerance, 3–4, 115, 128, 133–134, 139–140, 146, 147–148, 195–198, 240–242, 270–271, 330–331, 334

   and moral intolerance, 271

   and political correctness, 147–148, 160, 192–194, 242, 271

   and political intolerance, 271

   and racial intolerance, 192–194, 240–242, 271

   versus authoritarianism, as sources of intolerance, 133–134, 147–148, 195–198, 240–242, 270–271, 334

ego defensive attitudes, 25, 59

emotional arousal, 289, 311

equality

   and freedom as core terminal values, 152, 157

   and freedom as independent values, 152

ethnic diversity

   and authoritarianism, 132–133, 155–156, 160, 161

   and intolerance, 132–134, 155

ethnic violence, see genocide

ethnocentrism, 93, 294; see also racial intolerance

experiment

   advantages of, 43, 67–68, 81, 151, 175, 178, 203, 204, 208, 237, 276, 285–286, 312–313, 320

   aliens versus no aliens, 276–281, 295–297, 308–309, 329–330

   difference versus change, 45, 151, 175, 176–178, 179–181, 283

   enduring effects of, 47, 312–313

   normative threat, 11–12, 43–44, 45–47, 50–51, 67–68, 81, 175, 179, 181–183, 276–277, 295–297, 301

   race-of-interviewer, 11, 39, 83, 199, 203–204, 237

   see also validity, internal versus external

external validity, see validity, internal versus external

fear

   and attitudinal constraint, 83–84, 287–288, 322, 323

   of dying, 33, 50, 56, 67, 143–144, 297–298, 301, 311

   politics of ideas versus politics of, 321–324, 326, 333, 335

   see also authoritarianism, insecurity as origin of; dangerous world perceptions; normative threat; threat

France, 100–101, 115, 162, 276

free-market conservatism, see laissez-faire conservatism

free assembly, see political intolerance

free association, see political intolerance

free speech, 47, 189, 195, 270, 272, 273, 288, 298–300, 312, 316, 323

   U.S. tradition of, 105, 219–220, 299

   see also political intolerance

freedom

   and equality, as core terminal values, 152, 157

   and equality, as independent values, 152

Frenkel-Brunswick, E., see Authoritarian Personality, The

frustration–aggression 26, 58, 70, 148, 160, 289, 311

F-scale

   acquiescence response set in, 3, 5, 20–21

   as measure of authoritarianism, 3, 5, 20–21, 72, 140, 147

   as measure of intolerance, 35, 72

   tautology between measures of intolerance and, 3, 5, 21, 22, 72, 325

   see also authoritarianism, measurement of

functional basis of attitudes, 14, 25–26, 59, 83–84, 330

fundamentalism

   and authoritarianism, 145, 162, 271–272

   and intolerance, 28, 271–272

   see also religiosity

gay rights, see moral intolerance

General Social Survey 1972–2000, see GSS72–00

genocide, 27, 112

   formula for, 114, 331–332

   as function of authoritarian dynamic, 112–115, 324, 331–332, 335

Germany, see East Germany; Nazi Germany; West Germany

government intervention, see laissez-faire conservatism

group competition, 45–47, 148, 160, 281, 283, 294–295, 303–304, 310

group esteem, 27, 29

group identification, 18, 140–141, 281; see also authoritarianism, as groupiness; out-groups

GSS72–00, 31, 32, 38, 140, 163–169, 183, 188–198, 271, 274, 313–316, 319

homophobia, see moral intolerance

hypotheses, 35

   HI, 35, 117, 118, 284, 319, 320

   H2, 35, 36, 77, 78, 319

   H3, 35, 36, 52, 55, 118, 288, 291, 319

   H4, 35, 117, 118, 320

immigrants, see racial intolerance

income

   and authoritarianism, 154, 161

   and intolerance, 128

in-groups, see out-groups

interaction effects

   consequences of ignoring, 30–31, 319

   explanation of, 73–74

   interpretation of, 74–75

   versus mediated effects, 75–76

   see also authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; normative reassurance; normative threat

internal validity, see validity, internal versus external

interviewer race, see experiment, race of interviewer

interviews, with extreme authoritarians and libertarians, see DCS-InDepth97

intolerance

   as abnormal psychology versus normal culture, 135–137, 151, 194–195, 271

   and age, 115, 128, 133, 198

   aggregate influences on individual, 132–133

   among those not predisposed, 311, 317–319

   authoritarianism’s increasing influence on U.S., 136, 188–191, 192, 194–195

   authoritarianism’s influence depends on abnormality of, 135–137, 151, 188–191, 192, 194–195, 271, 272, 307

   authoritarianism as predominant influence on cross-cultural, 11, 90–91, 128–134, 198, 269, 317, 326–327

   authoritarianism as predominant influence on U.S., 11, 31–33, 188–191, 192, 194–198, 269, 312, 316

   authoritarianism provides parsimonious account of all, 6–7, 270–276, 325

   authoritarianism versus education as sources of, 133–134, 147–148, 195–198, 240–242, 270–271, 330–331

   authoritarianism versus sociocultural accounts of, 136–137, 146, 151, 260–261, 269, 271, 274–276

   authoritarianism versus sociodemographic accounts of, 115, 128–134

   behavioral versus attitudinal, 199, 203–204, 237–238

   belief consensus decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 124, 309, 316–319, 330

   belief diversity increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 123–125, 127–128, 309, 316–319, 323–324

   and breadth of perspective, 148, 149, 271

   and class, 128, 148, 240

   and cognitive factors, see authoritarianism, cognitive incapacity as origin of; closed-mindedness

   coherence of, 319–322

   and commonsense stressors, 311

   covariance of racial, political, and moral, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 28, 33, 35, 89–90, 269, 270, 272–273, 319–322

   as defensive stance, 25, 32, 33, 59, 71, 82–84, 89–90, 116, 143, 268, 269–270, 277–278, 287–288, 292, 294, 298, 300, 305, 307, 308, 319, 322, 323, 326

   in Eastern Europe, 91, 106–116, 127–128, 135–136

   and education, 3–4, 115, 128, 133–134, 139–140, 146, 147–148, 192–194, 195–198, 270–271, 330

   and ethnic diversity, 132–134

   evidence on authoritarian dynamic and general, 311–313

   and fundamentalism, 28, 271–272

   future of, 136–137

   as general predisposition, 1, 2, 3, 6–7, 15, 16, 89–90, 95, 115, 116, 269, 270–274, 276, 277–278, 304, 305–306, 310, 311–312, 315, 317, 325, 328–330

   as general versus domain-specific phenomenon, 6–7, 270–276, 277–278, 279–281, 297, 304, 305–306, 310, 325, 328–330

   and income, 128

   increasing influence of authoritarianism on U.S., 136, 188–191, 192, 194–195

   influences on cross-cultural, 11, 89, 90–91, 128–134, 198, 317

   influences on U.S., 11, 31–33, 136, 186, 188–191, 192, 194–198, 312, 316

   laissez-faire conservatism as negligible influence on cross-cultural, 89, 128–135, 138, 139, 151, 198

   laissez-faire conservatism as negligible influence on U.S., 89, 128–135, 138, 139, 151, 188, 189, 198, 274–276

   leadership failure increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 309

   and liberal democracy, 132–134, 135–137, 151, 271, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   in libertarian versus authoritarian cultures, 135–137, 331, 334

   measurement of general, 94, 189, 312, 315–316

   mobilizing versus generating, 188, 274–276

   and multicultural education, 136–137, 139–140, 146, 330–331, 334

   normative reassurance decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 20, 45, 58, 117–118, 124, 309, 316–319, 330

   normative threat increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 10, 11–12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26–27, 31–33, 45, 55, 58, 67–68, 73–76, 81, 112–113, 123–125, 127–128, 136–137, 269–270, 288, 291, 309, 316–319, 323–324, 326

   and occupation, 128

   parsimonious account of cross-cultural, 128–134

   parsimonious account of U.S., 195–198

   political conservatism as modest influence on U.S., 188–192, 198

   psychology versus culture as sources of, 136–137, 162–163, 269, 271

   psychology versus environment as sources of, 26, 80–81, 112–113, 146, 325–326

   as rational response to social difference, 155–156

   and religiosity, 115, 128, 150, 191–192, 271–272

   and rurality, 115, 128, 150

   sociocultural explanations of, 148, 260–261, 271, 274–276

   and sociodemographics, 115, 128, 195–198

   status quo conservatism as modest influence on cross-cultural, 89, 90–91, 128–135, 139, 198

   status quo conservatism as modest influence on U.S., 89, 90–91, 128–135, 139, 188–192, 198

   in United States, 11, 31–33, 105, 134–135, 136, 186, 195–198, 274–276, 332–333, 335

   universal (cross-cultural) measures of, 89, 92–93, 129, 133

   in Western Europe, 91, 95–106, 115–116, 127–128, 135–136

   see also moral intolerance; political intolerance; punitiveness; racial intolerance

intolerance of ambiguity, see closed-mindedness

Italy, 99–100

just world, see unjust world

Katz, D., see functional basis of attitudes

knowledge, political, see attitudinal constraint, and expertise

knowledge, see authoritarianism, cognitive incapacity as origin of

Kohn, M., see childrearing values, development of measures of

Ku Klux Klan, see racial intolerance

laissez-faire conservatism

   associated with tolerance in Eastern Europe, 134–135

   cross-cultural analysis of, see comparative analysis

   distinguished from authoritarianism, 22, 68–73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 132, 134–135, 138–140, 147, 151–152, 153–155, 157, 173–175, 178–179, 181–186, 198, 269, 327–328

   distinguished from status quo conservatism, 157, 186

   measures that cleanly distinguish, 89, 129, 130–132, 139, 154

   measures that fail to distinguish, 88–89, 138–139, 140, 153, 163, 166, 173–174, 186, 188, 189

   as one understanding of conservatism, 86

   origins of, 139–140, 151, 153, 154, 156–157, 173–174

   negligible influence on cross-cultural intolerance, 89, 128–135, 138, 139, 151, 157, 198

   negligible influence on U.S. intolerance, 188, 189, 198

   negligible influence on U.S. racial intolerance, 134–135, 138, 187–188, 274–276

   as terminal value, 152–153, 157

   see also political conservatism; right wing; status quo conservatism

laissez-faire racism, see racial resentment

law and order, see punitiveness

leadership failure

   as exogenous variable, 41–43, 69–70, 71–72, 323, 326

   experimental manipulation of, 45–47, 50–51, 55, 64–65, 180–183, 268, 276–277, 282–283, 286, 302–303, 320–321

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 297, 300–303, 305, 308, 309

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 302–303, 305

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on political intolerance, 300–302

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on punitiveness, 308

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 297

   as key normative threat, 11–12, 17–18, 20, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 40, 71–72, 178–179, 180–181, 276–277, 283, 309, 323, 326

   measurement of, 40–41, 183

   natural experience of, 183, 335

   see also authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; leadership success; normative reassurance; normative threat

leadership success

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 292, 305, 309

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 305

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 292

   experimental manipulation of, 286, 292, 320–321

   as key normative reassurance, 20, 178–179

   see also authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; leadership failure; normative reassurance; normative threat

left-wing authoritarianism, 22, 132, 149, 174–175, 183–186, 327–328

   see also authoritarianism, distinguished from laissez-faire conservatism; authoritarianism, distinguished from political conservatism; right-wing libertarianism

Levinson, D., see Authoritarian Personality, The

liberal democracy

   activates authoritarianism, 136–137, 324, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   authoritarian versus conservative responses to, 177–178, 183, 327

   authoritarians’ aversion to, 330–331

   conditions conducive to maintenance of, 329–330, 331–332, 333, 335

   failure of transitions to, 331, 335

   and intolerance, 132–134, 135–137, 151, 271, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   maximizes normative threat, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   modestly decreases authoritarianism, 156, 161

   requires substantial commonality, 331–332, 333

   science versus religion of, 329–332

libertarians, 15, 17, 18, 20, 58–59, 60–61, 62–63, 81, 319

   distinguished from authoritarians, 198, 265

   meaning of normative threat to, 63, 66–67, 83–84, 270, 323

   motives of, 62–63, 81, 198, 270, 317–319

   reaction to normative reassurance, 292, 304–305

   reaction to normative threat, 63, 67, 81, 83–84, 270, 292, 300, 308, 317–319, 323

   right-wing, 132, 186, 327; see also authoritarianism, distinguished from political conservatism; authoritarianism, distinguished from status quo conservatism; left-wing authoritarianism

   see also authoritarianism

measurement error, see reliability; validity

mediated effects, versus moderated (interaction) effect, 75–76

militia members, see super-patriotism

MIS99, 37, 44–48, 49, 50, 151, 175, 176–178, 179–181, 183, 195, 198, 282–284, 285–286, 287, 288–295, 297, 298–300, 301, 302–305, 307–308, 309–310, 311, 312, 320

modern racism, see racial resentment

moral intolerance, 11–12, 13, 17, 28, 72–73, 116, 164, 204, 256–265, 267–268, 270, 302–306

   authoritarianism as predominant influence on, 271–272

   belief consensus decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 304–305

   belief diversity increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 302–303, 305

   and breadth of perspective, 148, 149, 271

   and commonsense stressors, 311

   in DCS-InDepth97 interviews, 256–265, 267–268

   evidence on authoritarian dynamic and, 31, 32, 302–306

   as general difference-ism, 277–278, 280–281, 304, 305–306, 310

   leadership failure increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 302–303, 305

   measurement of, 8, 94, 116, 189, 288–289, 302, 305–306

   normative reassurance decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 304–305

   normatice threat increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 302–303, 305

   and religiosity, 271–272

   among those not predisposed, 311

   universal measures of, 94, 133

   versus moral traditionalism, 94, 116, 272, 302, 305

moral relativism, versus reification, 262–263, 267

mortality, fear of, see fear, of dying

Multi-Investigator Study 1999, see MIS99

Nation of Islam, 9, 141–142

National Election Study 1992, see

   NES92

National Front, 100–101

   see also right-wing extremism

nationalism, 28, 111, 112, 140–141

   see also patriotism; racial intolerance

Nazi Germany, 27, 101, 103, 104–106, 114

NES92, 32, 38, 40

normative order, 1, 17, 18–19, 25, 33, 41, 63, 67, 142–143, 256, 267

   threat to the, see normative threat

normative reassurance

   deactivates authoritarianism, 45, 79, 117–118, 178–179, 284, 286

   decreases attitudinal constraint, 77–79, 117–118, 287–288, 319–321, 322

   decreases attitudinal stability, 77–79, 322

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 20, 45, 58, 117–118, 124, 292, 294, 304–305, 309, 316–319, 328–329, 330

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 304–305

   decreases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 292, 294, 328–329, 330

   as exogenous variable, 322

   experimental manipulation of, 180, 277, 282–283, 286, 309–310, 320–321

   implicit more powerful than explicit, 309–310

   key components of, 20, 45–47, 117–118, 178–179

   maximized by authoritarian regimes, 331, 334–335

   neutralizes stances of authoritarians and libertarians, 292, 304–305, 322, 323–324

   see also authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; belief consensus; belief diversity; leadership failure; leadership success; normative threat

normative threat

   activates authoritarianism, 10, 17, 19, 25, 26, 33, 35, 45, 71, 79, 81, 178–179, 269, 282, 284, 286

   versus aliens, 67, 277, 301

   authoritarianism and perception of, 41–43, 69–70, 71–72, 73, 81–82

   as current condition versus enduring tradition, 124–125

   as current perception versus persistent belief, 69–70, 71–72

   and dangerous world perceptions, 29, 64–66, 69–70, 71–72

   versus economic downturn, 27, 29, 32, 41, 45–47, 58, 68, 70, 283, 294–295, 300, 310

   as exogenous variable, 69–70, 71–72, 81–82, 112–114, 124–125, 313–315, 317, 322, 323, 325–326

   versus experience of crime, 32, 41, 58, 68

   experimental manipulation of, 11–12, 43–44, 45–47, 50–51, 55, 67–68, 81, 179, 180–183, 268, 276–277, 282–283, 286, 309–310, 320–321

   implicit more powerful than explicit, 309–310

   versus family trauma, 32, 41, 58, 68

   versus fear of dying, 56, 67, 297–298, 301, 311

   versus financial distress, 32, 41, 45, 58, 68

   versus group competition, 45–47, 283, 294–295, 303–304, 310

   increases attitudinal constraint, 10–11, 31, 33–36, 77–79, 83–84, 287–288, 319–321

   increases attitudinal stability, 10, 35, 77–79

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on intolerance, 10, 11–12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26–27, 31–33, 45, 55, 58, 67–68, 73–76, 81, 112–113, 123–125, 127–128, 136–137, 269–270, 288, 291, 292, 294, 297, 300–303, 305, 308, 309, 316–319, 323–324, 326

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on moral intolerance, 302–303, 305

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on political intolerance, 300–302

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on punitiveness, 308

   increases authoritarianism’s impact on racial intolerance, 292, 294, 297

   its meaning for libertarians, 63, 66–67, 83–84, 270

   its precise role in authoritarian dynamic, 26–27, 43, 73–76

   key components of, 11–12, 17–18, 20, 28, 29–30, 32–33, 40, 45–47, 63, 70, 71–72, 178–179, 283, 309

   libertarians’ reaction to, 63, 67, 81, 83–84, 270

   maximized by liberal democracy, 330–331, 332–333, 334, 335

   maximized by U.S. political system, 332–333

   measurement of, 40–41, 43–44, 56, 113–114, 123, 313–315

   minimized by authoritarian regimes, 331, 334–335

   more powerful than normative reassurance, 309

   natural experience of, 43–44, 68, 81–82, 112–114, 123–125, 179, 183, 313–315

   as normative challenge, 63, 81, 319, 323

   versus other collective threat, 29–30, 32, 33–36, 41, 70, 81

   versus partisan sentiments, 71

   versus personal threat, 32, 33, 41, 58–59, 68, 70, 81

   polarizes stances of authoritarians and libertarians, 292, 300, 308, 309, 317, 319, 323–324, 332–333

   politics as, 71–72, 124–125, 326

   prior empirical evidence on, 31–33

   reconciling prior research with concept of, 29–31

   stealth democracy reduces, 333, 335

   uncorrelated with other variables, 43, 69–70, 78, 81–82

   uniquely influential, 29–30, 31, 32–36, 41, 44–47, 50–51, 55, 56, 58–59, 67–68, 70, 81–82, 276–277, 283, 284, 310–311

   versus unjust world, 56, 67, 310–311

   in Yugoslavia, 112–113, 335

   see also authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; belief consensus, belief diversity, leadership failure, leadership success, normative reassurance

occupation

   and authoritarianism, 161

   and intolerance, 128

open-mindedness, see closed-mindedness

openness to experience, see authoritarianism, personality as origin of

out-groups, 1, 2, 3, 16, 17, 27, 33, 93, 142–143, 149, 221, 246, 252, 253, 254–255, 257–258, 263, 270, 294

   changing conceptions of, 277–278, 279–281, 295–297, 308–309, 329–330

   see also group esteem; group identification

party identification

   negligible influence on U.S. intolerance, 189, 198

   stability relative to authoritarianism, 76–80

patriotism, 93, 140–141, 243–250, 254, 266–267, 294, 316; see also ethnocentrism; racial intolerance; super-patriotism

personal threat, 32, 33, 41, 58–59, 68, 70, 81

personality, see authoritarianism, personality as origin of

polarization, 292, 300, 308, 309, 317, 319, 323–324, 332–333

policing, see punitiveness

political conservatism

   conditional relationship between authoritarianism and, 174–186, 198

   declining influence on U.S. intolerance of, 11, 136, 188–194

   declining influence on U.S. racial intolerance of, 192–194

   distinguished from authoritarianism, 45, 76–80, 83, 84, 136, 138–139, 166–169, 170, 173–174, 186, 198, 269, 281, 283, 326–328

   as label with confused and shifting content, 166, 167–169, 173–174, 186–187, 188, 195

   measurement of, 164–165, 166, 186–187, 188, 195, 278

   merges laissez-faire and status quo conservatism, 140, 153, 163, 166, 173–174, 186

   negligible influence on U.S. intolerance, 11, 188–192, 198

   origins of, 140, 167–169, 170, 172, 173–174, 186, 198

   primary concern is change not difference, 175–177, 179–181, 183, 281, 283

   self-placement measure is endogenous, 186–187, 188, 195

   stability relative to authoritarianism, 76–80

   and U.S. racial intolerance, 187–188, 192–194

   see also laissez-faire conservatism; right wing; status quo conservatism

political discontent, see belief diversity; leadership failure; normative threat

political intolerance, 11–12, 13, 17, 72–73, 204, 250–256, 270, 273–274, 298–302

   belief diversity increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 300–302

   and commonsense stressors, 311

   covaries with racial intolerance, 273–274, 299–300

   in DCS-InDepth97 interviews, 243–252, 253–254, 256, 266–267

   and education, 271

   evidence on authoritarian dynamic and, 31, 32, 298–302

   as general difference-ism, 299–300, 305–306

   general versus specific, 8, 271

   leadership failure increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 300–302

   measurement of, 8, 93–94, 164, 189, 288–289, 298–299, 300

   normative threat increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 300–302

   prior evidence on threat and, 29, 30

   of racist speech, 273–274, 299–300

   among those not predisposed, 311

   universal measures of, 93–94, 133

political leadership, see leadership failure; leadership success

politics

   as normative threat, 71–72, 124–125, 326

   of fear, versus politics of ideas, 321–324, 326, 333, 335

pornography, see moral intolerance

Portugal, 104

Prayer in schools, 47, 189, 195, 262, 263, 267, 270, 302–305, 312, 316, 323

   see also moral intolerance

predispositions, 14–15

   ignoring interaction between threat and, 30–31, 59–62, 319

   modify impact of threat on intolerance, 59–62, 73–74, 80, 285, 317–319

prejudice, see racial intolerance

prisons, see punitiveness

prostitution, see moral intolerance

public opinion, see belief diversity; belief consensus

punitiveness, 11–12, 17, 28, 72–73, 116, 204, 256, 259–260, 264, 270, 306–309, 335

   belief diversity increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 308

   and commonsense stressors, 311

   and crime, 310–311, 335

   in DCS-InDepth97 interviews, 256, 259–260, 264

   evidence on authoritarian dynamic and, 31, 32, 306–309, 335

   as general difference-ism, 277–278, 280–281

   leadership failure increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 308

   measurement of, 8, 93–94, 164, 189, 278, 307

   normal in the United States, 191, 307, 332

   normative threat increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 308

   among those not predisposed, 311

   universal measures of, 93–94, 133

   and unjust world, 310–311

   uses state authority to enforce conformity, 306–307

race of interviewer, see experiment, race-of-interviewer

racial equality, changing U.S. norms regarding, 194, 275, 291

racial intolerance, 11–12, 13, 17, 28, 72–73, 204, 240–249, 266, 270, 289–298

   American expression of, 274–276

   belief consensus decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 294, 328–329, 330

   belief diversity increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 292, 294, 297

   changing U.S. norms regarding, 194, 275, 291

   covaries with political intolerance, 273–274

   in DCS-InDepth97 interviews, 206–208, 212–213, 214, 216–218, 221, 223–229, 231–234, 240–245, 247–249, 255, 258–260, 261, 266

   declining influence of conservatism on U.S., 192–194

   and economic downturn, 310

   and education, 192–194, 240–242, 271, 330

   evidence on authoritarian dynamic and, 31, 32, 289–298

   French expression of, 100–101, 276

   as general difference-ism, 272–273, 277–278, 279–280, 281, 297, 310, 328–330

   and group competition, 310

   increasing influence of authoritarianism on U.S., 191, 194–195

   laissez-faire conservatism as negligible influence on U.S., 274–276

   leadership failure increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 297

   measurement of, 8, 93, 164, 189, 194, 278, 288–289, 291, 292–294

   normative reassurance decreases authoritarianism’s impact on, 292, 294, 328–329, 330

   normative treat increases authoritarianism’s impact on, 292, 294, 297

   and political correctness, 192–194, 242, 243–250, 255, 271, 275, 291

   sociocultural accounts of, 274–276

   universal measures of, 93, 133

   see also racial resentment; racial stereotypes; racism

racial resentment, 6, 187–188, 248, 274–276

   versus old-fashioned racism, 8, 248, 274, 275

racial stereotypes, 6–7, 134–135, 187, 240, 244–245, 258–261, 266, 273, 275

racism

   and attitudes toward crime, 6–7, 187, 240, 244–245, 258–261, 266, 273

   and attitudes toward welfare, 6–7, 134–135, 187–188, 244–245, 273, 275

   old-fashioned, 189, 194, 247, 248, 274, 275, 291

   symbolic, see racial resentment

   see also racial intolerance; racial resentment; racial stereotypes

random assignment, see experiment, advantages of

realistic group conflict, see group competition

reassurance, normative, see normative reassurance

redistribution, see laissez-faire conservatism

reformist, see status quo conservatism

region

   and authoritarianism, 170, 172

   and intolerance, 192, 194

reliability, 5, 21, 23, 35, 116–123, 124, 125–127, 129, 287–288

   of authoritarianism measures, 284, 320

   of dependent variables, 117, 125–127

   as evidence of activation of authoritarianism, 284–285, 287–288

   of independent variables, 117, 125, 126, 127–128

   of intolerance measures, 319–321

   relative unimportance of, 80, 117–118, 119–120

   and standardized coefficients, 125–127

   substantive meaning of, 117–118, 287–288, 319–322

   and unstandardized coefficient, 117, 119–122, 125, 126, 127–128

   versus validity of measurement, 80, 117–118, 119–120, 287

   of WVS authoritarianism measure, 117, 118–120, 127–128, 317

   of WVS explanatory variables, 158

   of WVS intolerance measure, 117, 125–126, 317

religion, see fundamentalism; religiosity

religiosity

   and authoritarianism, 154, 156

   and intolerance, 115, 128, 150, 191–192, 271–272

   see also fundamentalism

religious rites, see moral intolerance; prayer in schools

repression, see political intolerance

reproductive freedom, see moral intolerance

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (Altemeyer), 5, 16, 21, 25, 33, 149–150

   see also RWA scale

right wing

   confusing different meanings of, 87–88, 149

   distinguished from authoritarianism, 22, 87–88, 132, 147, 149, 152, 166–167

   as label with confused and shifting content, 22, 87–89, 149

   self-placement measures, 88–89

   see also authoritarianism; conservatism; laissez-faire conservatism; political conservatism; status quo conservatism

right-wing extremism, 28, 87–88, 100–101, 335

right-wing libertarianism, 132, 175, 327

Rokeach, M., see closed-mindedness

Romania, 108–109

rurality, 115, 128, 150, 161, 172

Russia, 22, 149, 162

RWA scale (Altemeyer)

   confuses authoritarianism with status quo conservatism, 21–22, 88, 140, 144, 150

   and dangerous world perceptions, 28

   empirical evidence on, 22, 28

   left-wing authoritarianism and, 149

   as measure of authoritarianism, 5, 21–23, 72, 82–83, 88, 91, 140, 144, 149

   as measure of intolerance, 35, 54, 72, 82–83

   measures authoritarian attitudes versus predisposition, 23, 28, 52, 54, 72, 82–83, 91

   reliability of, 21

   tautology between intolerance measures and, 21, 22–23, 54, 55–56, 57, 72, 325

   validity of, 21–23, 82–83, 88, 140, 144

   see also authoritarianism, measurement of; Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Sanford, R., see Authoritarian Personality, The

school prayer, see moral intolerance; prayer in schools

segregation, 47, 195, 240, 244, 247–248, 272, 274, 291, 294, 316

   see also racial intolerance

self-placement measures, 88–89, 153, 163, 166, 167–169, 188, 189, 195

sentencing, see punitiveness

Serbia, 106, 111, 112, 113–114, 115, 335

   belief diversity in, 113, 124

   genocidal formula in, 114

   variance in authoritarianism in, 113

   see also Croatia; Yugoslavia

situation-behavior relations, 19–20

Slovakia, see Czechoslovakia

social conservatism, 143

   confuses authoritarianism and status quo conservatism, 86, 88, 140, 145, 150

social identity theory, 27

social learning, see authoritarianism, social learning as origin of

socialism, see laissez-faire conservatism

socialization see authoritarianism, social learning as origin of

sociodemographics, versus authoritarianism, 115, 128

socioeconomic status, see class

South Africa, 136

speech rights, see free speech; political intolerance

stability, attitudinal, see attitudinal stability

status quo conservatism

   cross-cultural analysis of, see comparative analysis

   declining influence on U.S. intolerance, 11, 136, 188–194

   distinguished from authoritarianism, 11, 18, 19, 22, 45, 68–73, 76, 83, 84, 86, 89–90, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–103, 104, 105–108, 109, 110–111, 112, 115–116, 122–123, 129, 134–135, 136–137, 138, 139–140, 147, 150–151, 155, 157–158, 173–174, 175–178, 183, 186, 198, 269, 281, 283, 327

   distinguished from laissez-faire conservatism, 132, 138–139, 155, 157, 186

   explanatory power of, 115–116, 134–135, 139, 188–192

   as instrumental versus terminal value, 152–153

   intolerant influence depends on cultural traditions, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–103, 104, 105–108, 109, 110–111, 112, 115, 116, 122–123, 125–126, 129, 136, 138, 151, 153, 186, 188–194

   measures that cleanly distinguish, 89, 91–92, 129, 139

   measures that fail to distinguish, 88–89, 138–139, 140, 144, 145, 150, 153, 163, 166, 173–174, 186, 188

   modest influence on cross-cultural intolerance, 89, 90–91, 128–135, 139, 198

   modest influence on U.S. intolerance, 198

   as one understading of conservatism, 86, 132

   origins of, 139–150, 157–160, 173–174, 198

   as preference for process versus outcome, 95, 153

   primary concern is change not difference, 175–177, 179–181, 183, 281, 283

   see also laissez-faire conservatism; political conservatism; right wing

stealth democracy, 333

stereotypes, see racial stereotypes

subtle racism, see racial resentment

super-patriots, 9, 19, 105, 141–142, 170, 250, 254–256, 267, 273, 298, 299, 300

supremacism, see racial intolerance

Sweden, 98

Tajfel, H., see social identity theory

terror management theory, see fear, of dying

theories, general versus domain-specific, 6–7, 270–276, 277–278, 325

threat

   authoritarianism and perception of, 41–43

   economic, see economic threat

   ignoring interaction between predispositions and, 30–31, 59–62, 319

   imprecision in prior conceptions of, 26, 68–69, 70

   interacting with authoritarianism, see authoritarian dynamic; authoritarianism, conditions for manifestation of; interaction effects; normative threat

   inconsequential for those not predisposed, 311, 317–319

   normative, see normative threat

   to the normative order, see normative threat

   personal, see personal threat

   prior arguments on authoritarianism and, 26–27

   prior evidence on authoritarianism and, 28–29, 61, 70

   reconciling authoritarian dynamic with prior research on, 29–31

tolerance, see intolerance

tough on crime, see punitiveness

traditionalism, see moral intolerance, versus moral traditionalism; status quo conservatism

Turkey, 27, 317

Turner, J., see social identity theory

United States

   authoritarianism’s increasing influence on intolerance in, 136, 188–191, 192, 194–195

   authoritarianism predominant influence on intolerance in, 11, 31–33, 188–191, 192, 194–198, 269, 312, 316

   changing racial norms in, 194, 275, 291

   intolerance in, 11, 31–33, 105, 134–135, 136, 195–198, 274–276, 332–333, 335

   political conservatism’s declining influence on intolerance in, 11, 136, 188–194

   political conservatism’s declining influence on racial intolerance in, 192–194

   political system maximizes normative threat, 332–333

   punitiveness as normal in, 191, 307, 332

unjust world, 50, 56, 67, 310–311

validity

   external, 282, 312–313, 315

   external versus internal, 48, 49–50, 68, 282, 309

   internal, 282, 313

validity of measurement, 5, 23, 82–83, 140

   versus reliability of measurement, 80, 117–118, 119–120, 287

West Germany, 100, 101–106, 114, 115, 126, 162–163, 319

   authoritarianism in East Germany versus, 162–163

   belief diversity in, 123, 124

   genocidal formula in, 114

Western Europe, intolerance in, 91, 95–106, 115–116, 127–128, 135–136

white supremacism, see racial intolerance

Wilson, G., see social conservatism

working-class authoritarianism, 148, 160–161

World Values Survey 1990–1995,

    see WVS90–95

WVS90–95, 89, 91, 94, 129–130, 139–140, 148, 153, 154, 155–163, 164, 167, 173, 174, 183, 189, 198, 271, 313–317, 319

xenophobia, see racial intolerance

Yugoslavia, 106, 109, 110–115

   authoritarian dynamic in, 112–115, 335

   genocidal formula in, 114

   genocide in, 112

   normative threat in, 112–113, 335

   see also Croatia; Serbia