State-Directed Development

State-Directed Development
Cambridge University Press
0521836700 - State-Directed Development - Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery - by Atul Kohli
Index

Index

Abba, Alkasum, 353n, 355n, 356n, 358n, 362n

Abuja, 356

Acharya, Shankar, 282n, 284n

Adamolekun, Ladipo, 335n, 347n, 349n, 362n

Adeboye, T. O., 357

Adedeji, Adebayo, 336n

Adejumobi, Said, 347n, 351n

Adekanye, J. ‘Bayo, 362n

Adeleye, R. A., 297n, 298n, 299n

Afghan War, 236

Africa, see sub-Saharan Africa

Agarwala, Rina, 267n

agrarian classes, see landed classes

agricultural production: in colonial India, 226–227; in colonial Korea, 45–48; in colonial Nigeria, 311, 320; in imperial Brazil, 137; in Indira’s India, 272–273, 274; in Nehru’s India, 265–266; in pre–civil war Nigeria, 338; in Rhee’s Korea, 79

Ahire, Philip Terdoo, 305n

Ahluwalia, Isher Judge, 258n, 274n, 275n, 283n

Ajayi, J. F. A., 293n, 295n, 297n, 298n, 308n, 312n, 316n

Akbar, 223

Ake, Claude, 329, 329n, 352n

Akintola, Samuel Ladoke, 333

All Korean Labor Council, see Chun P’yung

Allen, Richard C., 68n, 69n, 70n

Allies in Europe, 172

Aluko, Olajide, 316n, 317n

Amaral, Azevedo, 158

Amin, Idi, 420

Amsden, Alice, 3n, 6n, 84n, 106n, 110n, 113n, 114, 115n, 116n, 118n, 119n, 371n, 378n

Andrade, Regis de Castro, 183n, 184n, 186n, 201n, 207n, 212n

Apter, David, 383n

Arabs, 300

Argentina, 385

armed forces: in Brazilian democracy, 175–176; centralization of in Vargas’ Brazil, 159–160; construction of in colonial India, 235–237; creation in South Korea, 67–68; in Nigeria, 336–337; and the 1961 coup in South Korea, 86; in old republic Brazil, 138, 140–141; role in imperial Brazil, 135; rule in Brazil and Nigeria compared, 365–366; as rulers in Brazil, 190–214; as rulers in Nigeria, 343–351; as rulers in South Korea, 91; as state builders, 413–415

Asagiri, 59n

Aschauer, D. A., 377n

Asia, 130, 236, 300, 387, 405

Asiodu, P. Chiedo, 348n

Asiwaja, A. I., 295n

Association of West African Merchants, 310

authoritarianism: and industrialization, 372–374. See also cohesive-capitalist states; state repression; and individual countries

Awolowo, Obafemi, 333

Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 316

Babangida, Ibrahim, 346, 347, 359, 360, 362n

Bacha, Edmar L., 214n

Baer, Werner, 147n, 161n, 163n, 164n, 178n, 180n, 184n, 188n, 201n, 203n, 207n

Bagchi, Amiya, 232n, 249n, 251n, 252n

Balassa, Bela, 118n, 201n, 375n

Ban, Sung Hwan, 92n

Banco do Brazil, 148, 162, 177, 185, 186

Bangladesh, 223

Bank of Brazil, see Banco do Brazil

Bank of Japan, 106

Bardhan, Pranab, 273n, 275n

Barros, Alexandre, 197n

Bates, Robert H., 329n, 398n

Bayley, D. H., 235n

Bengal, 225, 226, 230, 233, 234, 235, 304

Bennett, Valerie P., 346n

Benue River, 304

Berger, Manfred, 338n, 340n, 342n

Bergsman, Joel, 178n, 180n, 181n, 183n, 184n, 185n, 186n, 187n, 188n, 189n

Berlin Conference, 296, 303

Bernanke, Ben, 376n

Berry, Sara, 310, 310n, 324n

Bethell, Leslie, 130n, 131n, 133n

Bhagwati, Jagdish N., 263n, 264n, 266n, 272n, 266n, 267n, 375n

Bhartiya Janata Party, see BJP

Biafra, 337

Biafra War, 332

Bienfeld, Manfred, 183n

Biersteker, Thomas J., 352n, 354n

Bihar, 286

Birlas, 254, 269

BJP (Bhartiya Janata Party), 278–279, 415

Blue House, 89–108

BNDE, 177, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188

Boahen, A. Adu, 303n

Bombay, 225, 235, 248

Bombay Plan, 255

Bonelli, Regis, 184n, 201n, 205n, 206n, 209n, 211n

Bonham, Gary, 34n

Bose, Subhas, 241

Bradford, Colin, 376n

Bradie, Bertrand, 395n

Branco, Castello, 193, 194, 195, 202, 204

Brandt, Vincent S. R., 72n

Brasilia, 184

Branson, William, 102n

Brazil: automobile industry, 187–188, 206, 212; balance of payment problems, 189–190; cohesive-capitalist state, see cohesive-capitalist states; under colonial rule, 130–133; commodity exports, 131–135; democracy (1945–64), 172–177; dependence on Britain, 134; dependence on foreign investment, 188; dependency of the coffee economy, 146; “developmentalism,” see ideologies of development; early industrialization compared with Korea’s, 167–168; emergence of a fragmented-multiclass state, 214; fascism, see under fascism; under imperial rule, 133–136; indigenous Indians, 130; inflation, 181, 189–190, 202–204; labor and corporatism in democratic Brazil, 186–187; labor and incorporation under Vargas, 158; labor under the military, 199–200; nationalism, see under nationalism; under nominal democracy, 172–190; and the politics of the Estado Novo, 157–161; role of positivism, 140; slavery, see under slavery; state formation, 130–135; state formation in the old republican state, 138–144; state formation under Vargas, 153–161; technology, 137. See also São Paulo

Brazil, armed forces: centralization under Vargas, 159–160; as check on presidential powers, 174–175; evolution during democracy, 175–176; during imperial rule, 135; in old republic, 138, 140–141; political divisions within, 192–193; in power, see Brazil, military rule

Brazil, bureaucracy: during democracy, 176–177; under military, 197–198; in old republic, 141–142; rationalization under Vargas, 160

Brazil, foreign investment: in military period, 207, 211; in old republic, 144–145, 149; policies toward in the democratic period, 182–184; during Vargas, 163–164

Brazil, industrialization: in democratic period, 187–190; in imperial period, 136–137; import intensity of, 213; in military period, 210–214; in old republic, 148–152; and public enterprises, 207–208; role of the coffee economy, 144–147; role of immigration in, 151–152; role of import substitution in the democratic phase, 177–187, 187–190; role of tariffs in old republic, 147–148, 150–151; under Vargas, 164– 165

Brazil, military rule, 190–214; continuity with Estado Novo, 191–192; leadership commitments, 193–194, 199; nature of the state, 191–201; politics within, 194–197; repression under, 195–196; see also Brazil, armed forces

Brazil, state-business relations: in democratic period, 182, 186; under military, 198–199; in old republic, 151; under Vargas, 159

Brazil, state intervention: during democratic phase, 177–187; in imperial period, 136–137; during military rule, 201–210; in the old republic, 144–148; during Vargas, 161–163

Britain, see England

British American Tobacco Co., 312

British Civil Service, 238

British colonialism, see under colonial India and colonial Nigeria

British Indian army, 235–237

British Labor Party, 264

British United African Company, 340

British West African Frontier Force, 303

Buhari, Mohammadu, 346

bureaucracy, see civil services

bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes, 384–385

Burns, Bradford E., 133n, 140n, 156n, 158n

Caiden, Gerald E., 88n, 90n

Calcutta, 231, 235, 238, 248

Callaghy, Thomas M., 330n

Cambridge University, 232, 238, 306

Campos, Roberto, 177, 195, 202

capitalism: in democratic Brazil, 182; impact on state formation, 416–417; national enterprises in military Brazil, 212; origins in Brazil, 149; origins in colonial India, 251–255; origins in Korea, 50; role of immigrants in Brazil, 151–152; strengthening of in South Korea, 75–76; weakness of in Nigeria, 341–243, 355–356; weakness of in Vargas’s Brazil, 165. See also entrepreneurship; industrialization; state-business relations

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 139, 139n, 154n, 214, 182n, 192n, 198n, 204n, 214n

Caribbean, 131

Carras, Mary, 270n

Carter, Jimmy, 196

Carter, Michael R., 375n

case selection, 4

Cason, Jeffrey, 375n

Castro, Barros de, 193n, 201n, 214n

chaebols, 51, 54, 106; and competitiveness, 115–116; in Park’s Korea, 97–98

Chakravarty, Sukhamoy, 263n

Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan, 246n, 251n

Chandra, Bipan, 223n, 239, 239n, 241n, 243n, 244n, 246n, 249n, 261n

Chandra, Vipin, 39n

Chang, Dal-Joong, 90n, 103n, 107n, 111n, 115n, 121n

Chang, Myon, brief rule in South Korea, 86

Chaudhri, Tapan Ray, 224n

Chauri-Chaura, 246

Chen, Ching-Chih, 36n, 37n

Chen, Ta, 59n

China, 4n, 45, 51, 56, 61, 68, 93, 96, 240, 258, 282, 300, 373, 387, 413, 421; and cohesive-capitalist states, 383–384

Cho, Doug-Sung, 98n, 115n

Cho, Lee-Jey, 111n

Cho, Suk-Choon, 65n, 90n, 91n

Choe, Ching Young, 28n

Choi, Byng Sun, 90n

Choi, Jang Jip, 98n, 99n, 101n

Choson Industrial Bank, 52

Chun P’yung, 71

Chun, Shin-Yong, 72n

Chung Ju Yung, 97

Chung, Young-Iob, 50n, 52n

Christianity, 312, 313, 332

C. Itoh, 107

civil services: in colonial India, 225, 237–240; in colonial Nigeria, 306–307; in democratic Brazil, 176–177; in Indira’s India, 271–272; under the Japanese in Korea, 34–36; limited reforms in Nehru’s India, 260–261; in military Brazil, 197–198; in military Nigeria, 347–349; and neopatrimonialism in Nigeria, 334–336; in old republic Brazil, 141–142; rationalization of in Vargas’ Brazil, 160; reforms in Park’s Korea, 89–91; regionalization in late colonial Nigeria, 318–319; in Rhee’s South Korea, 64–66. See also developing country states; state formation; and specific countries

Clapham, Christopher, 330n

Clifford, Mark L., 87n, 89n, 90n, 97n, 103n, 108n, 120n

Cohen, Stephen P., 235n, 237n, 262n

Cohen, Youssef, 200n

cohesive-capitalist states, 381–393; of Brazil and Korea compared, 191, 200–201, 216–217; colonial origins, 386–389; compared with communism, 384; definition, 10–11; and developmental states distinguished, 385–386; elements of in Brazil’s democracy, 172–177; essential features in Park’s Korea, 95; and Estado Novo in Brazil, 157–161; and industrialization in Park’s Korea, 101–122; and industry promotion in Vargas’s Brazil, 163–165; and ISI in democratic Brazil, 177–187; and labor in Brazil, see under Brazil; and labor in Park’s Korea, 98–101; and military role in Brazil, 191–201; origins in Brazil, 388–389; origins in colonial Korea, 34–40; patterns of economic intervention, 389–393; and political power, 419; and politics in military Brazil, 194–197; and politics in Park’s Korea, 91–96; recreated in South Korea, 85–101; relations with business in colonial Korea, 51–56; relations with peasants in colonial Korea, 57–58; and repression, see under state repression; role in economic growth, 13–14; and role of ideology, see under ideologies of development; state-business relations in Park’s Korea, 96–98; state power in, 22; and working class in colonial Korea, 58–60. See also developing country states; state-business relations; state capacity; state formation; state intervention

Cole, David C., 80n, 103n, 104n, 107n, 108n, 119n

Coleman, James S., 296n, 306n, 310n, 312n, 313, 313n, 315, 315n, 316, 316n

Collier, David, 385n

Collor, Lindolfo, 158, 214n

colonial India: armed forces, 235–237; British ruling strategies, 230–235; civil service, 225, 237–240; divide-and-rule strategy, 234; ideologies of British rule, 231–232; industrialization, 222–223, 247–255; labor, 251; “mutiny of 1857,” 228, 229; nationalist opposition, see INC; political significance of Indian capitalists, 254–255; role of East India Company, 223–228, 229; role of viceroys, 230–231; state formation, impact of the British, 221–222, 228–240; state formation, impact of the nationalist movement, 222, 240–247; traditional ruling classes in, 225–226, 232, 233

colonial Korea, see Japanese colonialism

colonial Nigeria: attempts at centralization, 304–305, 315; British motives in, 301–303; civil service, 306–307; colonizing the north, 303–304; constitution of 1954, 315; economic changes after WWII, 319–326; economic changes prior to WWII, 309–312; emergence of ethnic politics, 317–318; exports, 309–310; indirect rule, 303–304, 314; industrialization, 311–312; land policy, 313–314; marketing boards, 322–323; nationalism compared with that of India, 243; neglect of agriculture, 322; pattern of state intervention, 308–309, 321–326; police forces, 305–306; regionalization of the civil service, 318–319; Richards Constitution, 315; role of development corporations, 325–326; role of missionaries, 312–313; social changes prior to WWII, 312–314; social distinctions within, 314; state construction after WWII, 314–319; state construction before WWII, 301–309; Southern Protectorate, 304; tax collection, 307

colonialism: Britain in India, see colonial India; Britain in Nigeria, see colonial Nigeria; enduring institutional legacies, 410–412; impact on India and Nigeria compared, 328; impact on Nigeria and Korea compared, 327–328; impact on state formation, 17–20, 386–389, 395–397, 402–406, 409–410; and industrialization, 379; Japanese, see Japanese colonialism; Japanese and British compared, 387–388, 410; Portuguese, see Brazil, under colonial rule

communism: and cohesive capitalist states, 383–384; perceived threat in South Korea, 67, 72, 95

Comte, Auguste, 135

Congress Party, 263, 278, 279, 403, 415; changes under Indira Gandhi, 270–271; early alliance with rural elites, 261; ideology, 262. See also INC

Conroy, Hilary, 32n

corporatism, see state-business relations; working class

corruption, in colonial Korea, 35; in military Brazil, 197–198; in Nigeria, 346, 351, 354, 356, 357–358; in Park’s Korea, 109; in Rhee’s Korea, 76

Cosipa, 188

Costa E Silva, Artur da, 193, 195, 196, 205

Craig, Albert M., 28n, 30n

credit: control of in South Korea, 109–110; public sources of in military Brazil, 208. See also financing industrialization

Crocker, Walter, R., 307n

Cromwell, Oliver, 225

Crowder, Michael, 293n, 296n, 297n, 298n, 308, 308n, 312n, 313n, 315n, 316n, 317n, 322n

Cumings, Bruce, 29, 30n, 58n, 62n, 64n, 66n, 68n, 70n, 71n

Curzon, George, 230

Da Costa, Emilia Viotti, 133n

Daewoo, 97, 113, 121

Daland, Robert T., 141n, 176n

Dalmias, 254

DASP, 160–177

Dean, Warren, 142n, 144n, 146n, 149n, 150n, 151n, 159n, 163n

debt crises: in Brazil, 214; in India, 283, 284; in South Korea in 1971, 109. See also foreign debt

Delhi, 231, 238

democracy: first experiment in Brazil (1945–64), 172–190; first experiment in Nigeria, 332–338; and fragmented multiclass states, 11, 260, 374, 401–402; and industrialization, 372–374; institutional preconditions in India, 259–260. See also fragmented-multiclass states

Democratic Party (of Brazil), see UDN

Denison, E., 102n

Departmento Administrative do Servico Publico, see DASP

dependency: of Nigeria and Brazil compared, 365; of South Korea and Brazil compared, 380

dependency theory, 5, 244, 378–381

Depression (of the 1930s), see Great Depression

Derns, Kemal, 102n

Desai, A. R., 241n

Desai, Padma, 263n, 264n, 265n, 266n, 267n

developing country states: ideal types, 9–12; and patterns of state construction, 16–20; relations with private sector, 12–16. See also cohesive-capitalist states; fragmented-multiclass states; neopatrimonial states; state formation; state intervention; and individual countries

Development Bank (of Brazil), see BNDE

development economics, 5

developmental state, 10, 10n, 31n, 385–386

Deyo, Fredric C., 31n, 45n, 99n

Diamond, Larry, 332n, 350n, 362n

Dike, Onwuka K., 295n, 300n

Di Marco, Luis Eugenio, 147n, 185n

Dornbusch, Rudiger, 99n, 100n

Dorward, D. C., 304n, 310n, 312n

Dublin, 238

Dudley, Billy, 350n, 356n, 358n

Dulles, John W. F., 153n, 156n

Dutch disease argument, as applied to Nigeria, 330

Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 157, 174

Dutt, R. C., 244n

Duus, Peter, 32n

East Asia, 3, 4, 7, 96, 110, 122, 229, 274, 280, 368, 394, 399, 402

East India Company, 223–228

Eckert, Carter, 50, 53, 28n, 30n, 31n, 36n, 37n, 43n, 50n, 51n, 52n, 53n, 54n, 55n, 57n, 60n, 70n, 71n

Economic Commission of Latin America (ECLA), 179

economic planning: in India, see India, Planning Commission; in Nigeria, 338; in South Korea, 108–116

Economic Planning Board (EPB), 89, 100, 108

Economist, 331

Edogun, Cliff, 351n

education: and industrialization, 371; spread of in South Korea, 77–78. See also higher education; primary education

Edwards, Sebastian, 376n

Egypt, 4n, 302

Eicher, Carl K., 310n, 311n, 341n

Eikemeier, Dieter, 72n

Ekundare, R. Olufemi, 294n, 296n, 299n, 307n, 310n, 311n, 320n, 322n, 324n, 325n

Embree, Ainslie T., 228n

England, 8, 32, 132, 134, 147, 163, 344, 386, 387, 410. See also under colonial India and colonial Nigeria

entrepreneurship: in colonial Korea, 55; in colonial Nigeria, 324–325; indigenous in colonial India, 253; and industrialization, 370; in Nigeria, 341–343, 355–356; role of immigrants in Brazil, 151–152; strengthening of in South Korea, 75–76. See also capitalism; industrialization; state-business relations

Ergas, Zaki, 330n

Erickson, Kenneth Paul, 158n, 186n, 187n, 200n

ESG (War College in Brazil), 176, 193, 194

ethnic conflicts, see under colonial Nigeria, emergence of ethnic politics; India, federalism; Nigeria, ethnic conflicts

Etienne, Gilbert, 267n

Europe, 8, 10, 130, 132, 134, 140, 144, 151, 152, 156, 161, 166, 182, 192, 199, 236, 299, 302, 368, 386, 389, 395, 417

Evans, Peter, 3n, 7n, 31n, 45n, 183n, 186, 186n, 198n, 212n, 284n, 385, 385n

exchange rate policies: in democratic Brazil, 180, 189–190; in military Brazil, 207; overvalued rupee in colonial India, 250–251; in Park’s Korea, 119, 120; in Rhee’s Korea, 79–80

Export-Import Bank, 163

export-orientation, in colonial Korea, 56

export pessimism: in India, 263–264; relative absence of in Park’s Korea, 117

export promotion: limits in democratic Brazil, 189–190; in military Brazil, 205–206, 207; in Park’s Korea, 116–122

exports: of coffee in Brazil, 144–147; in colonial Nigeria, 309–310, 320; of commodities in Brazil, 131–135; limited growth in Indira’s India, 277; in military Brazil, 212–213; of oil in Nigeria, 351–352. See also export promotion

Factory Saemaul Movement, 101

Fairbank, John, K., 28n, 29n, 30n

Falleto, Enzo, 139, 139n, 154n

Falola, Toyin, 293n

Far Eastern Economic Review, 90

fascism, 10, 10n, 11, 19, 38, 70, 92, 93, 122, 156, 279, 389, 421; and the Estado Novo in Brazil, 158; in the 1930s Brazil, 157

Fieldhouse, D. K., 17n, 302n, 308, 308n, 309n, 311n, 331n

Figueiredo, João Batista de Oliveira, 193, 196, 210

Filho, Café, 183

financing industrialization: in colonial Korea, 52; in military Brazil, 211; in Park’s Korea, 109–110; U.S. role in Rhee’s Korea, 76–78. See also credit; savings

Fischer, Stanley, 102n

Fishlow, Albert, 118n, 146, 146n, 147n, 149n, 150n, 152n, 161n, 164n, 185n, 187n, 189n, 198n, 201n, 204n, 207n

Flynn, Peter, 133n, 138n, 139n, 154n, 157n, 158n, 160n, 172n, 173n, 191n, 192n, 193n, 195n

Font, Mauricio A., 143, 139n, 142n, 143n, 146n, 155n

Forca Publica, 143

foreign aid, from the U.S. to South Korea, 76–78

foreign debt, sources of in military Brazil, 209–210. See also debt crises

foreign investment: approach of the Brazilian military, 199; in colonial Nigeria, 321; in democratic Brazil, 188; indigenization of Japanese properties in Korea, 75; in military Brazil, 211; in Nigeria, 339–340; in old republic Brazil, 144–145, 149; in Park’s Korea, 106; policies toward in democratic Brazil, 182–184; resistance to in India, 263, 277; in Vargas’ Brazil, 163–164

foreign ownership, see foreign investment

Formosa, 33n. See also Taiwan

Forrest, Tom, 329n, 332n, 333n, 339n, 341n, 342n, 348n, 349n, 350n, 351n, 352n, 355 355n, 356n, 357n, 358n, 362n, 363, 363n

fragmented-multiclass states, 11, 399–408; in Brazil, 214; changes in Indira’s India, 270–272; colonial origins, 402–406; definition, 399–400; and democracies, 11, 260, 401–402; and economic growth, 14–15; elements of in Vargas’ Brazil, 160–161; impact on the economy in Indira’s India, 273–277; and impact of nationalists in India, 240–247; and industrialization, 406–407; in Nehru’s India, 260–263; origins in India in the colonial period, 228–240; and patterns of state intervention, 406–407; and political power, 419; probusiness drift in post-1980 India, 278–281

France, 134, 386

Frank, Andre Gunder, 164n

Frank, Charles, Jr., 69n, 74n, 78n, 84n, 104n, 119n, 120n

Frankel, Francine, 261n

Freyre, Gilberto, 130n, 133n

Fulani, 297, 298, 332

Furse, Ralph, 306

Furtado, Celso, 130n, 131n, 136, 136n, 145n, 161n, 177, 181n

Gadgil, D. R., 249n

Gallagher, John, 229n

Gandhi, Indira, 259, 268, 270n, 271n, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 334, 372, 401, 403, 417; role in India, 270–277

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 233, 240, 242, 243n, 245, 246, 253, 254, 264, 269, 403

Gandhi, Rajiv, 278, 279, 282, 284

Gandhi-Irwin pact, 246

Garon, Sheldon, 105n

Gboyega, Alex, 347n

Geddes, Barbara, 160n, 176n, 177n, 186n

Geisel, Ernesto, 193, 196

General Federation of Korean Labor, see No Chong

Gerefi, Gary, 376n

Germany, 67, 134, 158, 163, 253

Gerschenkron, Alexander, 8, 8n, 422n

Gilpin, Robert, 423n

Glade, William P., 140n

Godrey, Martin, 183n

Gold, Thomas, 383n

Gopal, S., 261n

Gordon, Lincoln, 183n

Goulart, João Belchior, 174, 175, 176, 177, 190, 192, 197, 204, 334, 372

Gowon, Yakubu, 345, 347, 348, 349, 350

Grajdanzev, Andrew J., 31n, 38n, 45n, 48n, 52n, 55n, 58n

Great Britain, see England

Great Depression, 150, 308, 310; impact on Korea, 51; and industrial growth in Brazil, 164–165

Grommers, Engebert, 183n

Guerard, Michele, 203n

Gueye, M’baye, 303n

Guha, Ranajit, 241n, 246n

Gurkhas, 235

Gwandu, 298

Habib, Irfan, 223n

Haggard, Stephan, 3n, 55n, 62n, 69n

Hagopian, Francis, 191n, 195n

Halliday, Jon, 33n

Hamilton, Alexander, 134n

Han, Sang-Bok, 72n

Han, Sung-Joo, 66n, 67n, 68n, 70n

Hanson, A. H., 263n

Harris, John, 341n

Hart-Landsberg, Martin, 84n, 90n, 100n, 106n, 111n

Hausa-Fulanis, 317, 332, 336, 346

Hausas, 297, 305, 337

Hayes, Robert, 131n, 135n, 141n, 158n, 159n, 175n

Helleiner, Gerald, 296n, 300, 300n, 307n, 308n, 309n, 311n, 320n, 322, 322n, 323n, 324n, 325n, 326

Henderson, Gregory, 39n, 64n, 67n

Herbst, Jeffrey, 301n, 395n

Heston, Alan, 248n

higher education: in colonial India, 250; in colonial Nigeria, 313; in military Brazil, 197; in Nehru’s India, 281; in Nigeria, 358–359

Higher Institute of Brazilian Studies, 177

Hill, Polly, 299n

Hindu nationalism, 278, 279

Hindu nationalists, 241

Hindus, 233, 234

Hirschman, Albert O., 5n, 162n

Hirubumi, Ito, 33–34

Hitler, 70

Ho, Samuel Pao-San, 40n, 43n

Hopkins, A.G., 295n

Huer, John, 86n, 89n, 92n, 93n

Hung-sik, Pak, 54

Huntington, Samuel, 5n, 259, 383n

Hutchcroft, Paul, 395n

Hwasin Department Store, 51, 54

Hyundai, 55, 97, 113, 121, 356

IAS (Indian Administrative Service), 240, 260–261, 268, 271–272

Ibos, 317, 332, 333, 337

Ibru group, 355

ICS (Indian Civil Service), 260–261. See also civil services, in colonial India

ideologies of development: in Brazil, 156, 158, 193–194; of military rulers in Nigeria, 345–346; in Nehru’s India, 263–265; in Park’s Korea, 87–88; in postwar Brazil, 179–180

Ife, 293

Ilchin-hoe, 39n

import substituting industrialization: Brazil and India compared, 188–189, 269–270, 287; in democratic Brazil, 177–187, 187–190; during HCI in Park’s Korea, 110–114; in military Brazil, 205–206; in Nehru’s India, 266–270; in Rhee’s Korea, 80–81; in Vargas’ Brazil, 164–165. See also import tariffs

import tariffs: in colonial India, 253–254; in democratic Brazil, 181; in India, 282; in Nigeria, 339; in old republic Brazil, 147–148, 150–151; in Park’s Korea, 119–120; in Rhee’s Korea, 80; in Vargas’s Brazil, 162

INC (Indian National Congress), 240, 254, 260, 403; cleavages within, 245–246; commitment to democracy, 243–244; compared with nationalism in Nigeria, 243; and the emergence of a public sphere, 242; multiclass character, 246; organization, 245; political impact in colonial India, 241–247. See also Congress Party

India: agriculture, 265–266; Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP), 278–279; bureaucracy under Indira Gandhi, 271–272; bureaucracy under Nehru, 260–261; colonialism, see colonial India; computer industry, 284–285; Congress Party, see Congress Party; democracy, institutional preconditions, 259–260; dominant ideas under Nehru, 263–265; economic liberalization, 279–281; economic performance, 281–285; federalism, 261–262; and fragmented-multiclass state in Nehru era, 260–263; green revolution, 272–273, 274; under Indira Gandhi, 270–277; industrial policy resolution of 1982, 282; industrialization, 263, 266–270, 274–277; Maharajas, 262; under Mughals, 223–225; under Nehru, 259–270; Planning Commission, 262, 268; poor economic performance under Indira, 273–277; post-1980 probusiness drift, 277–285; zamindars, 262. See also colonial India

Indian Administrative Service, see IAS

Indian Civil Service, see ICS

Indian Military Academy, 236

Indian National Congress, see INC

Indians, (in Brazil), 130

indirect rule: in colonial India, 226; in colonial Nigeria, 303–304, 314

Indonesia, 4n, 330, 383, 390, 405

industrial policy, see state intervention

industrialization: Brazil and India compared, see import substituting industrialization; under cohesive-capitalist states, 390–393; in colonial India, 222–223, 247–255; in colonial Korea, 48–56; in colonial Nigeria, 311–312, 320–321, 324–326; in democratic Brazil, 187–190; in early Korea and Brazil compared, 167–168; under fragmented-multiclass states, 406–407; in imperial Brazil, 136–137; India and Nigeria compared, 286; India and South Korea compared, 287–288; in Indira’s India, 274–277; in military Brazil, 210–214; in military Nigeria, 352–358; in Nehru’s India, 266–270; under neopatrimonial states, 398–399; in old republic Brazil, 148–152; in Park’s Korea, 101–122; in pre–civil war Nigeria, 338–343; shift from light to heavy in South Korea, 110–114; in Vargas’s Brazil, 164–165. See also capitalism; export promotion; financing industrialization; import-substituting industrialization; state-business relations

inflation, see under Brazil

inequalities, improvements in rural South Korea, 72

infrastructure: in colonial India, 227; in colonial Korea, 43

initial conditions of development: in Brazil, 166; of India in a comparative perspective, 265; Nigeria at the turn of the twentieth century, 300; Nigeria vs. East Asia in early twentieth century, 301; in South Korea, 102

intelligence services, role in South Korea, 88–89

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 204, 214, 284, 359

investment: high rates in Park’s Korea, 103–107; in Indira’s India, 274–276; in late colonial Nigeria, 320; low rates in Rhee’s Korea, 79; patterns in military Brazil, 211. See also savings

Ireland, 305

Ireland, Alleyne, 31n, 34n

Ishikawa, Shigeru, 46n, 48n

Islam, 297, 300, 313, 332. See also Muslims

Italy, 158

Itamar, 214n

Japan, 1, 8, 67, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93, 96, 101, 110, 113, 116, 118, 122, 123, 130, 134, 148, 161, 229, 232, 250, 253, 386, 387, 389, 410; and export promotion in South Korea, 116–117; loans to Korea, 104–107; relations with South Korea, 93–95; role in promoting heavy industries in South Korea, 111–112. See also Japanese colonialism

Japanese colonialism: and agricultural production in Korea, 45–48; and industrialization in colonial Korea, 48–56; and Korean civil service, 34–36; and Korean police, 36–38; and Korean working class, 58–60; and land survey in Korea, 42–43; motives in Korea, 32; and origins of Korean capitalism, 50; and peasantry in Korea, 57–58; and politics in Korea, 38–40; role of Meiji experience, 33–34; state-business relations, 51–56; state construction in Korea, 34–40, 386–387; and tax collection in Korea, 42; uniqueness of, 32–33

Jayakar, Pupul, 270n

Jenkins, Rob, 279n

Johnson, Chalmers, 7n, 31n, 385n, 413n

Johnson, W. A., 267n

Jones, Leroy P., 66n, 69n, 73, 73n, 79n, 80, 80n, 91n, 96n, 97, 97n, 98n, 103n, 104n, 108, 108n, 109n, 115n, 118n, 119n, 120, 120n

Joseph, Richard, A., 330n, 346n, 350n

Joshi, Vijay, 283n, 284, 284n

Jowitt, Kenneth, 383n

Jugend Brigade, 70

Jung, Yong-Duck, 104n

Kabo reforms, 33n, 39n

Kaduna, 336

Kaduna Mafia, 350

Kallab, Valeriana, 375n

Kang, David, 55n, 91n

Kano, 299

Katznelson, Ira, 6n

Kearney, Robert P., 97n, 100n

Keith, Henry H., 141n, 158n

Kenji, Nakano, 106n, 111n

Kennan, George, 31n

Kennedy, Paul, 330n

Kenya, 356

Kerala, 280

Kerstenetzky, Issac, 161n, 184n

Keynes, 161

“Keynesianism,” 161, 179, 310, 321

Kilby, Peter, 333n, 338n, 339, 339n, 340n, 341, 341n, 343n

Kim, Bun Woong, 88n, 90n

Kim, C. I. Eugene, 71n

Kim, Dae Jung, 95

Kim, Hosup, 107n, 113n

Kim, Jai-Hyup, 93n

Kim, Ji Hong, 111n

Kim, Jong-Pil, 89

Kim, Kwan Bong, 94n

Kim, Kwang Suk, 69n, 84n

Kim, Kwan-Suk, 102n

Kim, Kyong-Dong, 76n

Kim, Se-Jin, 69n, 86n, 88n, 89n, 91n

Kim, Yoon Hyung, 111n

Kim, Yung Bong, 56n, 110n

Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., 307n, 346n, 362n

KLM, 357

Koehn, Peter M., 335n, 336n, 347n, 348n, 349n, 354n

Kohli, Atul, 6n, 244n, 259n, 266n, 271n, 273n, 278n, 279n, 280n, 374n

Kojhima, Kiyoshi, 106n

Kongsin Hosiery, 51

Korea: colonial impact, see under Japanese colonialism; early industrialization compared with Brazil’s, 167–168; impact of WWII, 35, 51; under Yi dynasty, 28–31, 297. See also South Korea.

Korea Development Bank, 109

Korea Trade Association, 120

Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), 88–89, 92, 95, 99, 100

Korean nationalism, 106

Korean People’s Republic (KPR), 63–64

Korean Trader’s Association, 98

Korean War, 48, 62, 65, 76, 86, 320; and the destruction of the Korean economy, 73–74; and land reforms in South Korea, 72

Kothari, Rajni, 260n

Krieckhaus, Jonathan, 203n, 210n, 377n

Krishnamachari, T. T., 267n

Krueger, Anne O., 6n, 77n, 118n, 375n

Krugman, Paul, 5n, 280n, 375n

Kubitschek, de Oliveira Juscelino, 170, 174, 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 190, 193, 199, 215, 372, 373

Kublin, Hyman, 33n

Kulke, Hermann, 223n, 226n

Kumar, Dharma, 224n, 226n, 233n, 236n, 247n, 248n, 249n

Kyongbang, 51, 54, 60

Kyong-Sang, 88

labor, see working class

Ladd, George Trumbull, 31n, 34n

Lagos, 293, 303, 305, 306, 318

laissez-faire, 6, 7, 87, 144, 301, 377; in colonial India, 231–232, 250; in colonial Nigeria, 308–309; in imperial Brazil, 134–135; in old republic Brazil, 140

Lal, Deepak, 6n, 375n

Lall, Sanjaya, 355n, 359n, 362, 363n

Lancashire, 230, 252, 311

landed classes: in colonial Korea, 44–48; and industrialization, 369; and the old republic in Brazil, 139–140

landlords, see landed classes

land reforms: attempts at in Indira’s India, 273; in South Korea, 71–73

Last, Murray, 297n, 298n, 299n

Latin America, 130, 151, 285, 384, 394, 402, 405

Law, Robin, 293n, 295n, 296n

Leadbeater, S. R. B., 268n

Lee, Chong-sik, 37n, 58n, 66n, 115n

Lee, Hahn-Been, 65n, 86n

Lee, Ki-baik, 28n, 30n, 73n, 90n, 91n

Lee, Man-Gap, 72n

Lee, S. C., 111n, 112n

Leff, Nathaniel, 136, 136n, 137, 137n, 138n, 147n, 148, 148n, 149n, 151n, 164n, 165n, 176n, 177n, 178n, 179n, 180n, 185n, 186n

Levine, R., 377n

Levine, Robert M., 142n, 153n, 155n, 156n, 158n, 159n, 160n

Lew, Young Lock, 28n, 31n

Lewis, John P., 272n, 375n

Lewis, Peter M., 330n, 344n, 353n, 360n, 362, 362n, 363, 363n

Lewis, W. Arthur, 3, 3n, 118n, 272n, 326

Lieberman, Evan S., 203n

Liedholm, Carl, 310n, 311n, 312n, 324n, 341n

Limongi, Fernando, 20n, 372n

Lisbon, 132

literacy, see primary education

Little, I. M. D., 284, 258, 283n, 284n, 375n

Lloyd, Peter C., 294n

Loang, Margery D., 30n

London, 229, 230, 231, 238, 239, 302

Love, Joseph L., 142n, 143, 143n, 145n, 146n, 150n, 151n

Lovejoy, Paul E., 293n, 299n

Lovell, John P., 66n, 68n, 86n

Low, Victor, 297n

Lubeck, Paul, 330n

Luckham, Robin, 337n, 344n, 345n, 346n

Lucky, 55

Lugard, F. J. D., 303, 304, 304n, 312, 312n, 313

Luis, Washington, 155

Lula (Luis Inacio Lula da Silva), 200

Lyman, Princeton, 80n, 107n, 108n, 119n, 103n, 104n

Lynn, Martin, 295n

Maddison, Angus, 224n, 236n, 247n, 248n

Madras, 225, 235

Malaysia, 260, 373, 383, 405, 421

Mamdani, Mahmood, 301n, 395n

Manchester, 230, 252, 311

Manchuria, 51, 56, 58, 87

Mao, 246

Marco, Luis Eugenio Diu, 185n

Markovits, Claude, 254n

Martins, Luciano, 199n

Marwaris, 252

Marx, Karl, 421

Masan, 121

Masatake, Terauchi, 37, 38, 92

Mason, Edward, 74n, 76n, 77n, 78n, 79n

McNamara, Dennis, 50n, 52n, 54n

Meade, Grant E., 37n, 47n, 64n, 65n, 67n, 71n

Medard, Jean-Francois, 330n

Medici, Emilio Garrastazú, 193, 195, 196

Mehta, Uday, 231n

Meiji restoration, 32, 32–33, 88, 95

Meiji transformation, 45

Mein Kampf, 70

Metcalf, Thomas R., 229n, 231n

Mexico, 4n, 210, 355, 373, 380, 383

Middle East, 236, 265, 285, 394

Migdal, Joel, 20n, 45n

Milan, Pedro, 184n, 201n, 205n, 206n, 207n, 209n, 211n

military coup, South Korea, 86. See also specific countries

Milner, Helen, 6n

Min brothers, 54

Minas Gerais, 131, 135, 138, 156

Misra, B. B., 224n, 237n, 238n, 239n

Misra, Sanjib, 268n

missionaries, 230, 312–313

MITI, 90, 106, 111

Mitsubishi, 50, 52, 53, 107, 111

Mitsui, 50, 53, 107

mobilization regimes, 383–384

Mobutu, 420

Modandola group, 355

modernization framework, 5

Mohammed, Murtala, 345, 347, 350

Mohan, Rakesh, 283n, 282n, 284n

Mokpo Rubber Company, 51

Momoh, Abubakar, 347n, 351n

Monetary Authority, 177

Monteiro, Goes, 157

Moon, Chung-in, 51n, 55n, 374n

Moore, Barrington, Jr., 264, 265n, 369, 369n, 387n, 422, 422n

Moreland, W. H., 224n

Morley, James William, 36n

Morley, Samuel A., 182n, 184n

Morris, Morris D., 227n, 247n, 249n, 251n, 252n

Moskowitz, Karl, 47n

Mughals, 223–225, 247, 297

Mukherjee, Aditya, 254n, 261n

Mukherjee, Mridula, 261n

Murray, D. J., 335n, 336n, 347n

Muslims, 233, 234, 241, 279. See also Islam

Myers, Ramon H., 30n, 32n, 33n, 34n, 36n, 38n, 39n, 40n, 43n, 46n

Myint’s model of “vent for surplus,” 309

Myrdal, Gunnar, 265n

Nafziger, E. Wayne, 341n

Nagel, Stuart, 269n

Nahm, Andrew, 50n

Nair, Kannan K., 300n

Naoroji, Dadabhai, 244n

Nathan Associates, 80

nationalism, 101, 140; in Brazil, 144, 180, 182; impact on state formation, 412–413; in India, see INC; in Nigeria, 313, 315–317; role in Park’s Korea, 93. See also fascism; Hindu nationalism

Nayar, Baldev Raj, 263n

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 240, 242, 244, 254, 255, 259, 270, 275, 280, 281, 286, 333, 334, 365, 372, 391, 401, 403; role in India, 259–270

neoliberalism, 6, 377–378. See also laissez-faire; outward orientation; promarket position

neopatrimonial states, 31n, 393–399; colonial origins, 395–397; definition, 9, 393; and industrialization, 15–16, 398–399; and industrialization in Nigeria, 342–343; and military rule in Nigeria, 343–351; and patterns of state intervention, 398–399; and political power, 393–394, 419–420; in pre–civil war Nigeria, 332–338; seeds of in late colonial Nigeria, 314–319

Netto, Delfim, 203, 208, 209, 210

New York Times, 374

Nicolson, I. F., 302n, 303n, 304n, 306n, 307n, 312n, 318n

Niger river, 293, 296, 303, 304

Nigeria: armed forces, 336–337; under British rule, see colonial Nigeria; bureaucracy, 334–336, 347–349; civil war, see Biafra War; colonialism, see colonial Nigeria; corruption, 346, 351, 354, 356, 357–358; creating a more centralized state, 349–351; decolonization, 331; early state failure, 332–338; education, 358–359; ethnic conflicts, 332–333, 337, 346, 365; indigenization of foreign companies, 352, 354; indigenous private industry, 355–356; industrialization in pre–civil war period, 338–343; industrialization under the military, 352–358; limited developmental goals, 333–334; macroeconomic policies, 352–353; military rule, 343–351; oil exports, 351–352; precolonial, 293–301; role of the public sector, 356–358; slave trade, 293, 294–295, 295–296, 299; structural adjustment, 359–363; trade policy, 354–355. See also Sokoto Caliphate; Yoruba Kingdoms; Yorubas

Nihon Chisso, 53–54

Nixon doctrine, 96, 110

No Chong, 71

North Africa, 297, 299

North Korea, 74, 95, 101

Northerners, 337

Nunes, Edison de Oliveria, 197n

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 345, 350, 350n, 355, 360

O’Connell, James, 333n, 335n

Odekunle, Femi, 358n

O’Donnell, Guillermo A., 200n, 384n

Ogle, George E., 60n, 71n, 99n

Oh, Kie-Chiang, 70n

Ohiorhenuan, John F. E., 357n

Oliver, Robert, 68n

Olugbemi, Stephen O., 347n, 349n

Olukoshi, Adebayo O., 351n, 353n, 360n

Onoda, 53, 59

OPEC, 193, 208, 348, 351

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 25, 122

Oriental Development Company, 47

Otsuka, Keijiro, 269n

outward orientation, 6, 376–377. See also export promotion; neoliberalism; promarket position

Oxford University, 232, 238, 306

Oyeleye, Oyediran, 347n, 349n, 362n

Oyo, 293, 295

Pack, Howard, 115n, 119n, 269n

Paeksan Trading Company, 51

Paik, Wan Ki, 88n

Pak, Ki Hyuk, 71n

Pakenham, Thomas, 302n

Pakistan, 223, 236, 237, 241, 276, 317, 390, 402

Pal, Bipin, 244n

Palais, James, 28n, 29, 29n, 30n, 39n, 47n

Palma, Gabriel, 5n, 378n

Panter-Brick, Keith, 346n

Paraguay, 133, 135

Park, Chong Kee, 56n, 104n, 110n

Park Chung Hee, 63, 69, 70, 71, 78, 80, 81, 84, 95–96, 87n, 88n, 156, 176, 191, 199, 206, 213, 287, 334, 373, 374, 380, 386, 387, 390, 391, 411, 414, 417; attitude toward economic liberalism, 87–88; and bureaucratic reforms, 89–91; and industrialization, 101–122; leadership values, 87–88; nature of his regime, 87–91; and the 1961 coup, 86; and repressive politics, 91–96; and the role of nationalism, 93; and the role of propaganda, 92–93; and the Yushin system, 95–96

Park, Joon-Kyung, 102n

Park, Keun Hae, 93n

Park, Moon Kyu, 98n

Park, Soon Won, 49n, 50n, 53n, 54n, 58n, 59n

Park, Yoong-Ki, 98n

Park, Yung Chul, 99n, 100n

Parsis, 252, 370

Partido Republicano Paulista, 143

Patel, Vallab Bhai, 242, 254

Paus, Eva, 206n, 207n

Peattie, Mark R., 30n, 32n, 33, 33n, 34n, 36n, 38n, 39n, 40n, 43n, 46n

Perham, Margery, 300, 300n, 303n, 307n

Pernambuca, 131, 134

Peron, Juan, 156

Peters, Jimi, 337n

Petri, Peter A., 102n

Petrobras, 177, 182

Phillippines, 395

Pim, A. W., 307n

Pinglé, Vibha, 267n, 276n, 284n

Pitt’s India Act, 225

planning, see economic planning

Pohang Iron and Steel Company, 111, 113

police forces: in colonial India, 235; in colonial Nigeria, 305–306; under the Japanese in Korea, 36–38; in Meiji Japan, 36n; in Rhee’s Korea, 66–67. See also developing country states; state construction; and under specific countries

political power, 20–23, 22, 22–23, 418–420; and industrialization, 20–23. See also cohesive-capitalist states; fragmented-multiclass states; neopatrimonial states; state capacity

Poloamina, I. D., 357n

Portugal, 129, 136, 158, 229; colonial rule in Brazil, 130–133

Potter, David C., 237n, 238n, 239n, 260n, 264n, 271n

predatory states, see neopatrimonial states

Przeworski, Adam, 20n, 372n

primary education, 137; in colonial India, 250; in colonial Korea, 39, 43; in colonial Nigeria, 313, 323–324; in imperial Brazil, 137; in Nigeria, 358. See also education.

productivity growth: in imperial Brazil, 136–137; state’s role in South Korea, 114–116

promarket position, 6–7, 374–378. See also laissez-faire; neoliberalism; outward orientation

propaganda, role in South Korea, 92–93

protectionism, see import substituting industrialization; import tariffs

Prussia, 33, 34n

PSD (Social Democratic Party, Brazil), 173–174

PTB (Worker’s Party, Brazil), 173–174

public sector enterprises: in democratic Brazil, 184–185; in military Brazil, 207–208; in Nigeria, 340–341, 356–358; in Park’s Korea, 104–105; in Rhee’s Korea, 80–81

public sphere: creation of in colonial Korea, 34; emergence of in India, 242; failure to emerge in colonial Nigeria, 301–309, 315–319; importance of in modern states, 9; and neopatrimonial rulers of Nigeria, 333–334; in neopatrimonial states, 395–397

Punjab, 274

Punjabi Muslims, 235

Quadros, Jánio, 174, 175, 176, 178, 190, 372

Rail India, 357

Raj, K. N., 266n

Rajputs, 235

Ranade, 244n

Ranis, Gustav, 102n

Ray, Rajat Kanta, 247n, 249n, 250n, 252n

Ray, Ratnalekha, 226n

Reeve, W. D., 70n

Reischauer, Edwin O., 28n

Renelt, D., 377n

Reynolds, Lloyd, 3, 3n

Rezende, Fernando, 148n

Rhee, Syngman, see Syngman Rhee

Richards Constitution, 317

Rio de Janeiro, 133, 134, 135, 142, 154

Rio Grande du Sul, 138, 153, 154, 155, 176

Roberts, A. D., 302n

Roberts, Andrew, 302n, 305n, 306n

Robinson, Michael, 28n, 32n, 35n, 36n, 37n, 43n, 57n

Rodrik, Dani, 3n, 102n, 376n, 423n

Rodriquez, Francisco, 376n

Roemer, M., 330n

Rogoff, Kenneth S., 376n

Romer, Paul, 49n, 76n

Roosevelt, Theodore, 31n

Rosenberg, Hans, 34n

Rothermund, Dietmar, 223n, 226n, 247n, 252n, 253n, 255n

Rudolph, Lloyd, 233n, 271n

Rudolph, Susanne, 233n, 271n, 421n

Russell-Wood, A. J. R, 131n

Russia, 32, 386

Russo-Japanese War, 28

Sachs, Jeffrey, 375n

Saemaul Undong Movement, 93

Sahara, 297, 299

Sakong, Il, 66n, 69n, 73, 73n, 79n, 80, 80n, 84n, 91n, 96n, 97, 97n, 98n, 103n, 104n, 108 108n, 109n, 114n, 115n, 118n, 119n, 120, 120n

sampo system, 60, 99

Samsung, 55, 121

Sandbrook, Richard, 3n, 330n, 394, 394n

Sandhurst, 235, 236

São Paulo, 128, 133, 135, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 161, 166, 173, 250; nature of politics during the old republic, 142–143; revolt against Vargas, 156–157

Sarkar, Sumit, 241n, 244n

Sastry, D. U., 276n

savings: in colonial India, 249; in colonial Korea, 43; in Indira’s India, 275; in late colonial Nigeria, 320; in military Brazil, 208; in Park’s Korea, 103–107; in Rhee’s Korea, 78–79. See also investment

Sawyer, Robert K., 66n, 68n

Scalapino, Robert, 58n, 87n, 89n

Schatz, Sayre, 320n, 321n, 324, 324n, 338n, 339n, 343n, 352n

Schneider, Ben Ross, 191n, 197n, 198n

Schneider, Ronald M., 191n

Schumpeter, Joseph, 19n, 370n

Schumpter, E. B., 41n, 51n

Schurmann, Franz, 383n, 384n, 413n

Schwartz, Stuart B., 131n, 132n

Scitovsky, Tibor, 375n

Scott, Maurice, 375n

Seal, Anil, 229n, 233, 233n, 241n, 243, 243n

Segre, Claudio, 10n

Sen, A. K., 252n, 371n

Seoul, 64, 90, 95

Shagari, 360

Shapiro, Helen, 375n

Shin, Sang-Ch’o, 71n

Shin, Gi-Wook, 32n

Shin, Susan S., 30n

Shri Ram, 254

Shue, Vivienne, 384n

Shunjo, Shakuo, 37n

Siegel, Gilbert B., 160n

Sikhs, 235

Sikkink, Kathryn, 179n

Simonsen, Mário Henrique, 210

Singhanias, 254

Sivasubramonian, S., 248n

Skidmore, Thomas, 130n, 131n, 144n, 154n, 172n, 173n, 178n 179n, 181n, 191n, 192n, 193n, 194n, 195n, 200n, 203n, 204n, 214n

Sklar, Richard, 316n, 317n

Skocpol, Theda, 413n

slavery: in Brazil, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 144; impact on Nigeria, 294–295, 295–296; in Korea, 57; in Sokoto Caliphate, 299

Smith, Gordon W., 182n, 183n, 184n

Smith, Peter, 130n, 131n, 144n, 214n

Smith, M. G., 297n

Smith, Robert S., 293n, 294n, 303n

social classes, see capitalism; landed classes; working classes

Social Democratic Party (of Brazil), 173–174

Sohn, Hak-Kyn, 87n, 95n, 111n

Sokoto Caliphate, 293, 296–299

Solongo, Dolgor, 113n

Song, Byung-Nak, 120n

Soon, Yoo Chang, 103n

Sôp, Kim Yông, 30n

Sorensen, Clark W., 92n

Sorensen, George, 374n

South Africa, 151, 383

South Asia, 394, 402

South East Asia, 402

South Korea: bureaucracy under Rhee, 64–66; and bureaucratic reforms during Park, 89–91; corporatization of labor, 71; creation of armed forces, 67–68; economic change under Rhee, 73–81; export promotion during Park, 116–122; free trading zones, 121; general trading companies, 121; heavy chemicals and industry drive, 110–114; industrialization during Park’s rule, 101–122; land reforms, 71–73; nature of the Park regime, 87–91; nature of the Rhee regime, 68–73; police during Rhee, 66–67; recreating cohesive-capitalist state, 85–101; relations with Japan, 93–95; role of economic planning, 108–116; role of foreign aid, 76–78; role of Japanese loans, 104–107; and the role of the U.S. in state formation, 64–68; state-business relations in Park’s Korea, 96–98; state-labor relations during Park, 98–101; women in the labor force, 98–99. See also Korea; Park Chung Hee; Syngman Rhee

South Manchurian Railway Company, 87

Soviet Union, 264, 273

Spain, 130

Spanish America, 133

Spaulding, Robert M., Jr., 36n

Sri Lanka, 405

Srinivasan, T. N., 266n, 272n

Stallings, Barbara, 423n

state-business relations: in colonial India, 250; in colonial Korea, 51–56; in democratic Brazil, 182, 186; in Indira’s India, 275; in military Brazil, 198–199; in Nehru’s India, 267, 268–269; in old republic Brazil, 151; in Park’s Korea, 96–98; rapproachment in post-1980 India, 277–285, 284–285; in Rhee’s Korea, 81; in Vargas’ Brazil, 159

state capacity: to control inflation in military Brazil, 202–204; of the Japanese colonial state, 41–43; and tax collection in Park’s Korea, 104; and tax collection in Rhee’s Korea, 65–66; to tax in democratic Brazil, 181; to tax in military Brazil, 203; to tax in Vargas’ Brazil, 162. See also political power

state enterprises, see public sector enterprises

state formation, 17–20, 408–417; in colonial Brazil, 130–131, 131–133; deinstitutionalization in Indira’s India, 270–272; in early colonial Nigeria, 301–309; and growing power of capitalism, 416–417; impact of the British in India, 221–222, 228–240; impact of nationalist movements, 412–413; impact of the nationalists in India, 222, 240–247; in imperial Brazil, 133–135; India and China compared, 413; Japanese impact on Korea, 34–40; in late colonial Nigeria, 314–319; and the old republican state in Brazil, 138–144; recreating a cohesive-capitalist state in South Korea, 85–101; and the role of colonialism, 17–20, 409–410; role of military rulers, 413–415; role of political parties, 415; and the role of the U.S. in South Korea, 64–68; in Vargas’ Brazil, 153–161. See also colonialism, impact on state formation; developing country states, and patterns of state construction

state intervention, 417–420; in colonial Nigeria, 308–309; in democratic Brazil, 177–187; effectiveness of, 12–16; and export promotion in Park’s Korea, 116–122; in India, 266–270, 273–277, 280–285; and industrialization in South Korea, 107–116; in late colonial Nigeria, 319, 321–326; limits in imperial Brazil, 136–137; in military Brazil, 201–210; in old republic Brazil, 138–144, 144–148; patterns in cohesive-capitalist states, 389–393; patterns in fragmented-multiclass states, 406–407; patterns in neopatrimonial states, 398–399; in Vargas’ Brazil, 161–163. See also developing country states

state power, see political power

state repression: in colonial India, 234; in democratic Brazil, 186–187; in military Brazil, 195–196, 199–200; in Park’s Korea, 91–96; in Rhee’s Korea, 70–71; in Vargas’ Brazil, 161–163

states, see developing country states

statist arguments, 6, 7; departure from, 7–8

steel industry: in Brazil, 163–164, 188; in India, 252, 267, 276; in Nigeria, 356–357; in South Korea, 111, 113

Stein, Stanley, 140n, 147, 147n, 148, 148n

Stepan, Alfred, 156n, 172n, 174n, 175n, 191n, 192n, 193n, 198n

Stewart, Frances, 355n, 359n

Stewart, C. C., 297n

Stiglitz, Jospeh, 375n, 423n

sub-Saharan Africa, 3, 4, 9, 98, 130, 229, 236, 265, 285, 286, 297, 302, 305, 317, 329, 330, 331, 368, 394, 395, 396, 398, 402, 405, 422

subsidies: in colonial Korea, 52; for exports in Park’s Korea, 119–120

Suburo, Yamada, 46n;

Suez Canal, 250;

Suh, Sang-Chul, 45n, 46n, 47n, 48n, 55n, 56, 56n;

Sukarno, 390;

Suzigan, Wilson, 147, 148n, 161n, 181n, 190n, 205n, 201n;

Sweden, 10n

Syngman Rhee, 85, 87, 91, 92, 120, 334, 386, 394–395, 398, 401, 404, 411; and bureaucracy, 65–66; and economic change, 73–81; economic priorities, 78–81; and labor, 71; and land reforms, 71–73; nature of his regime, 68–73; and police, 66–67; and repressive politics, 70–71

Taiwan, 7, 373, 383, 387, 421. See also Formosa

Takeo, Tsuchiya, 121n

tariffs, see import tariffs

Tatas, 252, 267, 356

tax collection: in colonial Korea, 42; in colonial Nigeria, 307, 322–323; in democratic Brazil, 181; in military Brazil, 203; in military Nigeria, 350; in Nehru’s India, 266; in Park’s Korea, 104; in Rhee’s Korea, 65–66; in Vargas’ Brazil, 162

Taylor, Lance, 375n

technology: in Brazil, 137; limitations in Nigeria, 357; low levels in colonial Nigeria, 320; role of Japan’s in South Korea, 114–115. See also education

Teitel, Simon, 184n

textile industry: in colonial India, 252; in colonial Korea, 56; in democratic Brazil, 187; in Indira’s India, 276–277; in Nehru’s India, 268–269; in Nigeria, 343; in old republic Brazil, 149; in Park’s Korea, 110; rebuilt in South Korea, 77; in Vargas’ Brazil, 165

Thailand, 383

Thapars, 254

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 243n

Tilly, Charles, 301n, 397, 397n

Tokyo Military Academy, 87

Tomlinson, B. R., 247n, 251n, 253n, 254n

Topik, Steven, 139n, 140n, 142n, 144n, 145n, 147n, 149n

trade policy, see exchange rate policies; export promotion; import substituting industrialization

Tsurumi, Patricia E., 39n

Turkey, 4n, 383

Turner, Terisa, 348n

Tyler, William G., 201n, 212n

UDN (Democratic Party, of Brazil), 174, 186, 192

Ume, Kalu E., 300n

Unilever, 312

unionization, see working class

United Africa Company, 310

United States of America, 10n, 62, 63, 82, 88, 93, 95, 96, 103, 106, 110, 115, 116, 118, 130, 134, 140, 144, 163, 166, 172, 176, 179, 182, 190, 192, 196, 199, 210, 272, 380, 389, 391, 404; and communism in South Korea, 67, 72; foreign aid to South Korea, 76–78; and Korean People’s Republic, 63–64; and land reforms in South Korea, 71–73; and the new South Korean state, 64–68; and the Rhee regime in South Korea, 68–73; and the support of military rule in Brazil, 204

U.S. Steel, 163

Usimas, 188

Usman, Y. B., 298n

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 280, 280n

Vargas, Getulio, 128, 129, 139, 141, 152, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 182, 183, 185, 190, 195, 412, 414; as a cleavage in democratic Brazil, 174–175; leadership ideology, 156; rise to power, 153–155; and state-business relations, 159. See also under Brazil

Vargas Foundation, 177

Varshney, Ashutosh, 274n

Vietnam, 35, 96, 118

Villela, Annibal, 147n, 161n, 184n

Volte Redonda, 164, 188

Wade, Robert, 3n, 6n, 119n, 375n, 383n, 385n, 423n

Wagner, W., 28n, 29n

Walchand, 254

Walker, George M., 336n

Wangwe, Samuel, 355n

War College (in Brazil), 176, 193, 194

Waterbury, John, 4n

Watts, Michael, 297n, 299n, 307n, 313n

Weber, Max, 301n, 330n, 368, 370n, 395

Webster, J. B., 313n

Weiner, Myron, 261n, 265n

Wesseling, H. L., 302n

West Bengal, 280

Westphal, Larry E., 69n, 84n, 115n, 119n

White, Jeremy, 304n, 313n

Williamson, John, 375n

Willmore, Larry, 213n

Wirth, John D., 142n, 156n, 163n

Wolpert, Stanley, 223n, 225n, 230n

Woo, Jung-En, 52n, 69n, 75n, 79n, 84n, 96n, 106n, 107n, 109, 109n, 110n

Woo-Cumings, Meredith, 3n, 31n, 385n

Woodrow Wilson, 68

Worker’s Party (of Brazil), 173–174

working class: in colonial India, 251; in colonial Korea, 58–60; declining wages in military Brazil, 203–204; in democratic Brazil, 186–187; incorporation in Vargas’ Brazil, 158; and industrialization, 370–371; in military Brazil, 199–200; in Rhee’s Korea, 71; role in Park’s Korea, 98–101

World Bank, 6n, 116n, 118n, 204, 351, 351n, 353, 353n, 359, 359n, 360, 375n

World War I, 141, 235, 239, 250, 251, 252, 253; impact on colonial Indian army, 236; impact on industrialization in Brazil, 149–150; impact on Korea, 41–49

World War II, 62, 64, 68, 123, 129, 145, 149, 152, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 175, 177, 179, 180, 182, 236, 244, 252, 254, 286, 291, 292, 300, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 331, 380, 386, 404, 413

Wright, Edward Reynolds, 66n, 86n

Wyman, Donald, 376n

Yangban, 28–31, 42, 44

Yatsugi Kazuo Plan, 111

Yi dynasty, 28–31, 297

Yoruba Kingdoms, 293, 293–296, 299

Yorubaland, 303, 304, 307, 312

Yorubas, 303, 313, 317, 332, 333, 335, 337, 347, 352, 354

Young, Alwyn, 102n

Young, Crawford, 301n, 307n, 395n

Young, Jordan M., 153n, 154n, 155n, 156n

Yushin system, 95–96, 110

Zaibatsu, 52, 54

Zakat, 299

Zartman, William I., 350n, 352n

Zimmerman, Frederic, 375n

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