Total Lobbying

Index

AARP (American Association of Retired Persons), 1, 7, 13

Abney, Glenn, 236, 242

access of lobbyists, 19, 28, 41, 51, 80–83, 214–215

activity information

   defined, 144

   use of by land use lobbyists, 144

AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations), 14

AFSCME (American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees), 14

Ainsworth, Scott H., 244

Alexander, Robert M., 239

Allen, Woody, 90

Alm, Richard, 237

Alzheimer’s Association, 14

American Association of Retired Persons. See AARP

American Bar Association (ABA), 13

American Cancer Society, 14

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 14

American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. See AFSCME, 14

American Medical Association (AMA), 13

amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs, 21

Anchorage, Alaska, 16

Anderson, James E., 38, 244

Association of American Railroads, 13

Association of Professional Chaplains, 13

Austen-Smith, David, 244

Babbie, Earl, 255

background information

   defined, 93

   use of in public policy lobbying, 93, 101, 202

background legislative lobbying

   defined, 58

   in public policy lobbying 58–61, 67, 90, 93

   See also legislature, lobbying of

Bailey, Kenneth D., 254

Balla, Steven J., 238

Ballard, Tanya N., 250

Barnard, Katherine, 249

Bauer, Raymond A., 242

Baumgartner, Frank R., 5, 19, 29, 233, 241, 242, 244, 252

Berry, Jeffrey M., 25, 29, 76, 239, 241, 242, 246, 255

best-value purchasing, 152–153, 156

Biersack, Robert, 239, 240

Birnbaum, Jeffrey H., 254

Block, Fred, 254

Board of Contract Appeals, 154

Brasher, Holly, 243

Brian, Danielle, 250

Brown v. Board of Education, 21

Browne, William P., 233, 243, 252, 253

budgeting, 149–150.

   See also procurement; procurement lobbying

Bunting-Howarth, Katherine, 249

bureaucracy. See executive agencies

bureaucratic agencies. See executive agencies

Bush, George W., 24, 71, 148

business firms

   defined, 12

   as organized interests, 7, 29, 43, 45, 47, 59, 64, 84, 86, 88, 100, 111–112, 136, 156–157, 161, 172, 173, 180, 194–196, 198, 222

business organized interests

   consequences of dominance of, 210–212

   dominance of, 29–31, 138–139, 146, 181–182, 198, 208–212

   power and influence of, 211–212

Butcher, Hugh, 249

Caldeira, Gregory A., 238

Camp-Blair, Donna, 250

Capell, Elizabeth A., 243

career-relevant information

   defined, 28

   use of by land use lobbyists, 135, 143

   use of by procurement lobbyists, 189–190

   use of by public policy lobbyists, 94

Carpenter, Daniel P., 238

Chamber of Commerce of the United States, 13

charities

   defined, 14

   as organized interests, 84, 139

chief executives, lobbying of

   general, 19

   by public policy lobbyists, 68–69

chief executives, lobbying techniques aimed at influencing

   interacting with special liaison, outreach, or advisory offices located within the chief executive’s office, 19

   meeting personally with chief executive and/or chief executive aides, 19, 68–69

Christian right organized interests, 22, 24

churches

   defined, 15

   as organized interests, 15, 84, 112, 139, 182, 198

Cigler, Allan J., 233, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 253

Citigroup, 13

citizen groups

   defined, 13

   as organized interests, 13, 31, 43, 44, 45, 48, 64, 86, 88, 95, 96, 97, 100, 112, 115, 138, 146, 182, 198, 222

Clary, Bruce B., 249

CNN, 16

coalitions

   defined, 15

   as organized interests, 84, 139, 182, 198.

   See also joining coalitions, as lobbying technique

collective goods, defined, 29

Commerce Business Daily (publication), 152

communications theory of lobbying, 26, 67, 202, 203, 216, 217, 223

competitive sealed bidding

   defined, 152

   in source selection, 152

competitive sealed negotiations

   defined, 152

   in source selection, 152

comprehensive plan

   amendments to as land use decisions, 110

   defined, 106

conditional use decision, explanation of, 108–109

conditional use permits (CUP), explanation of, 108–109, 120

consulting firms, as employers of lobbyists, 15

contract lobbyists, 33, 43, 45, 54, 96, 215, 222, 230

   prevalence of among land use lobbyists, 113–114, 146

   prevalence of among procurement lobbyists, 157–159

contract vehicles, 151

conventional wisdom on lobbying and lobbyists, description of, 12–18

Conway, M. Margaret, 239

Cooper, Christopher A., 19, 236, 237

Cox, W. Michael, 237

Crowe, Robert, 245

CUP. See conditional use permits (CUP), explanation of

Currinder, Marian, 239

Dahl, Robert A., 243, 253

Dalton, Linda, 107, 248

data gathering, technique used for this book, 8–11, 231

DeGregorio, Christine, 241

delivery order contracts, 151

Denscombe, Martyn, 230, 255

Denzau, Arthur T., 244

Department of Agriculture, 94

Department of Veteran’s Affairs, 94

Derthick, Martha A., 253

Dexter, Lewis Anthony, 242

Dilger, Robert Jay, 236, 249

direct democratic lobbying, attempting to place an initiative or referendum on the ballot, 23

Douglas, Clifford E., 247

Dunn, Joseph A., 236

election issue advocacy, defined, 24

electoral information, use of by lobbyists (general), 28

electoral lobbying techniques

   endorsing candidates, 24

   general, 23–24

   in-kind contributions to candidates, 23

   issuing voter guides, 24, 92

   mobilizing activists to work on a candidate’s behalf, 24, 92

   monetary contributions to candidates, 23, 80–83

   monetary contributions to political parties, 24, 80–83

   used by public policy lobbyists, 80–83

elite interviewing

   advantages of, 226–228

   defined, 225

Elkins, David R., 236

Ellis, Galen A., 253

England, Robert E., 246

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 20, 40, 69

Epstein, Lee, 239

executive agencies, advisory boards or committees of, 19, 20

executive agencies, lobbying of

   general, 19–21

   by land use lobbyists, 141

   by procurement lobbyists, 164–173, 183–184

   by public policy lobbyists, 87–88, 89

executive branch

   defined, 19

   See also chief executives; executive agencies

executive branch lobbying, techniques of

   interacting with special liaison, outreach, or advisory offices located within the chief executive’s office, 19

   meeting personally with chief executive and/or chief executive aides, 19, 68–69

   meeting personally with executive agency personnel, 20, 185, 186–187, 200–202

   serving on executive agency advisory boards or committees, 20

   submitting written comments on proposed rules or regulations, 70, 71

   testifying at executive agency hearings, 20, 70–71

executive branch, lobbying of

   general, 19–21

   by procurement lobbyists, 164–173

   by public policy lobbyists, 68–74

executive bureaucracy. See executive agencies; executive branch

Executive Office of the President (EOP), 21.

   See also executive branch, lobbying of; chief executives, lobbying of

ExxonMobil, 13

Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 151, 153, 155, 156

Federal Register, The, 50, 69, 70

Fellowes, Matthew C., 241

Fesler, James, 245

Fleischmann, Arnold, 248, 250

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 20

Fox News, 16

free rider problem

   defined, 30

   overcoming, 30–31

Freeman, Patricia, 236, 237, 241, 242, 243, 246

Furlong, Scott R., 238

Gais, Thomas L., 237, 243, 252

Galemore, Gary L., 245

Geertz, Clifford, 231

Gerber, Elisabeth R., 239

Getter, Russell W., 242

Getzels, Judith, 248

Gimpel, James G., 241

Gladders, Krissy, 255

Godwin, R. Kenneth, 247, 253

Golden, Marissa Martino, 238

Goldstein, Kenneth, 255

Goodsell, Charles, 245

government relations firms, 2, 10, 15, 74

governmental entities

   defined, 14

   as organized interests, 14, 29, 84, 139, 182, 198

grassroots lobbying, defined, 74

grassroots lobbying techniques

   advertisements in the media, 88, 89

   demonstrations or protests, 22, 89, 137

   dispatching a spokesperson to the media, 22

   email, letter, telegram, or telephone campaigns, 22, 66, 75, 76–77, 79, 86, 88, 89, 100, 136, 200

   face-to-face meetings between group members or supporters and government officials, 1, 22

   general, 22

   use of by land use lobbyists, 124–129, 132, 136, 140

   use of by public policy lobbyists, 75–80, 88–89, 91–92, 100

Gray, Virginia, 29, 236, 242

Green, Joanne Connor, 239

Green, John C., 240

Grenzke, Janet M., 247

Greve, Michael S., 245

Guth, James L., 240

Hacker, Jacob S., 254

Hall, Richard L., 241, 247

Hamilton, James T., 253

Hannan, Erin, 249

Hansen, John Mark, 242

Hansford, Thomas G., 244

Harris, Richard A., 243, 253

Hart, David M., 253

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), 47

Heinz, John P., 242, 243, 252, 254

Heritage Foundation, 14

Herrnson, Paul S., 235, 238, 239, 240, 241

Hobart, Robin L., 253

Hoch, Charles, 107, 248

Hojnacki, Marie, 237, 244

Holland, Dorothy C., 249

Holland, Kristin, 247

Holyoke. Thomas T., 244

hospitals

   defined, 15

   as organized interests, 15, 84, 100, 139, 182

Hrebenar, Robert J., 234, 236, 254

Hula, Kevin W., 236, 241

IDIQ (indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity) contracts, 151

IFBs (invitation for bids), 152

Illinois Manufacturers Association, 13

indirect lobbying. See grassroots lobbying

information

   as key to communications theory of lobbying, 67, 202, 203

   role of lobbyists in providing, 26–28

information, types provided

   by land use lobbyists, 142–144, 145–146

   by lobbyists (general), 28, 202–203, 216–217

   by procurement lobbyists, 187–190

   by public policy lobbyists, 93–95

initiatives, 23, 176, 185

institutions

   as organized interests, 29

   defined, 29

   dominance of, 31

interest groups, defined, 6

International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 14

Jacobson, Gary C., 240

Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., 252

Johnson, Janet Buttolph, 226, 255

joining coalitions, as lobbying technique, 24, 91

Jones, Bryan D., 14

Joslyn, Richard A., 226

judicial branch, functions of, 40

judicial branch lobbying, techniques

   attempting to influence judicial appointments, 21–22

   general, 21–22

   litigation, 21, 93

   submitting amicus curiae briefs, 21

Kellstedt, Lyman A., 240

Kelly, Eric Damian, 108, 248

Kelman, Steven J., 151–154, 250, 251

Kempton, Willett, 249

Kentucky, state of, 153

Kerry, John, 24

Kersh, Rogan, 32, 51, 243, 246, 254

Kerwin, Cornelius M., 238

Kettl, Donald, 245

Kim, Dong-Young, 239

Kimball, David C., 237, 244

King, Anthony, 242

Kingdon, John W., 41, 245, 246

Kobylka, Joseph F., 239

Kollman, Ken, 237, 241, 242, 243, 246, 254

Kraft, Michael E., 249

Krebs, Timothy B., 240

Kvale, Steinar, 255

labor unions

   defined, 13

   as organized interests, 13, 44, 45, 84, 86, 88, 100, 139, 182, 198

land use decisions

   explanation of, 121–137

   types of, 106–110

land use lobbying

   defined, 4, 105

   demobilization of opponents in, 124–129, 132, 145, 206

   importance of planning staff in, 145

   local level of government as focus of, 118–119, 137

   neighborhood associations in, 112, 136–137

   NIMBY groups in, 112, 136–137

   overview of, 111–115

   role of public hearings in, 136, 141

   use of polling data in, 133

   use of technical information in, 133, 144, 145–146, 147, 203, 217

land use lobbying techniques

   executive agencies, 141

   grassroots, 124–129, 132, 136, 140

   legislative, 131–136, 141–142

land use lobbying techniques, most common

   meeting personally with citizens, 140

   meeting personally with executive agency personnel, 140

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 140

   providing citizens with information through the mail, over the telephone, or “door to door, 141

land use lobbying techniques, most effective

   meeting personally with citizens, 142

   meeting personally with government officials and/or their aides, 141–142

land use lobbying, determinants of success in

   ability to formulate and use airtight technical argument, 145–146

   disposition of the planning staff, 145

   disposition of the public, 145

land use lobbying, information used in

   activity, 144

   career-relevant, 135, 143

   policy-analytic, 126, 127, 131, 134, 135, 143

   political, 143

   technical, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 144, 145–146

land use lobbying, targets of

   legislators, 139–140

   planning commissioners, 121–123, 129–131, 139–140

   planning staff, 121–123, 139–140

   the public, 124–129, 139–140

land use lobbying, types of organized interests involved in

   business firms, 111–112, 136, 138–139, 146

   charities, 139

   churches, 139

   coalitions, 139

   governmental entities, 139

   hospitals, 139

   labor unions, 139

   neighborhood associations, 112, 136–137

   NIMBY groups, 112, 136–137

   professional associations, 139

   think tanks, 139

   trade associations, 139

   universities and colleges, 139

land use lobbyists

   business firms as primary employers of, 111–112, 115, 136, 138–139, 146

   information provided by, 126, 127, 131–136, 142–144

   prevalence of contract lobbyists among, 113–114, 146

land use lobbyists, nonlobbying activities of

   advising and counseling clients, 116–118, 139

   consulting with local bureaucrats, 118–119, 139

   filling out papers, 119–120

Laumann, Edward O., 242

Lauth, Thomas P., 236, 242

law firms, 15

laws, 38–39, 45–49, 57, 86

Leech, Beth L., 5, 29, 233, 241, 242, 252

legislature, lobbying of

   general, 17–19

   by land use lobbyists, 131–136, 139–140, 141–142

   by procurement lobbyists, 173–181, 184

   by public policy lobbyists, 57–68, 87

legislature, techniques of lobbying

   favors and/or gifts for legislators, 17

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 17, 62, 68, 89, 90–91, 92, 93, 140, 141–142, 185, 186–187, 200–202, 213–216

   testifying at legislative hearings, 17, 141

Levine, Bertram J., 237, 243

Leyden, Kevin M., 237

Lindblom, Charles E., 253, 254

Lindes, Deborah, 247

lobbying

   as complex and heterogeneous phenomenon, 2–3

   defined, 5–6, 7, 209

   of planning commission by land use lobbyists, 129–131

   of planning staff by land use lobbyists, 121–123, 145

   as a process, 5–6

   three types of, 4–5.

   See also land use lobbying; procurement lobbying; public policy lobbying

lobbying firms, 15, 33, 181

lobbying for contact, 76, 91, 92, 100

lobbying for values, 76, 78, 88, 97

lobbying techniques

   general, 16–26

   list of, 18

   variety of available to lobbyists, 2, 16–26, 92–93, 213.

   See also lobbying techniques, specific, versatility of certain

lobbying techniques, most common

   general, 200–201

   among land use lobbyists, 140

   among procurement lobbyists, 185

   among public policy lobbyists, 89

lobbying techniques, most effective

   general, 25, 201–202, 213–216

   for land use lobbyists, 141–142

   for procurement lobbyists, 186–187

   for public policy lobbyists, 90–92

lobbying techniques, specific

   advertisements in the media, 88, 89, 200

   attempting to influence judicial appointments, 21–22

   attempting to place an initiative or referendum on the ballot, 23

   demonstrations or protests, 22, 89, 137

   dispatching a spokesperson to the media, 22

   e-mail, letter, telegram, or telephone campaigns, 22, 66, 75, 76, 77, 79, 86, 88, 89, 100, 136, 200

   endorsing candidates for public office, 24

   face-to-face meetings between group members or supporters and government officials, 1, 22

   favors and/or gifts for legislators, 17, 89, 218

   in-kind contributions to candidates, 23

   interacting with special liaison, outreach, or advisory offices located within the chief executive’s office, 19

   issuing voter guides, 24, 92

   joining coalitions, 24, 91

   list of, 18

   litigation, 21, 93

   meeting personally with chief executive and/or chief executive aides, 19, 68–69

   meeting personally with executive agency personnel, 20, 140, 185, 186–187, 200–202

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 17, 62, 68, 89, 90–91, 92–93, 140, 141–142, 185, 186–187, 200–202, 213–216

   mobilizing activists to work on a candidate’s behalf, 24, 92

   monetary contributions to candidates, 23, 80–83

   monetary contributions to political parties, 24, 80–83

   serving on agency advisory committees, 20

   submitting amicus curiae briefs, 21

   submitting written comments to executive agencies, 70, 71

   testifying at executive agency hearings, 20, 70–71, 141

   testifying at legislative hearings, 17, 141

lobbying, of chief executives, general, 19

lobbying, of executive agencies

   general, 19–21

   by land use lobbyists, 140, 141

   by procurement lobbyists, 164–173, 183–184

   by public policy lobbyists, 87–88

lobbying, of executive branch, by procurement lobbyists, 164–173

lobbying, of legislature

   general, 17–19

   by land use lobbyists, 131–136, 140, 141–142

   by procurement lobbyists, 173–181, 184

   by public policy lobbyists, 57–68, 87

lobbying, targets of

   general, 25, 199

   for land use lobbyists, 140

   for procurement lobbyists, 182–184

   for public policy lobbyists, 87–89

lobbyist success, determinants of

   general, 204–205, 214

   for land use lobbyists, 144–146

   for procurement lobbyists, 190–194

   for public policy lobbyists, 95–100

   See also access of lobbyists; lobbying techniques, most effective

lobbyists

   cautious nature of, 207–208

   defined, 7

   traits of, 33–34

Logan, John R., 249

Loomis, Burdett A., 233, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 247, 253, 254

Los Angeles, city of, 10, 16, 73, 103, 139, 165, 166, 220

Los Angeles, county of, 16

Lowery, David, 29, 236, 242, 243

Lowry, Robert C., 249

Lupia, Arthur, 254

MacManus, Susan A., 250, 251

Madland, David, 240

Magleby, David, 240, 254

Malbin, Michael J., 244

Mann, Thomas E., 244

Marquez, Marisela, 249

Marshall, Catherine, 254

Mayhew, David R., 246

McCarthy, Ellen, 252

McFarland, Andrew S., 253

McGann, James G., 235

Meck, Stuart, 248

Medicare, 1, 3, 59, 61

Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee, 16

Michigan, state of, 16

Microsoft, 13

Milbrath, Lester W., 25, 233, 241, 242, 243, 254

Milkis, Sidney M., 243

Mitchell, Neil J., 253

monitoring, 52, 70, 99

   as nonlobbying activity, 86

   defined, 44, 46

   importance of for procurement lobbyists, 161–163, 172–173, 182, 194

   importance of for public policy lobbyists, 44–48, 51, 55, 86

Moore, Stephen, 247

Mount Washington (Los Angeles), 103

Mucciaroni, Gary, 253

Munger, Michael C., 244

NAACP, 21

Nardulli, Peter F., 253

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 13

National Education Association (NEA), 6

National Rifle Association (NRA), 6, 13

neighborhood associations, 13, 125

   activities of, 112, 115, 127, 136–137

Nelson, Candice J., 254

Nelson, Robert H., 249

Nelson, Robert L., 242

New York City, 139

New York Times, 16, 48, 161

New York, state of, number of lobbyists registered in, 16

Newsweek, 16

NIMBY groups, 125

   activities of, 112, 115, 127, 136–137

   defined, 112

nonlobbying activities

   interacting with clients, 32, 51–56, 212

   of land use lobbyists, 115–121, 139

   of lobbyists (general), 31–33, 198, 212–213

   of procurement lobbyists, 161–163, 182

   of public policy lobbyists, 51–56, 86–87

not in my backyard. See NIMBY groups

Nownes, Anthony J., 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246

O’Brien, David J., 249

O’Connor, Karen, 239

Office of Legislative Affairs, 20

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 21

Office of Political Affairs, 20

Office of Public Liaison (OPL), 19

Olson, Mancur, 30, 242

Olson, Susan M., 239

one-time only purchase contracts, 151

organized interests, 31, 33, 34, 37, 95, 96, 97

   activities of, 22

   defined, 6, 7

   types of, 12–15, 22, 24, 198

   See also by individual type

Ornstein, Norman J., 244

PAC contributions, 80–83

Patterson, Kelly, 241

Patterson, Thomas E., 247

Payne, Christopher, 249

Pelissero, John P., 246

Peterson, Mark A., 238, 246, 252

Peterson, Paul E., 105, 248

Petracca, Mark P., 253

Phillips, Kevin, 234

Pierson, Paul, 254

Pika, Joseph A., 238

Piotrowski, Suzanne J., 238

planning commission, 107, 108, 109, 136, 143, 145, 146

   as target of land use lobbying, 115, 118–119, 123, 129–131, 139–140, 147

planning commission staff, as target of land use lobbying, 115, 118–119, 121–123, 139–140, 145

Plotke, David, 253

policy-analytic information

   defined, 28, 143

   use of by business lobbyists, 211–212

   use of by land use lobbyists, 126, 127, 131, 134, 135, 143

   use of by procurement lobbyists, 188–189

   use of by public policy lobbyists, 93, 99

political action committees (PACs)

   activities of, 23

   defined, 23

political information defined, 28, 67, 143

political information, use of

   by land use lobbyists, 143

   by lobbyists (general), 28

   by public policy lobbyists, 51, 67, 72–73, 77, 94–95

Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 242

president of the United States, 19, 20, 21, 22, 39, 41, 68, 96, 103, 150, 162

procurement (government)

   amount spent on, 148, 155

   defined, 149

   process, 148–156

procurement lobbying

   as attaching solutions to problems, 193–194

   business dominance in, 181–182, 198

   defined, 4, 149

   executive branch as locus of, 164

   legislative lobbying by, 173–181

   local, state and national levels of government as focus of, 181, 182

   use of career-relevant information in, 189–190

   use of policy-analytic information in, 188–189

   use of product information in, 188, 189, 190, 203, 217

procurement lobbying techniques

   executive agencies, 164–173

   grassroots, 185–186

   rarely used, 185–186

procurement lobbying techniques, most common

   meeting personally with executive agency personnel, 185

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 185

   oral presentations before executive agency committees, 185

   oral presentations before legislative committees or the entire legislature, 185

procurement lobbying techniques, most effective

   meeting personally with government officials and their aides, 186–187

procurement lobbying, determinants of success in

   attaching solutions to problems, 193–194

   connections, 191–192

   knowledge, 193

   the nature of the product, 192

   track record of the vendor, 192

procurement lobbying, information used in

   career-relevant, 189–190

   policy-analytic, 188–189

   product, 188, 189, 190

procurement lobbying, targets of

   executive agency personnel, 183–184

   legislators, 184

procurement lobbying, types of organized interests involved in

   business firms, 156–157, 161, 172, 173, 194–196

   trade associations, 157

procurement lobbyists

   background lobbying of, 166–170

   business firms as primary employers of, 156–157, 161, 194–196, 198

   prevalence of contract lobbyists among, 157–159

   types of information provided by, 187–190

   unsolicited proposals submitted by, 170–172

procurement lobbyists, nonlobbying activities of

   helping business firms understand and navigate the procurement process, 156–161, 182

   monitoring government, 161–163, 172–173, 182, 194

product information, 223

   defined, 188

   use of by procurement lobbyists, 188, 189, 190, 203, 217

Professional Association of Innkeepers, 13

professional associations

   defined, 13

   as organized interests, 13, 43, 84, 139

proposal-specific legislative lobbying, 61–62

   defined, 61, 67

   in public policy lobbying, 58, 60, 64, 67, 68, 94, 202

public opinion, importance of to lobbyists, 78, 91, 97–99, 100, 124, 132, 217–218

public policy

   defined, 38

   overview, 37–42

public policy decisions, types of, 37–42

public policy lobbying

   background legislative lobbying in, 58–61, 67, 90

   defined, 4

   information provided in, 58–73, 93–95

   money as resource in, 80–83, 96–97

   national and state levels as focus of, 84

   proposal-specific legislative, 58, 60, 61–62, 64, 67, 68, 94, 202

   use of PACs in, 80–83

public policy lobbying techniques, most common

   advertisements in the media, 88, 89

   email, letter, telegram, or telephone campaigns, 76–77, 88, 89

   meeting personally with executive agency personnel, 89

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 89

   staging media events, 89

public policy lobbying techniques, most effective

   grassroots techniques, 91–92

   joining coalitions, 91

   meeting personally with legislators and/or their aides, 90–91

   role of versatility in determining, 92–93

public policy lobbying, determinants of success in

   having a member or supporter base that can be mobilized for grassroots lobbying, 100

   having good policy-analytic information to present to policymakers, 99

   not asking for too much, 95–96

   not flouting public opinion, 24, 97–99

   playing defense rather than offense, 99

   resources, 96–97

public policy lobbying, information used in

   background, 93, 101, 202

   career-relevant, 94

   policy-analytic, 93, 99

   political, 58–73, 94–95

   technical, 74, 93, 202, 217

public policy lobbying, targets of

   executive agency personnel, 87–88

   legislators, 87

   the public, 88–89

public policy lobbying, techniques

   electoral, 80–83

   executive agency, 89

   grassroots, 75–80, 88–89, 91–92, 100

   rarely used, 89

public policy lobbying, types of organized interests involved in

   business firms, 43, 84

   charities, 84

   churches, 84

   citizen groups, 43, 85

   coalitions, 84

   governmental entities, 84

   hospitals, 84

   labor unions, 84

   professional associations, 43, 84

   think tanks, 84

   trade associations, 42, 84

   universities and colleges, 84

   wide range, 43, 84–85, 100

public policy lobbyists

   background legislative lobbying by, 93

   importance of tracking services to, 49–50

   information provided by, 93–95

   legislative lobbying by, 57–68

   prevalence of contract lobbyists among, 82–83

   types of organized interests represented by, 42–43

public policy lobbyists, nonlobbying activities of

   justifying existence, 54–55, 86–87

   managing clients or members and supporters, 51–56, 86–87

   monitoring government, 44–48, 51, 86

public relations firms, 8, 15, 43, 113, 157, 230

Quinn, Dennis P., 241, 247

Rabe, Berry G., 249

Rabrenovic, Gordana, 249

Reed, Diane F., 253

regulations and rules, defined, 40

Reynolds, H.T., 255

rezoning decisions, 107–108, 140, 146

RFP (request for proposals), 152, 165, 184

Rosenbloom, David H., 238

Rosenthal, Alan, 235, 236, 238, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, 253, 254

Rossman, Gretchen B., 254

Rozell, Mark J., 240

Russell, Ron, 248

Sabatier, Paul A., 5, 233

Sabato, Larry J., 254

Salamon, Lester M., 250

Salisbury, Robert H., 25, 31, 33, 233, 242, 243, 245

sample, nonrepresentative nature of, 227, 228, 229–230

Schlozman, Kay Lehman, 7, 233, 237, 246

Schultz, David, 240

Schumaker, Paul, 242

Seldon, Barry J., 253

Shaiko, Ronald G., 235, 236, 241

Shapiro, Robert Y., 241, 247

Sheridan, Valerie S., 234

Sierra Club, 13, 24, 29, 135

simplified acquisition procedures, 155, 193

Smidt, Corwin E., 240

Smith, Eric R.A.N, 249, 253

Smith, Mark A., 253

So, Frank S., 248

Social Security, 1, 3, 59, 61

Sorauf, Frank J., 254

source selection, 151, 152–153, 156, 164, 165–172, 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 195

Southern Baptist Convention, 15

St. Clair, Gilbert K., 252

Stanberry, Scott A., 250, 252

Stateside Associates, 49

Supreme Court of the United States, 6, 21, 40

Sustainable Energy Coalition, 15

task order contract, 151

Tax Relief Coalition, 15

technical information, defined, 74, 144, 203

technical information, use of

   by land use lobbyists, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 144, 145–146, 147, 203, 217

   by public policy lobbyists, 74, 93, 202, 217

Tennessee, state of, 9, 16, 44, 49, 50, 73, 220

Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn, 238

testifying at executive agency hearings, as lobbying technique, 20, 70–71, 141

testifying at legislative hearings, as lobbying technique, 17, 141

Thai, Khi V., 188, 250, 252

think tanks

   defined, 14

   as organized interests, 7, 14, 61, 64, 78, 84, 88, 100, 139, 182, 198

Thomas, Clive, 25, 33, 233, 236, 241, 243

Tierney, John T., 7, 233, 237, 246

Time magazine, 16

tracking services, importance of for public policy lobbyists, 49–50

trade associations

   defined, 13

   as organized interests, 13, 42, 59, 84, 86, 100, 139, 157, 182, 198, 209

Truman, David B., 243

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 15

universities and colleges

   defined, 14

   as organized interests, 7, 14–15, 84, 100, 112, 139, 182, 198

USA Today, 16

U.S. Congress, 3, 7, 20, 26–27, 29–30, 39–41, 45, 52–55, 57, 58–61, 65, 69, 75–77, 78, 79, 82, 96, 149–150, 162, 172–180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 194

U.S. Court of Federal Claims, 154

U.S. House of Representatives, 27

validity problems, 226

variance decisions, 107, 109–110, 118, 146

Viray, Marianne H., 240

voter guides, 24, 92

Wack, Paul, 248

Walker, Jack L., 233, 237, 243, 252

Wall Street Journal, 16, 48, 161

Wal-Mart, 13, 84, 155

Washington Post, 16, 48, 161

Watson, Steven A., 250

Wattenberg, Martin P., 247

Wayman, Frank W., 241, 247

West, Darrell M., 241, 247, 254

Wilcox, Clyde, 235, 239, 240, 241

Wilson, Graham K., 253

Wilson, James Q., 253

Wolf, Patrick J., 241

Wolfe, Sidney M., 247

Wolpe, Bruce C., 237, 243

Woods, Brian, 252

Wright, John R., 26–28, 234, 237, 238, 241, 242, 244, 247, 250, 252

Yogananda, Paramahansa, 103–104

Zimet, Michelle J., 248

zoning and zoning ordinances, 104, 105–111, 139, 144, 145, 207.

   See also land use lobbying; rezoning decisions