The European Revolutions, 1848–1851

Cambridge University Press
0521839076 - The European Revolutions, 1848–1851- by Jonathan Sperber
Index

Index

Aachen, 67

Abruzzi, 198

agriculture, 5–12, 23, 24, 25, 40–41, 43, 54, 61, 70, 78, 109–11, 125–26, 181, 194, 203–04, 258, 260

Alsace, 20, 51, 69, 300

Amsterdam, 10, 117

Anneke, Fritz, 23

Anneke, Mathilde Franziska, 162, 187, 188

anti-clericalism, 38, 51, 69–70, 71, 81–82, 87, 97, 105, 131, 185, 191, 197, 204

anti-Semitism, 52, 130–31, 199–200

aristocracy,

   political loyalties and activities of, 70, 70–71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 88, 143, 145, 145, 149, 151, 152, 153, 191, 193, 195, 196, 205, 217, 218, 222, 226–27

   privileges of, 11–12, 21, 22, 23, 28, 31, 32, 34, 42–43, 52, 58, 68, 70, 73, 103, 124, 142, 145, 159, 195, 205, 226, 234, 269, 273

   social and economic condition of, 10, 12, 20, 21, 21–22, 101, 159, 195

armed forces, 9–20, 29–30, 78, 96, 134, 135, 137

   and civilians, 48, 130

   conscription into, 29, 47–48, 212, 247

   and counter-revolution, 1, 2, 120, 121, 121–22, 146–47, 163, 208, 212, 214, 215, 217, 217–21, 223, 224, 225, 227–28, 243, 246, 250–51, 251–52, 257, 269, 271, 299, 303, 304

   and public order, 30, 214

   revolutionary, 1, 87, 106, 196, 203, 225, 232, 240, 246, 247, 250, 275–76, 302

artisans

   organizations of, 13, 17–18, 26, 69, 77, 86, 86, 128–29, 153–54, 178, 179–80, 189, 258

   political activities and loyalties of, 88, 160, 179–80, 203, 204, 207, 213, 251, 268–69

   social and economic condition of, 13, 13–19, 22, 24, 24–25, 43, 44–46, 178, 179, 187, 189, 258

Auersperg (Prince) 124

Augsburg, 212

Augustinis, Matteo de, 95

Austrian Empire, 3, 264, 265, 273, 274, 275, 280, 304

   economic and social conditions in, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, 18, 21, 21–22, 25, 32, 42, 43, 106, 107–08

   and German national unity, 95–96, 138–40, 228, 242–43, 254–55, 274

   as a Great Power, 29, 96, 106–07, 116, 242, 254–55, 262, 276

   pre-1848 government, administration and politics of, 8, 9, 29, 31–32, 47, 48, 58–59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 72, 73, 89, 98–105, 260

   revolution of 1848 in, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14–15, 16–17, 18, 19, 20, 39, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 130, 131, 138–47, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 157–58, 158–59, 160, 161, 162–63, 165–66, 166–67, 171, 173–75, 182–83, 183–84, 186, 187, 188, 193, 195–96, 196–97, 198, 199, 216–25, 231–34, 235, 242, 243–44, 246, 251–52, 253, 269, 279, 280, 300–01, 303–04

Baader, Franz von, 77

Baden, 11, 14, 19, 56, 62, 73, 230, 246, 250

Bakunin, Mikhail, 139, 240

Bamberger, Ludwig, 199

Banat, 13, 124, 182, 223, 225, 241

Barnave, Antoine, 268

Barni (Catholic priest) 197

Bărnuţiu, Simon, 99

Basilicata, 5, 41, 109, 126

Bavaria, 16, 52, 56, 171, 180, 193, 197, 200, 202, 237, 246

Belgium, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25, 33, 56, 57, 63, 87, 120, 122, 253, 260, 265

Bem, Józef, 17, 18, 240

Berlin, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 52, 117, 123, 179, 188, 203, 234, 245, 280

Berryer, Pierre-Antoine, 79

Biellese, 49

Bismarck, Otto von, 76, 274–75, 281, 301

Blaj, 144, 145

Blanc, Louis, 83, 85, 101, 153, 210, 299

Blanqui, Louis-Auguste, 63, 85, 211

Blum, Robert, 16, 138, 233, 300–01

Bohemia, 5, 11, 13, 124, 138, 139, 217, 219, 240, 242

Bologna (city and province), 10, 16, 64, 71, 279

Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 93, 150, 168, 193, 201, 211, 214, 216, 235, 236, 250, 251, 256, 257, 270, 271, 275, 299

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 92, 93, 266, 299

Born, Stephan, 199

bourgeoisie,

   political activities and loyalties of, 67–68, 70, 71, 72, 78, 87, 91, 100–01, 114, 122, 133, 145, 164, 175, 191, 203, 204, 213, 256, 267–68

   social and economic condition of, 20, 21, 22, 25–26, 34, 45, 46, 48, 86, 111, 127, 130, 198, 210, 232, 247

Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm Count von, 13, 14, 16, 121, 226, 227, 235, 274

Bratianu, Ion, 253

Bratislava, 10, 15, 17, 21

Braunschweig, 18, 130

Bremen, 31, 56

Breyell, 49, 61

Brittany, 34, 45, 198

Brno (Brünn), 46, 232

Brophy, James 48

Brunsen, 127, 130

Brussels, 86, 87, 210

Bucharest, 16, 121, 226, 227, 228, 235, 274

Budapest, 10, 15, 21, 31, 49, 56, 61, 71, 117, 130, 142, 153, 175, 199, 216, 223, 224, 225

Bukovina, 38, 226, 232, 241

Bulgaria, 272

Cabet, Etienne, 83

Calabria, 12, 13, 41, 98, 196, 209

Carinthia, 162, 174, 196, 242

Carlo-Alberto, King of Piedmont-Savoy, 9, 17, 97, 134, 135, 220, 221, 222, 239, 242, 243, 275, 281, 301–02

Cavaignac, Eugène, 12, 13, 215–16, 221, 222, 270, 299–300

Cavour, Emilio di, 275

Central March Association, 169, 180, 237, 245

Cernăuti, see Czernowitz

Chambord, Count Henri de, 256

China, 266

Civic Guard, see National Guard

clergy,

   political activities and loyalties of, 74, 76, 79, 97, 105, 114, 123, 131, 145, 152, 153, 154, 159–60, 171, 182–85, 191, 193, 197, 198, 212, 232, 238, 247, 302–03

   social position of, 22, 27, 33, 35, 39, 50, 51, 97, 182

Club of the Emancipation of Women, 188

Club of Slavic Women, 186

Cologne, 19, 48, 60, 64, 162, 165, 179, 186, 199, 230

communism, 177, 266, 278

   doctrines of, 80, 83–86, 188, 189, 213

   in the 1848 revolution, 129, 153, 159, 168, 181, 210, 211, 212, 267, 269

   origins of, 42, 83

   and radicalism, 83–84, 85–86, 167–68, 206, 210–11, 214

   supporters of, 86, 88, 215, 260

conservatism,

   after 1850, 244, 252, 254–55, 275, 276

   before 1848, 73–79, 95, 104, 106–07, 115, 251

   doctrines of, 74–76, 84, 91–92, 199, 205

   in the 1848 revolution, 79–80, 145, 149, 152, 153, 158, 163, 169, 170–71, 184–85, 187, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205–06, 217, 219, 230, 231, 231, 233, 235, 236, 239, 242, 245, 247, 250, 263–64, 269–70

   and religion, 75–77, 135, 153, 171, 184, 197, 203

   supporters of, 78, 180, 193, 198, 199–200, 247, 250, 263–64, 271

Constant, Benjamin, 65, 66

Copenhagen, 30, 136

Cracow, 11, 78, 117, 136, 143, 174

Crémieux, Adolphe, 198

Croatia, 10, 11, 13, 15, 31, 32, 77, 99–100, 103, 142, 146, 150, 223, 224, 303

Cuba, 266

Custozza, battle of, 13, 221, 304

Czartoryski, Adam, 102

Czechoslovakia, 272

Czernowitz, 11, 226

Debrecen, 17, 203

Denmark, 10, 30–31, 117, 122, 136–37, 229, 274

Déroin, Jeanne, 189, 300

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 122

Dresden, 18, 246

Dubrovnik, 100

Düsseldorf (city and district), 5, 17, 19, 199

economic development.

   political opinions about, 68–69, 72, 77, 82, 85, 206–07

   trends in, 8–9, 12–19, 23–26, 40, 46, 53–54, 109–12, 128, 194, 210, 258, 264, 283

education and educators, 33–34, 69, 82, 87–88, 91, 99, 100–01, 160, 175, 181–82, 197

Egypt, 266

Eisenach, 182

Elberfeld, 16, 127, 185–86

Elections, 278, 279

   before 1848, 8, 56, 57, 61, 64, 72, 112, 113

   during the 1848 revolution, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 120, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 149, 150–55, 168, 176, 189, 193, 202, 211, 214, 217, 220, 235–36, 278, 279, 299, 303

Embrun, arrondissement of, 125

Engels, Friedrich, 2, 80, 85–86, 166

Essen, 50

European Democratic Central Committee, 19–20, 253

feminism, 75, 84, 85, 188–90, 300

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 16, 107, 117, 141, 147, 224, 231, 234, 270

Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies, 208, 209, 220

Fischhof, Joseph, 199

Flaubert, Gustave, 167

Florence, 15, 16, 17, 113, 164, 181, 239, 250

Fourier, Charles, 83

France, 252, 272, 274, 280, 281

   colonial empire of, 266

   economic and social conditions in, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 20, 23–24, 25, 33, 34, 44, 46, 51

   as a Great Power, 12, 29–30, 105–06, 221, 228, 250, 251, 275

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 9, 29, 30, 49, 56, 57, 60–61, 66, 70, 72, 76, 78–79, 83–84, 85, 86, 87, 92–93, 105–06, 112–13, 167, 260

   revolution of 1848 in, 1, 3, 9–10, 11–12, 12–13, 15–16, 17, 19, 71, 116, 127–28, 129, 130, 131, 148, 149–50, 152, 153–54, 155, 158, 159, 160–61, 162, 164–65, 166, 167–69, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 187, 188–89, 193, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 221, 235–36, 237, 250–51, 253–54, 255–57, 266, 270, 278, 299–300

   revolution of 1830 in, 70, 71, 87, 93, 105–06

Frankfurt am Main, 10, 13, 14, 56, 137, 230, 246, 270

Franz I, Emperor of Austria, 107

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 16, 234, 276

Fraternal Association of Democrats of Both Sexes, 188

French Revolution of 1789, 260, 272

   effects of, 10, 17–18, 20, 38, 39, 54–55, 74, 92, 107, 205, 259, 264, 266

   as a political model, 55, 58, 66, 80, 103–04, 106, 112, 115, 121, 130, 132, 152, 155, 167, 206, 211, 221, 236, 259, 269–71, 280

Friedrich VII, King of Denmark, 117

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, 8, 10, 16, 17, 75, 76, 114, 115, 234, 243, 244, 245, 255, 262, 301

Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia, 77

Gagern, Heinrich von, 61, 228, 301

Gaj, Ljudevit, 99, 100, 104

Galicia, 5, 8, 11, 12, 34, 35, 43, 63, 102, 117, 138, 143, 151, 159, 160, 167, 174, 183, 195, 199, 277

Galluzzo, 197

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 1, 18, 251, 252, 268, 281, 302

Genoa, 134

Gentili, Tommaso, 255

Gerlach, Ernst-Ludwig von, 75, 76, 77, 263

Gerlach, Leopold von, 76

German Confederation, 20, 94, 95, 96, 107, 136, 242, 252, 254, 255, 280

Germany, 264, 265, 272, 281, 282

   East, 272

   economic and social conditions in, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 33, 34, 41–42, 44, 45, 50, 52

   movement toward national unity of, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 91, 93–96, 97–98, 135–38, 147, 158, 165, 170, 217, 219, 223, 228–29, 229–30, 231, 274–75, 301

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 30, 56, 57, 61–62, 63, 64, 68–69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 86, 113

   revolution of 1848 in, 1–2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 117, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 135–36, 137–38, 149, 150, 152, 154, 158, 159–60, 161, 163, 165, 169–72, 178, 179–80, 181–82, 183, 184–85, 185–86, 187, 188, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 219, 228–31, 233, 234, 235, 237, 244–46, 251, 253, 270, 300–01

Giantreto, 247

Gioberti, Vincenzo, 16, 97, 173, 302

Goldmark, Joseph, 199

Görgey, Arthur, 242

Goudchaux, Michel, 198

Graz, 131, 232, 240

Great Britain, 10, 12, 14, 24, 29, 57, 66, 68, 69, 122, 221, 227, 228, 229, 260–61, 262, 263, 267

Gregory XVI, Pope, 97

Grün, Karl, 84

Guizot, François, 67, 68, 69

Hague, The, 10, 117

Haiti, 266

Hamburg, 52, 56, 198

Hansemann, David, 67

Hardenberg, 125

Hatvan, 183

Havliček, Karel, 90

Hechingen, 124

Hecker, Friedrich, 82, 89

Heidelberg, 62

Heine, Heinrich, 45

Heppenheim, 89

Hermannstadt, 32

Herwegh, Emma, 187

Herwegh, Georg, 187

Hessen-Kassel, 20, 254, 255

Horváth, Michael, 183

Hungary, 281, 282

   economic and social conditions in, 21–22, 35, 38, 61

   nationalities conflict in, 103–04, 104–05, 143–47, 195, 196, 223–24, 240–41, 303

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 9, 28, 31–32, 52, 61, 69, 73, 89, 112, 131, 303

   revolution of 1848 in, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14–15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 77, 117, 123, 130, 131, 132, 138, 142–43, 143–47, 149, 150, 157–58, 165–66, 177, 178, 182–83, 184, 192, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 223–25, 230, 231, 232–33, 234, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 251–52, 262, 263, 270, 271, 281, 282, 303

Iancu, Avram, 241

Iași, 11, 121

industry, 5, 12–13, 17, 20, 26, 40, 46, 68, 69, 77, 78, 79, 111, 133, 178, 258, 260, 268

Innsbruck, 12, 141

insurrection, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 30, 43, 63, 98, 116–17, 121, 122, 129, 133, 135, 137, 141, 155, 164, 165, 203, 208, 209, 211, 212–14, 218, 222, 230, 238, 240, 245, 246, 257, 268, 275, 276

Ipatesču, Ana, 187, 227

Ireland, 8, 110, 261, 265

Islaz, 13, 226, 227

Italy, 252, 264, 272, 280, 282, 283

   economic and social conditions in, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 20, 21, 23, 33, 109

   movement toward national unity of, 87, 91, 93–94, 95, 96–98, 134–35, 208, 275–76, 302

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 31, 57, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71–72, 80, 81–82, 87–88, 113–14

   revolution of 1848 in, 1, 3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 116, 126, 129, 130, 131, 134–35, 159, 163, 164, 166, 172–73, 178, 181, 196, 202, 203, 204, 208–09, 219–21, 222, 238–39, 241–42, 243, 247–50, 250–51, 251–52, 278, 302

Jachymoryč, Hryhory, 183

Jacobinism, see radicalism

Jelačić, Josip, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 146, 158, 224, 225, 231, 232, 303

Johann, Archduke of Austria, 229, 243, 303

Johannesburg, 266

Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 11, 54

Karlovci, 144, 182

Kikinda, 124

Klagenfurt, 174, 232

Koblenz, 64

Kolowrat, Count Anton 104, 107

Košice, 103

Kossuth, Lajos, 1, 15, 18, 19, 61, 165, 166, 175, 225, 232, 244, 253, 268, 270, 281, 303

Krefeld, 16, 52

Kremsier (Kromĕřiž), 234

Kudlich, Hans, 195, 232, 303

Kuranda, Ignaz, 104

La Garde-Freinet, 166

Lafayette, Marquis de, 268

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 1

Lamberg, Field Marshal Franz von, 15, 225

Lampertloch, 51

Lassalle, Ferdinand, 199

Latour, Count Theodor von, 231

Lauenburg, 30

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre, 14, 112, 215, 251, 253, 254, 300

Lemberg, 12, 16, 99, 143, 183

Lenz, Lucie, 188

liberalism,

   after 1850, 254, 256, 275, 276, 277

   before 1848, 8, 9, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72–73, 87, 93, 94–97, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113, 114, 115, 259, 301, 302

   doctrines of, 65–70, 73, 75, 78, 81, 81, 82, 91, 94–95, 96, 97, 103, 132

   during the 1848 revolution, 10, 11, 12, 13, 117, 120, 135, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153, 167, 170, 192, 201, 204–05, 212, 216, 217, 230, 234, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 245, 261, 270, 301, 303–04

   supporters of, 70, 87, 173, 174, 192

Liga Polska, 172

Limoges, 133

Linz, 232

Liptovsky Sväty Mikulas, 144

List, Friedrich, 69

Livorno, 14, 18, 222, 250

Lombardy, 9, 12, 13, 14, 48, 96, 107, 134, 141, 142, 150, 172, 220, 239, 275

London, 10, 12, 20, 63, 86, 122, 141, 164, 253, 260, 299

Lot, Department of, 163

Louis XVI, King of France, 58, 269

Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 9, 71, 93, 106, 116, 153, 210, 212

Lübeck, 56

Lviv, see Lemberg

Lvov, see Lemberg

Lyon, 13, 19, 44, 45, 63, 178, 183, 251

Mainz, 19, 123, 193, 199

Malaunay, 127

Manin, Daniele, 1, 198, 221

Marat, Jean-Paul, 268

Maronne, 127

Marseilles, 19, 20, 63, 79, 87, 193

Martin, Albert, 153

Marx, Heinrich, 42

Marx, Karl, 2, 42, 45, 60, 80, 161, 162, 166, 178, 199, 213, 214, 215, 267, 301

Mazzetti, Giuseppe, 34

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 17, 19, 63, 87, 97, 98, 173, 220, 222, 238, 253, 281, 302

Medick, Hans, 53

Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 10, 64, 74, 77, 78, 100, 104, 106, 107, 116, 141, 145, 242

Michalowice, 151

Michelet, Jules, 85

Mieroslawski, Ludwik, 123, 135

Milan, 9, 48, 113, 117, 122, 203, 220

Minghetti, Marco, 71

Mirabeau, Count Honoré de, 268

Modena, 114

Moldavia, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 63, 121, 241, 261

Mönchengladbach, 52

Montanelli, Giovanni, 239

Montauban, 52

Montebello, 220

Montevarchi, 81

Moravia, 15, 138, 139, 174

Mühlenbeck, 130

Mukachevo, 123

Müller, Adam, 74, 75

Munich, 117, 246

Naples, 12, 25, 70, 84, 95, 116, 193, 203, 208, 209

National Guard, 11, 113, 132–33, 156, 164, 165, 187, 211, 213, 214, 217, 218, 220, 235, 238, 245

nationalism, 89–92

   Croatian, 99–100, 103, 104–05, 144, 146, 174, 216, 224, 277, 303

   Czech, 99, 100, 104, 138–39, 158, 174, 216, 217–19, 233, 277, 303–04

   Danish, 137

   definitions of, 90

   and education, 90–91

   French, 91, 92–93, 104, 236, 299

   German, 1–2, 91, 93–95, 95–96, 97–98, 104, 135, 136–39, 141, 158, 170, 174, 185, 186, 219, 242–43, 244–45, 247, 251, 254, 255, 262, 274–75, 276, 281, 282, 301

   Hungarian, 1, 31, 101–02, 103–04, 117, 142, 145, 175, 183, 196, 223, 224–25, 232, 241, 244, 251, 263, 270, 271, 276, 281, 282, 303

   Italian, 1, 91, 93–94, 95, 96–98, 117, 126, 134–35, 173, 208, 220, 238–39, 241, 241–42, 262, 270, 275–76, 281, 302, 303

   Polish, 101–03, 117, 135–36, 143, 160, 172, 174, 195–96, 216, 277

   political implications of, 90–92, 94–98, 103–05, 134–35, 137–39, 146, 147, 155, 282

   Romanian, 99, 101, 103, 144–46, 182, 195, 196, 216, 226, 228, 240–41, 262, 277

   Serb, 99, 103, 144, 146, 182–83, 198, 216, 223, 277

   Slovak, 99, 103, 144, 195, 196, 277

   Slovenian, 99

   social context of, 91, 94, 126, 144–45, 195–96, 220

   Ukrainian, 99, 100, 143, 174, 183

Netherlands, 10, 11, 15, 30, 33, 38, 49, 56, 117–20, 122, 253, 260, 264, 265, 277

Niboyet, Eugénie, 188

Nîmes, 52, 131

Nopcsa, László, 45–46

Norway, 11, 19, 20, 56, 120, 181, 252

Novara, battle of, 17, 243, 302

Nuremberg, 44

Offenburg, 89

Olmouc (Olmütz), 15, 20, 231, 232, 255

Oslo, 120

Ottoman Empire, 14, 15, 30, 32, 192, 227, 228, 241, 263

Otto-Peters, Louise, 188

outworking, 13–17, 18–19, 25, 45–49, 54, 127, 129, 178, 193, 213, 269

Owen, Robert, 83

Palacký, František, 100, 219, 303–04

Palatinate, 19, 41, 125, 246

Palermo, 9, 116

Papal States, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 63, 113, 114, 149, 150, 167, 172, 198, 238, 247–50, 251, 255, 273, 275, 302

Paris, 30, 59, 61, 184

   economic and social conditions in, 9, 13, 18, 44, 46

   and European politics, 63, 86, 87, 105, 108, 129, 209–10, 212–13, 214–15

   labor movement in, 9–10, 11–12, 13, 129, 153–54, 159, 164–65, 168, 178, 180, 189, 214, 262

   revolution of 1848 in, 1, 9–10, 11–12, 12–13, 19, 20, 62, 116, 129, 133, 153–54, 160, 164–65, 178, 180, 187, 188–89, 203, 209–14, 237, 251, 265, 268, 270

parliaments,

   constitutional, 8, 57, 72, 89, 274, 275, 276

   during the 1848 revolution, 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 61, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150, 153, 154, 164, 168, 169, 171, 174, 176, 179, 195, 196, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 228–29, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234–35, 237, 238, 242–43, 244, 245, 250, 251, 256–57, 274, 299, 300, 301

   feudal, 9, 31, 32, 58–59, 61, 103, 112, 114–15

peasants,

   cultural, economic and social condition of, 5, 9–12, 25, 32, 33, 34, 40–43, 51, 52, 109–10, 111, 124–26, 140, 156, 232, 258, 259, 273

   political activities and loyalties of, 3, 5, 9–12, 25, 32, 33, 34, 40–43, 51, 52, 61–62, 77, 90–91, 101, 102–03, 109–10, 111, 124–26, 140, 144–45, 146, 148, 151–52, 153, 156, 159, 165–66, 168, 174, 176, 181, 192, 193, 194–96, 197–98, 205, 206–07, 209, 210, 213, 220, 222, 227, 228, 232, 232, 236, 240, 241, 247, 258, 259, 263–64, 271, 273, 280

Petöfi, Sandor, 153

Pfuel, Ernst von, 234

Piedmont-Savoy, 13, 14, 281

   economic and social conditions in, 9

   and Italian national unity, 9, 16, 17, 96–97, 113, 134, 142, 220–21, 239, 242, 243, 254, 262, 275–76, 281, 302

   politics and government of, 9, 16, 17, 113, 134, 273, 301–02, 302

   revolution of 1848 in, 17, 134, 149, 198, 202, 239, 270, 271, 302

Pius Associations, 15, 171–72

Pius IX, Pope, 8, 9, 11, 16, 19, 97, 113, 115, 131, 135, 173, 220, 238, 282, 302–03

Po Valley, 11

Poland, 31, 272, 283

police, 28, 110, 122, 148, 156, 259, 261

political organizations,

   activities of, 4, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19–20, 175–77, 180–81, 186–87, 201, 205, 207, 211, 224, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238–39, 245, 247–50, 257, 260, 261, 268

   before 1848, 62–65, 69–70, 86, 88–89, 94, 98, 100, 259–60, 301, 302

   extent of, 151, 166, 180, 196, 232, 254, 265, 278

   formation of, 159, 167–72, 172, 188–89, 197, 204, 205, 206, 238, 253–54, 279

   membership of, 172, 176, 187, 188, 191–93, 204

   see also secret societies

Portugal, 35, 272

Posen, 11, 12, 135–36, 137, 172, 174

Poznań, see Posen

Prague, 11, 13, 99, 123, 138, 139, 140, 186, 187, 203, 217, 218, 219, 222, 232

press

   before 1848, 59–60, 62, 151, 300, 301

   during the 1848 revolution, 100, 160–62, 178, 212–13, 253, 300, 301

Pressburg, see Bratislava

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 83, 85, 189

Provence, 51

Prussia, 273

   economic and social conditions in, 8, 12, 16, 17, 41–42

   and German national unity, 2, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 62, 95, 96, 137, 229–30, 242–43, 244–45, 254, 255, 274–75, 301

   as a Great Power, 29, 96, 231, 244–45, 276

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 12, 28, 28–29, 41–42, 48, 49, 53, 57, 58, 62, 64, 71, 75–76, 76, 77, 78, 84, 114–15, 153, 261

   revolution of 1848 in, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 117, 150, 152, 153, 160, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 205, 231, 234–35, 237, 263, 301

Puchner, General Anton von, 15, 240

Puglia, 173

Radetzky, Joseph, 9, 14, 122, 130, 163, 219, 220, 220, 221, 222, 243, 304

radicalism,

   after 1850, 275–76, 278, 279, 281

   before 1848, 8, 56, 63, 64, 80–83, 86–89, 97–98, 112, 115, 300, 302

   doctrines of, 80–83, 85–86, 97–98, 206–07, 213, 214, 215, 270, 283

   in the 1848 revolution, 1, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19–20, 116, 134, 137, 141, 145, 152, 153, 158, 162–63, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169–70, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188–89, 201, 202, 202, 203, 204, 210–11, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 226, 228, 230, 231–32, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245–46, 246–50, 251, 252–54, 255–56, 257, 267, 268, 270, 283, 300, 301, 302, 303

   supporters of, 87–88, 141, 169–70, 181, 191–92, 193–94, 194–95, 196–97, 197–98, 199, 203, 204, 213, 215, 217, 268–69

Rajačić, Josip, 182

Raumer, Friedrich von, 95

Reims, 178

religion, 34–38

   conflicts over, 38, 50–53, 77, 115, 130–31, 136, 159–60, 183–85, 196–97, 199–200, 250

   and politics, 38, 69–70, 70–71, 72, 74, 75–77, 77–78, 79, 80, 81–82, 96, 97, 114, 135, 152, 165, 171–72, 196–200, 271, 300, 302–03

   social role of, 34–35, 247–50

   and the state, 27, 31, 52, 72, 203, 204, 209, 242

   see also, clergy

Republican Solidarity, 16, 17, 168, 206, 215, 236, 264, 265

revolutions of 1848,

   economic and social preconditions of, 47, 55, 109, 258

   interpretations of, 1–3, 123, 213, 215, 267–71

   legacy and commemoration of, 160, 177, 184, 185, 189–90, 215, 277–83

   and other revolutions, 154–55, 185, 205, 221–22, 264–73, 280, 282

   outcome of, 123, 147, 155–56, 207, 219, 228, 261–64, 271

   political preconditions of, 23, 30, 39, 50, 53, 55, 59, 61, 62, 64–65, 73, 78, 89, 92, 93, 98, 105–08, 112–16, 240, 259–60

Rhineland, 13, 50, 69, 109, 130, 153, 160, 193, 198, 235

Ricciardi, Guiseppe, 84

Riesser, Gabriel, 198

riots, 9, 30, 39, 45, 49, 50, 110, 124, 125–26, 127, 128, 129–30, 130, 131, 151, 180, 210, 225, 231, 247

Robespierre, Maximilian, 268

Rodi, 49

Romagna, 21

Roman Republic, 16, 17, 18, 19, 31, 93, 121, 173, 238, 250, 255, 272, 275, 302

Romania, 18, 19, 31, 121, 272

Rome, 16, 173, 238, 251, 255, 275, 302

Rosenthal, C.D., 187

Rossi, Pellegrino, 238

Rouen, 133

Rülzheim, 163

Russia, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 29, 63, 122, 139, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 240, 244, 252, 260, 261, 262–63, 274

Sachsenburg, 162

Șaguna, Andrieu, 182

St. Etienne, 13, 16

Saint-Simon, Henri de, 83

San Vito, 255

Salzburg, 232

Saxony, 13, 17, 18, 73, 202, 219, 237, 240, 246, 300

Schleswig-Holstein, 10, 14, 30, 136–37, 229, 262

Schwarzenberg, Prince Felix, 16, 233, 241, 242

Scialoja, Antonio, 70

secret societies, 20, 63, 86, 87, 89, 94, 98, 102, 122, 168, 173, 253, 254, 257, 302

Serbia, 63

serfdom and seigneurialism, 26, 28, 77, 132, 140, 145

   abolition of, 11–12, 102, 103, 104, 142, 144–45, 159, 194–96, 232

   extent of, 11, 21

   opposition to, 42–43, 68, 77, 102–03, 105, 124, 144, 145, 151, 154, 194, 223, 232, 240, 259

Sibiu, see Hermannstadt

Sicily, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 116, 149, 196, 276, 302

Silesia, 16, 136, 195, 235

Slavic Linden, 174

Slotinicy, 124

Slovakia, 43, 242

socialism, see communism

Society for Equality, 175

Smith, John Prince, 68

Spain, 10, 30, 35, 120–21, 266

Stadion, Count Franz, 11, 143, 144

state officials, 20, 22, 28, 30, 34, 65, 100–01

   during the 1848 revolution, 140, 146–47, 154, 156, 204, 218, 246–47, 257

   hostility toward, 9, 41, 49, 125, 163–64, 207, 231

   political activities and opinions of, 57, 70, 72, 78, 95–96, 143, 145, 149, 191, 192, 224, 244, 264

Struve, Amalie, 187

Struve, Gustav, 187

Stuttgart, 19, 247, 251

Styria, 131

Sweden, 58, 96, 120

Switzerland, 8, 10, 56, 87, 115–16, 252, 253, 260, 264, 266, 275

taxes, 16, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 48–49, 49–50, 82, 129–30, 132, 141, 144, 156, 207, 210, 247

Thalfang, 42

Thomas, Albert, 211

Thorbecke, Johan, 10, 117

Thrane, Marcus, 19, 181

Thun, Count Leo, 140, 218

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 112, 120

Toulouse, 61, 63

Transylvania, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 35, 52, 99, 101, 103, 142, 144–46, 182, 196, 223, 225, 240, 240, 241

Trier, 42, 127

Turin, 19

Turkey, see Ottoman Empire

Tuscany, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 63, 81, 113, 150, 164, 172, 173, 222, 238, 239, 250, 279, 302

Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 238, 273

   economic and social conditions in, 5, 8, 25, 41, 49, 276

   and Italian national unity, 12, 96, 209

   pre-1848 administration, government and politics of, 8, 28, 41, 49, 70

   revolution of 1848 in, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 116, 126, 149, 150, 167, 173, 208–09

Tyl, Josef, 99

Tyrol, 31, 141, 198, 220

Union of Women, 188

United States, 266

Uzhhorod, 123

Var, Department of, 166

Vaucluse, Department of, 65, 169

Venetia, 9, 12, 13, 14, 96, 134, 141, 142, 150, 172, 220, 239

Venice, 9, 14, 18, 113, 117, 121, 134, 198, 220, 239, 246, 251, 252

Vienna, 13, 18, 106, 216, 269

   economic and social conditions in, 13, 16, 179, 233

   revolution of 1848 in, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 117, 129, 131, 141, 173, 187, 188, 199, 199, 203, 231–32, 233, 246, 268, 300, 303

Vietnam, 266

Villeneuve-Bargemont, Count, 77

Vittorio Emmanuele, King of Italy, 275, 275, 302

Wagner, Richard, 240

Wallachia, 11, 12, 13–14, 15, 63, 121, 182, 192, 195, 225, 226–28, 241, 261, 262

warfare, 20, 29, 107, 136, 263, 299

   during the 1848 revolution, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 134–35, 136, 137, 166, 175, 190, 208, 219–22, 223, 224, 225, 229–30, 231, 232–33, 234, 240, 241–42, 243, 244, 262, 263, 270, 302, 303, 304

   and national unity, 95, 96–97, 107, 133–35, 137, 147, 229–30, 239, 274, 275–76, 302, 302, 303

   and revolution, 71, 81, 98, 105–06, 107, 115–16, 135–36, 203, 221–22, 230, 260, 264, 266, 269, 270, 271–72

Weitling, Wilhelm, 83

West Prussia, 136

Westphalia, 13, 16, 41, 77, 152, 198

Wheeler, Anna, 188

Windischgrätz, Prince Alfred, 13, 16, 17, 163, 217, 218, 219, 222, 232, 233, 234

Woerth, Canton of, 51

women, 48, 56, 130

   political activities of, 4, 76, 84–85, 172, 185–90, 229, 300

   in political thought, 75, 84–85, 189

   social and economic position of, 18–19, 19–20, 189

   see also, feminism

Workers’ Fraternization, 179, 180, 181

Workers Union, 19, 20, 181

working class,

   organization of, 19, 128–29, 177–79, 192, 193, 267, 270–71

   political activities and loyalties of, 86, 129, 133, 153–54, 164, 179–80, 180–81, 191–92, 193, 193–94, 203, 211–12, 213–14, 236, 251, 260, 268–69, 279–80

   social and economic conditions of, 13, 13–17, 19, 22–23, 25, 46–47, 54, 86, 111, 127–28, 129, 133, 153–54, 164, 179–80, 180–81, 191–92, 193, 193–94, 203, 210, 211–12, 213–14, 218, 236, 251, 260, 268–69

Wupper Valley, 16, 71, 78, 193

Württemberg, 19, 187, 247, 251

Zagreb, 10, 100, 144, 216

Zimmern, 187

Zürich, 87

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