The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770

The second edition of The World of Catholic Renewal offers an updated synthesis of the vast scholarship on the history of Catholicism from the Council of Trent in the middle of the sixteenth century to the suppression of the Society of Jesus in the eighteenth century. Professor Hsia discusses the doctrinal and ecclesiastical renewal after Trent and the progress of Catholic reconquest in various lands. He analyzes the social composition of the Tridentine clergy and the papal curia and studies the making of early modern sainthood and the enclosure of religious women. Encompassing art and architecture, Hsia attempts to understand Catholic renewal as a vast historical development that shaped European civilization and also explores its expansion and encounter with non-Christian cultures in America, Africa, and Asia. The new edition of this acclaimed textbook offers an additional chapter on “The Catholic Book,” a section on India, new material on sanctity and the inquisition as well as an updated bibliography.

R. PO-CHIA HSIA is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of History at the Pennsylvania State University. He is the author and editor of numerous books, including Trent 1475: Stories of A Ritual Murder Trial (1992) and Blackwell Companion to the World of the Reformation (ed., 2002).

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NEW APPROACHES TO EUROPEAN HISTORY

Series editors
WILLIAM BEIK Emory University
T. C. W. BLANNING Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

New Approaches to European History is an important textbook series, which provides concise but authoritative surveys of major themes and problems in European history since the Renaissance. Written at a level and length accessible to advanced school students and undergraduates, each book in the series addresses topics or themes that students of European history encounter daily: the series embraces both some of the more traditional subjects of study, and those cultural and social issues to which increasing numbers of school and college courses are devoted. A particular effort is made to consider the wider international implications of the subject under scrutiny.

   To aid the student reader, scholarly apparatus and annotation is light, but each work will have full supplementary bibliographies and notes for further reading: where appropriate, chronologies, maps, diagrams, and other illustrative material are also be provided.

For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book.

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The World of Catholic
Renewal, 1540–1770

Second Edition

R. PO-CHIA HSIA

Pennsylvania State University

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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521602419

© Cambridge University Press 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition published 1998
Second edition published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978 0 521 84154 2 hardback
ISBN 0 521 84154 2 hardback
ISBN 978 0 521 60241 9 paperback
ISBN 0 521 60241 6 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Contents

		List of plates, figures, and tables	page viii
		Preface to the second edition	ix
		Acknowledgments	x
		Chronology	xi
		Introduction	1
1		The Council of Trent	10
2		The new religious orders	26
3		The triumphant Church	43
4		The militant Church	61
5		The martyred Church	82
6		The papal curia	96
7		Bishops and priests	111
8		Counter-Reformation saints	127
9		Holy women, beatas, demoniacs	144
10		Art and architecture	159
11		The Catholic book	172
12		The Iberian Church and empires	187
13		The Catholic missions in Asia	199
14		From triumph to crisis	217
		Epilogue	233
		Bibliographical essay	235
		Index	253

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Plates, figures, and tables

		Plates
10.1		The Last Judgment, 1534–41, by Michelangelo. Reproduced by kind permission of Monumenti Musei e Gallerie Pontificie, Vatican City	page 160
10.2		The exterior of the Gesù in Rome. Reproduced by kind permission of Monumenti Musei e Gallerie Pontificie, Vatican City	164
		Figures
8.1		Sainthood in the Counter-Reformation	142
8.2		Nationalities of the Counter-Reformation saints	142
		Tables
6.1		Geographic origins of the popes, 1540–1770	97
8.1		Canonizations and beatifications by decade, 1600–1770	141
14.1		Requests for requiem mass in wills, Paris, 1650–1750	229

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Preface to the second edition

A new chapter, “The Catholic book,” has been added to reflect the scholarship on the Index of Prohibited Books, censorship, and Catholic book production neglected in the first edition of my work. The updated Bibliographical Essay contains many new studies published since 1998, which form the basis for my expanded discussion of the new religious orders and the making of Counter-Reformation saints, as well as the additional section on India in the chapter on missions in Asia.

   I would like to thank J. M. de Bujanda, Simon Ditchfield, Massimo Firpo, Gigliola Fragnito, Elisabeth Gleason, Adriano Prosperi, John Tedeschi, Alain Tallon, Markus Voelkel, Elena Bonora, and Miguel Gotor among many others for bringing scholarship to my notice. I hope this revised and expanded edition goes some way toward filling the lacunae in the original study.

R. PO-CHIA HSIA

April 2004

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Acknowledgments

Robert Scribner first suggested the idea of writing two parallel texts – he on the Reformation and I myself on the Catholic world. It was a collaboration born out of our concern not to leave society out of the history of religion, but to investigate practices as well as theological norms. I acknowledge with pleasure his intellectual comradeship over the years.

   Many people have contributed with ideas and suggestions; some generously shared with me their ongoing research. I am indebted to all: Renée Baernstein, Wietse de Boer, Sara Nalle, Carlos Eire, Gerald Chaix, Cecilia Nubola, Franz Bosbach, David Gentilcore, John Headley, Marc Forster, Alfons Thijs, David Lederer, James Palmitessa, Werner Freitag, Nicholas Canny, Claudine Spitaels, and Wolfgang Behringer. Members of the Folger Institute seminar (spring 1994) which I directed on this subject offered stimulating ideas and shared their own research. My graduate seminar (spring 1996) – Duane Corpis, Nicoletta Pellegrino, Joel Budd, and Leticia Adel Clavecilla – suggested ideas for last-minute revisions.

   During my research and writing, I have benefited from the support and generosity of the following institutions; to them and their staff my gratitude: Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, National Center for the Humanities, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Centre for Religion and Society at the University of Amsterdam, and my own institution, New York University.

   The greatest debt is to Sophie de Schaepdrijver, who has contributed numerous ideas to improve this book and has shared fully in its making. To her this book is dedicated.

   An abridged version of this book will appear in German published by Fischer Verlag.

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Chronology

1540		Papal recognition of the Society of Jesus
1541		Religious Colloquy at Regensburg between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire
1545		General Church Council opened in Trent
1547		Charles Ⅴ victorious over Lutheran German princes at Battle of Mühlberg Church Council translated to Bologna
1548		Termination of first period of Church Council
1551–52		Second period of Church Council reconvened at Trent
1552		Francis Xavier died in Macao
1555		Religious Peace of Augsburg established Lutheranism as official confession alongside Catholicism in the empire
1559		First Jesuit mission in Japan
1562–63		Third and concluding period of the Church Council at Trent
1564		Proclamation of Tridentine decrees in the dominions of Philip Ⅱ of Spain
1565		Archbishop Carlo Borromeo began reforms in Milan Permanent Spanish settlement in the Philippines
1570		The Inquisition established in Mexico and Peru
1572		French Calvinists massacred on the feast of St. Bartholomew
1577		First in a wave of executions of Catholic missionaries in Elizabethan England
1580		First Jesuit mission established in China
1581		First anti-Catholic legislation in the United Provinces
1584		Japanese Catholic emissary to Europe
1588		Reorganization of papal government resulted in the creation of congregations of cardinals for secular and spiritual affairs
1598		Edict of Nantes established toleration of Protestants in France
1610		Carlo Borromeo canonized
1614		Japanese government began systematic suppression of Christianity
1615		Tridentine decrees recognized by the clerical estate in France
1622		Canonizations of Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila, and Filippo Neri, new saints of the Catholic renewal
1624–29		Anti-Protestant repression in Habsburg-conquered Bohemia
1626		Consecration of the new Basilica of St. Peter in Rome
1641		Anti-English and anti-Protestant uprising in Ireland suppressed by Cromwell
1643		First volumes of the Acta sanctorum published
1653		Papal condemnation of propositions from Augustinus by Cornelius Jansen
1685		Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France
1692		Christianity recognized by Emperor Kangxi in China
1710		Prohibition of “Chinese Rites” by papal envoy
1731		Expulsion of 17,000 Protestants from the principality of Salzburg
1732		Seminary for Chinese priests established in Naples
1759		Expulsion of Jesuits from all Portuguese dominions
1761		Suppression of the Society of Jesus in France
1767		Expulsion of Jesuits from all Spanish dominions
1773		Suppression of the Society of Jesus by papal decree