The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770

Index

Acarie, Madame, 146

Achille de Harlay, Bishop, 118

Acosta, Antonio de, 53

Acosta, José de, 192

Acquaviva, Claudio, 133, 193

Acta sanctorum (Acts of the Saints), 137–38

African colonies (Portuguese), 196–98

Akbar, Mughal emperor, 202

Alba, Duke of, 175

Albert, Archduke (governor of the Low Countries), 65, 67, 156

Albert, Cardinal (Portuguese viceroy), 44

Albornoz, Bartolomé de, 197

Albrecht V, duke of Bavaria, 77

Alcantarians, 127

Aleni, Giuglio, 183

Alexander VI, Pope, 98, 102, 132, 173

Alexander VII, Pope (Fabio Chigi), 97, 108, 109, 137, 162, 169, 214, 230

Alexander VIII, Pope, 97

Alfonso I, king of Congo, 196, 198

Alfonso III, duke of Modena, 30

Algardi, Alessandro, 171

Allen, William, 83

Alsace, 76

altar pieces, 165–66

Altoriti, Antonio, archbishop of Florence, 57

Amadeo, Friar, 222

Ammanati, Bartholomeo, 161

Ana de San Bartolomé, Sister, 144, 147, 149

Anabaptists, 56, 62, 63

Angelics, 27, 35–36, 40

Angola, 196, 197, 198

Anne of Austria, queen of France, 118, 147

Anti-Trinitarians, 63

Antwerp, 66, 67, 68

   artistic production, 165, 166, 167

   Marian sodalities, 226, 229

Apostolic Missions, 59

Aquinas, Thomas, St., 183, 184

architecture see church buildings

Argenson, René de Voyer d’, 218

aristocracy

   and artistic patronage, 165

   in the Company of the Holy Sacrement, 218

Aristotle, 184

Arnauld, Antoine, 223, 230

art and artists, 9, 159–71

     see also church buildings

   Counter-Reformation iconography, 169–71

   devotional prints, 166–67

   high and popular art, 165–66

   patronage, 162–64

Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 1–2, 17, 77

Augustine, St., 230

Augustinians, 28

Augustinus (Jansen), 230

Austria, 78, 165

     see also Holy Roman Empire

Avila, Alonso de, 53

Backer, Aloys de, 180

Baglione, Giovanni, 169

Baldinucci, Filippo, 169

Balduino, Belisario, bishop of Larino, 57

Báñex, Domingo, 145

Barbara de Jesús, Madre, 152

Barberini, Cardinal Antonio, 163

Barberini, Maffeo see Urban VIII, Pope

Barnabites, 28, 35–36, 40

Baronius, Cardinal Cesare, 108, 134, 136, 169

Barraigo, Gregorio, 129

Bascio, Fra Matteo da, 29

Bavaria, 76, 80, 122, 225, 226, 227

   artistocratic patrons of the arts, 165

   rural missions, 224

beatas, 151–54

beatifications, 127, 140

Belen, Gaspar Aquino de, 204

Belgium, 8, 44, 66–67, 68, 226, 227

Bellarmine, Cardinal Roberto, 89, 108, 137

Benavides, Alonso de, 151

Benedict XIII, Pope, 97, 98, 141

Benedict XIV, Pope, 109, 132, 143, 178, 216

Benedictines, 27, 28–29, 74, 84, 165

Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 135, 161, 162, 163, 171

Bertius, Petrus, 88

Bertrand, Louis, 130, 141

Bérulle, Cardinal Pierre de, 74, 149

Besaozzi, Fr., 35

Betrand, Louis, 141

the Bible

   translations of, 183

   Vulgate, 13, 172, 173, 174, 178

Bimio, Giovanni Pietro, 115

Bishop, William, bishop of Chalcedon, 84

bishops, 111–26

     see also clergy

   Belgium, 68

   censorship by, 172, 173

   divine right of, 20–21, 22

   France, 69, 75, 117–18

   and German College, 79

   Germany, 117

   Holy Roman Empire, 117

   Hungary, 93–95

   Ireland, 92

   Italy, 57–58

   obligation of residence and Council of Trent, 14, 19–20, 22

   Poland, 62–63

   Portugal, 46–47

   and reform of the clergy, 121–22

   saints, 128–29

Blackwell, George, 84

Bobadilla, Alfonso, 223

Bobadilla, Nicolas de, 27

Bohemia, 75, 78–79

   the Bible, vernacular, 178

   and Council of Trent, 20

   Jesuit missionaries, 32

   rural missions, 224

Bolland, Jean, 137–38

Bologna, 11, 57, 107–08, 159, 161

   Bologna “Interim”, 15–16

   and Council of Trent, 15–16

   Jesuit college, 227

   and papacy, 107–08

Bonaventura da Potenza, 138–40

Boncompagni, Cardinal, 108

Bonomi, Francesco, bishop of Vercelli, 115

book publishing, 172–86

     see also Index of Forbidden Books

   the Bible, 13, 172, 173, 174, 178, 183

   censorship see Index of Forbidden Books

   China, 182–86, 215

   England, 180

   Europe, 51–52, 68, 114, 178–82

   hagiography, 136–38

   Holy Roman Empire, 179

   Iberian colonies, 182

   Italy, 180

   Japan, 182, 205, 209

   Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 180–82, 183–84

   marriages, 177

   mathematics, 183–84

   Mexico, 182

   overseas, 182–86

   Portugal, 179, 182

   Protestantism and, 172, 174, 175, 179

   religious books, 51–52, 175–76, 178–81, 182, 183

   science, 176, 183–84

   secular books, 176, 181–84

   translations, 184–85

   women and, 145–46

Boonen, Jacques, bishop of Ghent, 159

Bordini, Gio-Francesco, 117

Borghese, Camillo see Paul V, Pope

Borghese, Francesco, 101, 163

Borghese, Giovanni Battista, 101

Borghese, Marcantonio, 99–100

Borghese, Orazio, 100

Borghini, 161

Borgia, Cesare, 102

Borgia, Francisco, duke of Gandia, 127, 141

Borromeo, Cardinal Carlo, 57, 71, 72, 102, 107, 111–16, 136

   as archbishop of Milan, 55, 112–16, 125

   artistic representations of, 170

   canonization of, 129, 132, 133, 140

   and Capuchins, 30

   and Council of Trent, 21, 23, 24

   and female religious orders, 37, 42

   seminaries established by, 115

Borromeo, Francesco, 112

Borromeo, Frederico, archbishop of Milan, 21, 116, 159, 217

   patronage of the arts, 163

Borromini, Francesco, 161

Bosnia, 95

Bosquet, François, bishop of Montpellier, 75

Bossuet, Bishop Jacques Bénigne, 75, 218

Bossy, John, 6, 9

Boulenoir, Françoise, 155

Bourbon, Henri de, bishop of Metz, 75

Brancaccio, Leilo, archbishop of Taranto, 57, 58

Brazil, 130

Brianto, Giacomo, 161

Briçonnet, Bishop, 11

Brindisi, Lorenzo da, 30

Brizzi, Gian Paolo, 227

Broët, Paschase, 27

Broggia, Carlo Antonio, 54

Brueghel, Jan, 161

Bruno, Giordano, 177

Buddhism and Christianity, 184

   in China, 207, 211, 212, 216

   and Japan, 199, 204, 206–7, 209, 210

Cabral, Francisco, 205

Caffarelli, Scipione, 101

Calasanza, Joseph, 128

Calatayud, Pedro de, 54, 224

Callao, Magdalena, 195

Calvinism, 4, 61

   and Council of Trent, 18

   in France, 69, 70–74

   in Netherlands, 82, 86–87, 88

   in Poland, 62, 64, 65

Camillius of Lellis, St., 130, 143

Campanella, Tommaso, 53

Campion, Edmund, 83, 84, 130, 170

Cannes, Honoré de, 224

Cano, Melchior, 47, 48

Cape Verde, 196

Capuchins, 27, 29–31, 44, 67

   in Bohemia, 79

   in France, 70, 72, 73

   and Ireland, 31

   and Jesuits, 29, 30

   and papacy, 30

   rural missions, 223, 224

   saints, 127, 129, 130, 143

Caracciolo, Cardinal Innico, archbishop of Naples, 60, 122

Carafa, Alfonso, archbishop of Naples, 122

Carafa, Carlo, 17

Carafa, Gian Pietro see Paul IV, Pope

Caravaggio, A. da, 159, 163

cardinal-nephews and papacy, 102–03

Carlo Emanuele I, duke of Savoy, 56

Carlowitz, Peace of (1699), 95

Carmelites, 27, 34, 37, 135, 138

     see also Discalced Carmelites

Carranza, Bartolomé, archbishop of Toledo, 16, 48

Casale, Giacinto da, 30

Castello, Castellino da, 115

Castiglione, Count, 103

Castiglione, Giuseppe, 161

Castilho, Pedro de, bishop of Leiria, 44

Castro, Mattheus de, 197

Casui Kibe, 209

casuistry, 177

catacombs, 136

Catalani, Bishop Giuseppe, 60

Catalina de Jesús, Madre, 152

catechism schools, 67, 74, 228

Caterina dei Ricci, St., 128, 131, 145, 147, 148

Catherine nuns, 39

Catherine of Siena, St., 128, 148

Catholic League, 49, 68, 69, 169

Cecilia, St., 136

Cecilia del Nacimiento, 148

celibacy, 34, 41, 42, 122–23

censorship see Index of Forbidden Books

Cerda, Luisa de la, 148

Cervini, Marcello (later Pope Marcellus II), 11, 17, 97

Cesi, Cardinal, 108

Chagas, António das, 45

Chamberlain, Robert, 91

Chantal, Jeanne Françoise de, 39, 41, 128, 135, 146, 147, 150

charities, 43, 53, 55–56

Charles I, cardinal of Lorraine, 71, 117

Charles I, king of England, 70

Charles III, duke of Lorraine, 71, 117

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 12, 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 24, 175

chastity and female religious orders, 41, 42

Châtellier, Louis, 218, 225

Chemnitz, Martin, 25

Chiesa, Bernadino della, 214

Chigi, Fabio see Alexander VII, Pope

China, 43, 209–16

   book publishing, 182–86, 199, 215

   and Buddhism, 207, 211, 212, 216

   Chinese Rites Controversy, 109, 185, 214, 216

   and Confucianism, 210–11, 213, 214, 215, 216

   Dominicans in, 214–15

   Donglin movement, 211

   first British embassy to (1792), 233

   and France, 177, 214–15

   Jesuit missionaries, 1, 8, 31, 161, 209–16

   and Paul V, Pope, 212

Chinese priests, seminary in Naples for, 7, 54, 233

Choisy, Abbot de, 125–26

Christianity, medieval, 5–6, 130–31

Christina, queen of Sweden, 170

church buildings, 163–65

   Gesù church in Rome, 163–64, 167–69, 171

   high altar, 228

Cibo, Caterina, duchess of Camerino, 29

Cistercians, 74

clandestine marriages, 22–23, 74, 77

class

   and Company of the Holy Sacrement, 218

   and English Catholics, 83, 85

   and female religious orders, 34, 37, 40, 41, 147

   and Marian sodalities, 227–28

   and new Catholic elite, 227–28

   and Protestantism in Poland, 62

   and social background of popes, 99

   and Tridentine clergy, 124–25

Clement VII, Pope, 29, 96, 102

Clement VIII, Pope, 84, 97, 99, 132, 134, 173–74

Clement IX, Pope, 97, 109

Clement X, Pope, 97, 109

Clement XI, Pope, 97, 109, 216

Clement XII, Pope, 97, 110, 143

Clement XIII, Pope, 97, 110, 143, 232

Clement XIV, Pope, 232

Clementi, Rutilio, 161

clergy, 120–26, 217–18

     see also bishops; colleges

   in Belgium, 66–67

   beneficed, 120–21, 124

   and celibacy, 122–23

   class, 124–25

   clerical congregations, 122

   exiled Irish clerics, 89–91

   Germanici, 79

   in Holy Roman Empire, 77–78

   in Iberian colonies, 192–93, 195

   incomes, 123–24

   Japanese, 205

   ordination, 120–21

     of non-Europeans, 192–93, 197, 203, 205

   pre-Tridentine secular clergy, 120

   rural priests, 123, 125

   saints, 127

   training, 121

   urbanization of, 125

Clerks Regular of Somascha, 28

Clerks Regular of St. Paul, 28

Coatl, Juan, 195

Cock, Hieronimus, 166

Codure, Jean, 27

Coelho, Gaspar, 206

Cohon, Anthime Denis, bishop of Nîmes, 72–73, 118

Colanna, Vittoria, 29

Colgan, John, 90

colleges

   diocesan seminaries, 121–22

     established by Borromeo, 114–15

   Irish colleges, 89, 122

   Jesuit, 32–33, 122, 168

     and Catholic elite, 227–28

     German College in Rome, 79–80, 94, 118–19, 121

     in Japan, 205

     and Marian sodalities, 225–28

     Roman College, 119, 225

   San Pablo (Peru), 192, 193

   seminary in São Tomé, 197

Cologne, 76, 78, 79, 80, 117, 123, 228

   clerical reform, 122, 123, 125

   confessional, 222

   Marian sodalities, 225, 226

   seminary, 122

communion, 221–23, 224

Company of the Holy Sacrament, 218–19, 221

confession, 4, 221–23

   and Borromeo, 114, 222

   in Ireland, 92

   in Philippines, 203

   and rural missions, 224

confraternities, 67, 74, 224–27

Confraternities of the Rosaries, 225

Confucianism, China mission and, 210–11, 213, 214, 215, 216

Congo, 196, 198

Congregation for the Propagation of Faith, 95

Congregation of Beatification, 132

Congregation of Jesus and Mary, 74

Congregation of Rites, 134, 139

Congregation of the Index, 173, 174

Conry, Florence, 89, 90

Contarini, Cardinal Gasparo, 11, 35, 96

Contzen, Maximilian von, 78

convents see nuns

Cortès, Hernando, 187, 190

Cortese, Paolo, 103

Cortona, Pietro da, 161, 163

Cosimo I, grand duke of Tuscany, 56

Cossack Uprising (1648–1667), 64

Coton, Marie, 41

Coton, Pierre, 41, 72

Council of Trent, 10–25, 217

   and the arts, 159, 163

   and bishops’ obligation of residence, 14, 19–20, 22

   and Bohemia, 20

   Bologna “Interim”, 15–16

   and canonization of Ignatius, 135

   and clandestine marriages, 22–23

   and clerical reform, 23–24

   and confraternities, 225

   and divine right of bishops, 20–21, 22

   and Emperor Charles V, 12, 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 24

   and France, 18–19, 21, 22, 24, 71

   and Germany, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 18, 19, 22, 24–25

   and Holy Roman Empire, 12–13, 18–19, 21–22

   Index of Forbidden Books, 173, 174, 176

   and Lutheranism, 11, 12, 13–15, 16–17, 18, 25

   and papacy, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 25, 96, 106

   papal legates, 10–11, 13, 16, 19–20

   and Poland, 19, 62, 63

   and Protestants, 13, 18–19, 20

   and religious orders, 23, 28, 33–35

   and sacraments, 15

   saints exemplifying reforms of, 128–29

   and Spain, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26

Counter-Reformation, concept of, 4, 5–6, 7

Couplet, Joachim, 215

Cousin, Bernard, 229

Coutois, Guillaume, 161

Crema, Battista da, 35

Crescenzio, Cardinal Marcello, 16

Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, 170

Cromwell, Oliver, 93

da Cantalice, 132

Dalmatia, 178

Davidson, Nicholas, 6

De Rebaldis, 132

death and Catholic renewal, 53–54, 227–28

dechristianization, 5

del Monte, Giovanni Maria (later Pope Julius III), 10, 16, 17, 24, 97, 100, 163

Del Pas, 132

della Rovere, Feltre, archbishop of Rimini, 57

Delumeau, Jean, 4–6, 220

demonic possession and religious women, 146, 154–58

Descartes, René, 33, 176, 178

d’Etaples, Lefevre, 11

Deus Destroyed (Fucan), 199

devotional prints, 67, 68, 166–67

Dias, Luis, 45

Dillon, Cecilia and Eleanor, 91

Discalced Carmelites, 34, 37, 42, 49, 63, 67, 127, 128, 147, 149, 152

   church of in Rome, 165

Domenico da Mura, 138–40

Dominicans

   in China, 214–15

   Confraternities of the Rosaries, 225

   in Iberian colonies, 191

   Jesuits and, 133

   and papacy, 98

   reform movement, 28–29, 44

   and religious women, 151, 154

   saints, 128, 130

   Savanarola and, 131

   and slave trade, 197

Dormer, Margaret, 86

Douai College (seminary), 83, 85, 89, 122

Dyck, Anthony van, 169

Dzierzgowski, Mikolai, archbishop of Gniezno, 62

Ecclesiastical Annals (Baronius), 136, 169

education see also colleges

   catechism schools, 67, 74, 228

   female religious orders, 37–38

Elison, George, 206

Elizabeth I, queen of England, 22, 82–84

Emiliani, Girolamo, 28, 128, 143

England

   book publishing, 180

   and Council of Trent, 19, 22

   Elizabethan, 82–86, 130

   and Irish Catholicism, 88–89, 93

   and Jesuits, 83, 84, 86, 130

   Popish plot, 85

   Protestant Reformation, 11

   women as Catholics in, 85–86

English Civil War, 70, 84, 85

English Sisters, 27

Enlightened Catholicism, 231

Enlightenment, 5, 7

Erasmus, 173

Esne, Michel d’, bishop of Tournai, 118

Estampes de Valençay, Honor d’, bishop, 118

Estampes de Valençay, Léonor d’, 73

Este, Ippolito, 23

Esterházy, Miklós, 95

Estius, Willem, 88

Eudes, Jean, 74

Evennett, Henry Outram, 2, 8

Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro, 23, 102, 163–64

Farnese, Cardinal Ranuccio, 23

Fathers of the Christian Doctrine, 37, 40

Fathers of the Company of Peace, 37, 40

Favre, Pierre, 26

Fawkes, Guy, 91

Febronius, Justinus (Johann Niklas von Hontheim), 231

Felix of Cantalice, 130, 143

female religious orders see nuns

Ferdinand, archbishop of Cologne, 78, 122

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, 18, 21, 24

Ferdinand II, Emperor, 33, 78

Ferreira, Christovão, 208

Fiammeri, G.B., 161

Fidelis of Sigmaringen (Mark Rey), 130, 143

Filomarino, Archbishop Ascanio, 40

Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard, 165

Fisher, Bishop John, 130

Fleichier, Esprit, 73

Florence

   censorship, 174

   charities, 55–56

   popes from, 97

Flores, Gaspar, 153

Flores, Rosa see Rosa of Lima, St.

Forbes, William and Lord John, 30

Forgách, Ferenc, archbishop of Esztergom, 94

founder-saints, 127–28

Fournier, Catherine, 155

France, 68–75

   Avignon, 71, 116, 117, 120, 122

   bishops, 69, 72–74, 75, 117–18

   Brittany, 74

   Calvinists (Hugenots), 68, 69, 70–74, 218

   catechism schools, 74

   Catholic League, 49, 68, 169

   censorship, 175

   Chartres diocese, 73–74, 118

   and China mission, 177, 214–15

   Company of the Holy Sacrament, 218–19, 221

   and Council of Trent, 8, 18–19, 21, 22, 24, 71

   and Counter-Reformation, 61

   demonic possession cases, 155, 156–58

   in eighteenth century, 229

   Jesuits, 69, 72, 73

     as missionaries, 31

     suppression of, 177, 231

   and the Low Countries, 65

   monarchy, 69–70, 75, 118

   Nîmes, 70, 71–74, 118

   and papacy, 69, 109

   Paris, 74, 109, 122, 124

   Protestant Reformation, 12

   requiem masses, 229

   rural missions, 224

   saints from, 127

   Ursulines, 37–38

Francis I, king of France, 12

Francis of Assissi, St., 134

Francis Xavier see Xavier, St. Francis

Franciscans

   canonization of, 138–40

   friars in Iberian colonies, 187, 188–89, 190, 193

   in Hungary, 94, 95

   in Ireland, 92

   in Japan, 207

   papacy and, 98

   in Poland, 64

   reform movement, 28–29, 128

   Tertiaries, 27

Francisco de la Cruz, 195–96

François de Sales, St., 39, 41, 129, 133, 135, 141, 146, 150

François de Vendôme, 157

Frankfurt Book Fair, 176, 178

French Revolution, 138, 231

Fresneda, Bernardo de, bishop of Cuenca, 116

Fucan, Fabian, 199, 206, 209

Fürstenberg, Franz Egon von, 117

Gaetano see Thiene, Gaetano

Galen, Christoph Bernhard von, bishop of Münster, 80, 81

Galicia, 50, 51

Galilei, Galileo, 176, 178, 183

Gallican Church see France

Gama, Vasco da, 200

García of Arahuay, Domingo, 195

Gaston, duke of Orléans, 157

Gaufridy, Louis, 155

Gault, Jean-Baptiste, 221

Gerbi, Evangelista, 132

German College in Rome, 79–80, 94, 118–19, 121

Germany see also Holy Roman Empire; Lutheranism

   the Bible, vernacular, 178

   bishops, 117

   Catholic historical scholarship, 2, 4

   and Council of Trent, 12–13, 15, 16–17, 18, 19, 22, 24–25

   in eighteenth century, 227, 229

   Jesuit missionaries, 32

   Protestant Reformation, 75

   saints from, 127

Gerolamo de Corrigio, archbishop of Taranto, 58

Gesù (Roman church of the Jesuits), 163–64, 167–69, 171

Gesualdo, Scipione, archbishop of Conza, 57

Gherio, Filippo, bishop of Ischia, 18

Ghislieri, Michele see Pius V, Pope

Gilberti, bishop of Verona, 29, 113, 114

Gilio, Giovanni Andrea, 159

Giovanni of Prado, 130

Gisberti, Michele, 161

Giuseppe of Cupertino, St., 128, 143

Giuseppe of Leonessa, St., 129

Giustiniani, Vincenzo, 163

Goa (Portuguese colony), 196, 197, 198, 200

Gonçalves, Sebastião, 200

Gondi, Jean-François de, archbishop of Paris, 74, 122

Gonzaga, Cardinal Ercole, 11, 19, 20, 21

Gonzaga, Luigi, 143

Gonzago, Cardinal Federigo, 21

Gonzago, Cardinal Francesco, 29

Gordeau, Antoine, 219

Granada, Luis de, 44, 183, 206

Grandier, Urbain, 156–58

Grassi, Orazio, 161

Gregory XIII, Pope, 25, 29, 83, 97, 113, 133, 159

Gregory XIV, Pope, 25, 97, 100

Gregory XV, Pope, 38, 97, 102, 133

Gropper, Johannes, 11, 76

Guanzelli de Brisghella, Giovanni Maria, 174

Guercino, St. Gregory and the Souls of Purgatory, 170

Guerroro, archbishop of Granada, 20

Guise, Cardinal, 21, 22, 23, 24

Gunpowder Plot (1605), 91

Guyart, Marie see Marie de L’Incarnation

Haliczer, Stephen, 222

Hals, Frans, 88

Harrach, Cardinal, archbishop of Prague, 118

Hausen, Wilhelm, 217

Henrique, Dom, 196

Henriques, Henrique, 182, 199

Henry IV, king of France (Henry of Navarre), 68–69, 71, 75

Henry VIII, king of England, 130

Henskens, Godefroid, 137–38

Herennius, Johannes, 39

heresy, 172, 174

hermits, beatas as, 152

Hidetada, 208

Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 199, 205, 206–07

Hinduism, 198, 201, 202

Hohenems, Cardinal Mark Sittich von, 19

Holy Roman Empire, 75–81

   aristocratic patrons of the arts, 165

   bishops, 117

   book publishing, 179

   and Council of Trent, 12–13, 18–19, 21–22

   and Counter-Reformation, 1–2, 61

   League of Catholic Princes, 76

   and the Low Countries, 66

   and Lutheranism, 75–76

Homem, Antonio, 46

Hosius, Cardinal Stanislas, 19, 39, 62–63, 119

Huguenots see Calvinism

humanism, 184

Hungary, 82, 93–95

Huyssens, Pieter, 165

Iberian colonies, 8, 187–98

   book publishing, 182

   clergy, 192–93, 195

   Guaraní Indians, 193–94

   idolatory inspections, 191–92, 195

   and Jesuits, 31, 192, 193–94, 197, 200, 201–02

   “man-gods”, 195

   mestizos, 190, 191, 192–93

   Mexico, 182, 187, 188–89, 195

   Peru, 153–54, 189–96

   Philippines, 8, 198, 199, 202–04

   Portuguese, 196–98, 200–02

   and syncretism, 194–96

   and traditional Andean religion, 190, 191–92

   Yucatan, 189

Ignatius of Loyola (Iñigo of Loyola), 3, 26–27, 31, 32, 38, 127, 129, 132, 165, 217

   artistic representations of, 166, 168, 171

   canonization of, 132–35, 140

   cult of, 221

illness, benedictions for protecting against, 219–20

Illyricus, Flaccius, 169

Imbert, Péronne, 155

Imitatio Christi (Kempis), 183

Incas, 190–91

incomes, clergy, 123–24

Index of Forbidden Books, 172, 176

   authors prohibited, 176, 178

   and Council of Trent, 173, 174, 176

   and Dominicans, 28

   morality in, 176

   and papacy, 17, 18, 129

   subjects prohibited, 176–78

India, 31, 182, 196, 197, 198, 200–02, 215

Inés de Ubitarte, 153

Inés del Santísimo, 148

Innocent VIII, Pope, 173

Innocent IX, Pope, 25, 97, 106

Innocent X, Pope, 97, 230

Innocent XI, Pope, 97

Innocent XII, Pope, 103, 106, 109, 138

Innocent XIII, Pope, 97

Inquisition, 43–44, 133

   and Acta sanctorum, 138

   and Angelics, 35

   and confessional, 222

   in Iberian colonies, 192, 195

   Naples, 58

   Portugal, 43, 45–47, 174–75

   and religious women, 145, 151, 152, 153–54

   Roman, 17, 18, 35, 36, 43, 57

   Spanish, 3, 43, 48, 49–51, 151, 152, 153–54, 174–75, 229

   and Teresa of Avila, 145

   and Teresa of Avila, St., 152

Ireland, 82, 88–93

   bishops, 92

   and Capuchins, 31

   exiled Irish clerics, 89–91

   Jesuit missionaries, 32

   Old English in, 88–89, 91–93

Irish colleges, 89, 122

Isabel de Jesús, 147, 148, 149, 150

Isabel de Jesús (Indian from Peru), 153, 154

Isabel de San Jerónimo, 152

Isabella, Archduchess (co-regent of the Low Countries), 65, 67

Iserloh, Erwin, 2

Islam, Christianity and, 94, 95, 200, 202

Italy, 8, 43, 54–60

     see also individual city states

   artistic patronage, 162–63

   bishops, 57–58

   book publishing, 180

   Italian influence in Poland, 63

   Jesuit missionaries, 31

   Mezzogiorno, 55, 57–59, 60

   missions, 59–60

   and new religious orders, 27–28, 29–30

   and papacy, 96

   rural missions, 224

   saints from, 127, 133

   sixteenth-century cities, 3

   Ursulines, 37

James I, king of England, 84, 91

Jan II Kazimierz, king of Poland, 63

Jansen, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, 230

Jansenism, 68, 74, 75, 109, 177, 219, 230

   and communion, 223

Japan, 8, 199, 204–09

   anti-Christian chapbooks, 209

   book publishing, 182, 205, 209

   and Buddhism, 199, 204, 206–07, 209, 210

   conflict with Spain, 206–07

   martyrdom of missionaries, 130, 207–09

Jay, Claude, 27

Jeanne des Anges, 156–58

Jedin, Hubert, 2, 4

Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 2, 31–32, 218

   and the arts, 161, 165, 166, 170

   authors prohibited, 177

   book publishing, 180–82, 183–84

   and Capuchins, 29, 30

   in China, 182–86, 209–16

   colleges see under colleges

   confession and communion, 223

   dissolution of, 138, 231–32, 233

   and English Catholicism, 83, 84, 86, 130

   and female religious orders, 38–39, 40, 41, 154

   founding of, 26–27

   in France, 31, 69, 72, 73, 231

   Gesù church in Rome, 163–64, 167–69, 171

   in Holy Roman Empire, 79–80

   in Hungary, 94, 95

   in Iberian colonies, 31, 192, 193–94, 197, 200, 201–02

   in India, 200, 201–02

   and Inquisition, 151

   in Ireland, 88

   in Italy, 59–60

   in Japan, 31, 182, 204–05, 208–09

   in Lorraine, 71, 117

   in the Low Countries, 66, 67

   martyrs, 130

   missionaries, 6–7, 31–32, 47, 59–60, 233

   and papacy, 108, 143, 231–32

   in Poland, 61, 62–64, 119

   in Portugal, 47

   and Probabilism, 230

   as royal confessors, 33

   and rural missions, 223–24

   saints, 127, 130, 132–35, 143

     hagiography of, 136–38

   Spanish, 49

   theater, 33

Jews

   and cults of Christian saints, 131

   persecution of, 17

   in Portugal, 45–46

   in Spain, 49–50

John of Nepomuk, 131

Jones, Martin D.W., 6

Joseph, Father (confessor to Richlieu), 156

Joseph I, emperor of Austria, 77

Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 231

Joyeuse, Cardinal François de, 75

Joyeuse, Henri de, count of Bouchage, 30

Juan, Gregorio, 195

Juan de la Cruz, St., 128

Julius II, Pope, 106

Julius III, Pope (Giovanni Maria del Monte), 10, 16, 17, 24, 97, 100, 163

Kangxi, Emperor of China, 183, 213, 216

Karl II, Archduke of Styria, 78

Keating, Geoffrey, 90

Kempis, Thomas á, 183

Keyersberg, Geiler von, 11

Keyser, Hendrick de, 88

Kimpa, Vita, 198

Kimura, Sebastião, 205

Kirishitan Monogatari, 209

Kostka, Peter, bishop of Chetmno, 119

Kostka, Stanislas, 63, 119, 143, 170

La Maza, Gonzalo de, 153

La Motte-Houdancourt, Bishop, 118

La Trémoille, Henri duc de, 70

Labrador, Isidor, 133

Laínez, Diego, 26

Lamormaini, William, 33

Landa, Diego de, bishop of Yucatan, 189

Landini, Sylvestre, 223

Langer, William L., 3

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 195

Last Judgment (Michelangelo), 159, 160

Latin America see Iberian colonies

Lawson, Dorothy, 85–86

Lazarists, 27, 59, 127, 128, 223

Le Clerc, Alix, 38

Le Tellier, Michel, 177

Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Bishop, 118

Leduc, Jean, 156

Leo XI, Pope (Alessandro de’Medici), 97, 99, 131

Leopold-Wilhelm, Archduke, bishop of Strasburg, 117

Lescot, Jacques, 73, 118

Lessius, Leonardus, 67

Leunis, Father Jean of Liège, 225

L’Hôpital, Michel de, 18

Li Zhizao, 211

Lichtenstein, Prince Karl von, 78

Liguori, Alfonso de’, 59

Lipsius, Justus, 33

Lithuania, 62

Little Simon of Trent, cult of, 131

Long War (1683), 95

Longobardo, Niccolò, 212

Lopez, Greggorio (Luo Wenzao), 214

Lorraine, 71, 117, 122, 226, 227

Loudon, demonic possession case in, 156–58, 177

Louis II, king of Hungary, 93

Louis XIII, duke of Orléans, 157

Louis XIII, king of France, 69, 71, 218, 229

Louis XIV, king of France, 66, 69, 73, 75, 109, 125–26, 165, 215, 229, 230

   and Jansenism, 230

Louis XV, king of France, 229

Low Countries see Belgium; Netherlands

Loyola, Ignatius see Ignatius of Loyola (Iñigo of Loyola)

Luca, Giovanni Battista de, 107

Ludovisi, Cardinal, 102, 134

Luña, Count de, 22

Luo Wenzao, bishop of Nanjing, 214

Luther, Martin, 28, 75

Lutheranism, 4

   and Council of Trent, 11, 12, 13–15, 16–17, 18, 25

   and Holy Roman Empire, 75–76

   in Holy Roman Empire, 75–76

   in Hungary, 93

   in Poland, 62, 64, 65

Luxembourg, 227

Macartney, George, First Earl, 233

MacCaughwell, Hugh, 91

Machiavelli, N., The Prince, 174, 176

Maciejowski, Bernard, primate of Poland, 119

MacMahon, Eugene, bishop of Dublin, 91

Madeleine Demandolx de la Palud, Sister, 155

Maderna, Stefano, 136

Madruzzo, Cardinal Cristofaro, 13, 121

Madruzzo, Cardinal Ludovico, 121

Magni, Valeriano, 30

Maigrot, Charles, 215, 216

Mainz, edicts of (1470), 172

Malagrida, Gabriel, 231

Maluenda, Tomás de, 53

Manoel, king of Portugal, 200

Marcela de San Félix, 148

Marcellus II, Pope (Marcello Cervini), 11, 17, 97

María Agreda, 41, 42, 49, 146, 148, 149, 150, 177

Maria de San Alberto, 148

María de San José, 152

María de Santo Domingo, 153

María de Uzátequi, 153

Maria Maddalena de Pazzi, 132

María Magdalena dei Pazzi, St., 128, 141, 146, 148

Maria of Austria, 134

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 77

Marian sodalities, 67, 166–67, 218, 224–27, 229

Mariana, Juan, 69

Marie de L’Incarnation, 146, 148, 149, 150–51, 157

Marie de Sanis, 155–56

Marinoni, Giovanni, 127, 143

marriages

   book publishing, 177

   and Catholicism in Italy, 58

   and celibacy, 34

   clandestine, 22–23, 74, 77

   common-law and priests, 123

   mixed marriages in France, 72, 73

   and Protestantism, 34

   and religious women, 149–50, 154

   and Tridentine Catholicism in Ireland, 92

Marseilles, demonic possession cases in, 155

Martin V, Pope, 12, 103

Martires, Bartolomeu dos, archbishop of Braga, 23, 44, 111

martyrs, 130–31, 143

   artistic representations of, 170

   missionaries in Japan, 130, 207–09

Mary Tudor, queen of England, 22, 48, 82

Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572), 69

mathematics, 183–84

Maunoir, Julien, 224

Maximilian II, duke of Bavaria, 33

Maximilian-Emmanuel II, duke of Bavaria, 224

Maza, Gonzalo de la, 146, 153

Mazarin, Cardinal, 73, 75, 109

Medici, Alessandro de’ see Leo XI, Pope (Alessandro de’Medici)

Medici, Gian Angelo see Pius IV, Pope

Medici, Marie de’, queen of France, 70

Melgarejo, Luisa, 153

Melo, João de, 46

Melso, Fr., 35

Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 187, 188

Mendoza, Diego Ramirez, bishop of Sedeño, 116

Mendoza, Francisco de, archbishop of Burgos, 116

Mercado, Tomás de, 197

merchants and Catholic renewal in Spain, 53–54

Merici, Angela, 37

Mespelbrünn, Julius Echter von, bishop of Würzburg, 117

messianic movements, Portugal, 45

Mexico, 182, 187, 188–89, 195

Mezes, Alexio de, 201

Mezzabarba, Jean Ambrose, 216

Michaelis, Father Sebastian, 155

Michelangelo, 162

   The Last Judgment, 159, 160

Milan

   artistic patronage, 163

   Borromeo as archbishop of, 55, 112–16, 125, 129, 163, 222

   Tridentine Catholicism, 55, 115–17

missionaries see also Iberian colonies

   from Belgium, 68

   in Bohemia, 79

   in China, 31, 161, 209–16

   in Dutch Republic, 87–88

   in England, 84–85, 86

   in France, 73

   in Hungary, 94, 95

   in Italy, 59–60

   in Japan, 8, 199, 204–09

   Jesuit, 6–7, 31–32, 47, 59–60, 84, 161, 209–16, 233

   in Ottoman Empire, 82

   in Philippines, 8, 198, 202–04

   and religious women, 150–51

   rural missions, 223–24

missionary-saints, 129–30

Mohacs, Battle of (1526), 93

Molière, Tartuffe, 219

Molinos, Miguel de, 177

monarchy

   Catholic Netherlands, 67–68

   French, 69–70, 75, 118

   Polish, 63

   Spanish, 3, 187

   and St. Peter’s basilica, 169

monasteries see religious orders

Montano, Benito Arias, 179

Montmorency, duke of (Protestant rebellion leader), 70, 72

Montmorency, Nicholas de, 155–56

Montufar, Archbishop Alonso de, 197

moral theology, 177

morality, censorship and, 176

More, Thomas, 130, 170

Morillas, Cecilia, 148

Morone, Cardinal Giovanni, 13, 17, 18, 21–22, 24, 36, 118

Moscoso, Bishop Alvaro de, 116

Mozambique, 198

Mullett, Michael, 6

Munich, 80, 227

Muñoz, Bishop Miguel, 116

Muñoz, Juan, 154

Münster, 75, 78, 80, 81, 122, 226, 227

Murartori, Antonio, 54, 231

Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 169, 170

Murner, Thomas, 175

Muslims, Christians and, 94, 95

mystical texts, 177

mystic-saints, 128, 147–49, 170–71

Nadal, Jerónimo, 183

Nantes, Edict of (1598), 68, 69, 73, 218, 219

   Revocation of (1685), 69, 73

Naples, 54, 60

   charities, 56

   chiesa ricettizie, 57

   clergy, 120, 122, 125

   Collegio dei Cinesi, 7, 54, 233

   expulsion of Jesuits, 231

   female monasteries, 40

   Marian sodalities, 226, 227

   religious persecution of minorities, 56

   seminary, 122

Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France, 234

Negri, Paola Antonia, 35, 36

Nepomuk, John, 170

nepotism, 99, 101–03

Neri, Filippo, 3, 74, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 146, 148

   artistic representation of, 171

Neri, Tommaso, 146, 148

Netherlands

   Dutch Republic, 86–88

   Jesuit missionaries, 32

   Spanish (Catholic), 65–68, 87

     and art, 159, 165

     Calvinism, 82, 86–87, 88

     censorship, 175

     demonic possession cases, 155–56

     English Catholic exiles, 83

     Irish exiles, 89, 90–91

     monarchy, 67–68

     priests, 124, 125

     religious orders, 67

     and royal patronage, 67–68, 118

Neumann, Balthasar, 165

New Christians, 46, 50

New Mexico, María Agreda’s vision of, 151

new religious orders see religious orders

Niabara, Luis, 205

Nîmes, 70, 71–74, 118

Nine Year’s War (1594–1603), 89

Noailles, Gaston de, bishop of Chalons-sur-Marne, 177, 220–21

Nobili, Roberto de, 198, 202

Nobunaga, Oda, 204, 205, 206

Nolleau, J.-B., 219

nuns, 146–51

     see also names of individual religious orders; women

   and demonic possession, 146, 154–58

   female religious orders, 27, 33–42

     education, 37–38

     enclosure, 33–35, 38, 40, 42

     and endangered sanctity, 42

     in France, 37–38, 74

     in Netherlands, 67

     and paired saintliness, 40–41

     upper-class women in, 34, 37, 40, 41, 147

     and the women’s question, 41

   mystics, 128, 147–49

Observants, 29, 64, 128, 129

O’Connell, Marvin R., The Counter-Reformation, 3

O’Devany, Cornelius, bishop of Down, 91

O’Hussey, Bonaventure, 89, 90

Olin, John C., 3

Oliva, Giovanni Paolo, 161, 164, 170

Oliveira, Fernando, 197

Olivier, Bernard, 223

Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu), 204, 205

O’Neill, Henry, 90, 93

O’Neill, Hugh, 89

O’Neill, Owen Roe, 91

Oratorians, 74, 127, 135, 164

Oratory of Divine Love, 128

Ormaneto, Niccolò, 112

Orsini, Vincenzo Maria, bishop of Benvento, 60

Orthodox Church, 64–65

Otomo Sorin Yoshishige, 206

Ottoman Empire, 82, 93–94, 95

Ottonelli, Gian Domenico, 161

Oviedo, Andrea de, 223

Pagani, Antonio, 36

Palafox y Mendoza, Juan, archbishop of Puebla de Los Angeles, 192

Palatinate, 76

Paleotti, Gabriele, archbishop of Bologna, 11, 57, 107–08, 159, 161

papacy, 7, 96–101

     see also under individual popes

   administration, 104–06

   and the arts, 162–63, 169

   and Avignon, 71

   and Bologna, 107–08

   canonization of saints, 131–32

   and Capuchins, 30

   and college of cardinals, 103–04

   and Council of Trent, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 25, 96, 106

   critics of papal authority, 230–31

   in eighteenth century, 110, 143

   and Elizabethan Catholicism, 83

   expenditure, 104, 105

   and France, 69, 109

   and Inquisition, 48

   and Jesuits, 108, 143, 231–32

   and nepotism, 99, 101–03, 106

   nuncios, 105

   and patronage, 101–03

   and sainthood, 131

   and sale of offices, 105, 106–07

   in seventeenth century, 108–09

   social background of popes, 99

   and Spain, 47, 48, 133

   and trade and industry, 105–06

   and Venice, 108

Papenbroek, Daniel van, 137–38

Paraguay, 47

Paris, 74, 109, 122, 124

Pascal, Blaise, 176, 230

patronage

   and nun-mystics, 147–48

   and papacy, 101–03

   and politics of sainthood, 133–36

   religious art, 162–64

Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 12, 13, 24, 27, 28, 36, 97, 98, 100, 102

Paul IV, Pope (Gian Pietro Carafa), 17–18, 63, 97, 119, 129, 173

     and religious orders, 27, 29, 35, 98, 129

Paul V, Pope (Camillo Borghese), 97, 99–101, 104, 108, 132

   and canonization of Ignatius, 134

   and Catholicism in China, 212

   patronage of the arts, 162, 163, 169

   Roman ritual, 220

Pázmány, Peter, Archbishop of Esztergom, 94

Pedro IV, king of Congo, 198

Peña, Alonso de la, archbishop of Quito, 192

Pérez, Ana María, 153, 154

Pérez, Antonio, 195

Peru, 153–54, 189–96

   religious women in, 153–54

Peter of Alcantara, 128, 140, 141

Philip II, king of Spain, 18, 19, 44, 48, 65, 84, 89, 116, 118

   and Duchy of Milan, 113

   and papacy, 100

   and saints, 133, 134

Philip III, king of Spain, 48, 49

Philip IV, king of Spain, 41, 49, 148

Philippines, 8, 198, 199, 202–04, 214

philosophy books, 176, 184

Pianetti, Bishop of Carlo Maria, 60

Piarists, 127, 128

Pii Operai, 59

pilgrimages, 228, 229

   in Germany, 81

   popular art at sites of, 166–67

Piñeda, Juan de, 53

Pinpin, Tomás, 203

Pius IV, Pope (Gian Angelo Medici), 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 97, 102

   and Carlo Borromeo, 111

Pius V, Pope (Michele Ghislieri), 33, 83, 96, 97, 98, 106, 129, 173

Pizzaro, Francisco, 190

Plantin Polyglot Bible, 179

Plato, 184

Polanco, Juan Alfonso de, 133

Poland, 8, 61–65

   the Bible, vernacular, 178

   bishops, 62–63

   Calvinism in, 62, 64, 65

   and Council of Trent, 19, 62, 63

   Franciscans in, 64

   Italian influence in Poland, 63

   and Jesuits, 61, 62–64, 119

   Lutheranism in, 62, 64, 65

   monarchy, 63

   Protestant Reformation, 12

   Protestantism in, 62, 65

   saints from, 127

Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 11, 13, 17, 48

Polish Brethren, 63

Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman, 192

Pombal, marquis de, 47, 197, 231

Poor Clares, 67, 91

Portugal, 43, 44–47

   bishops, 46–47

   book publishing, 179, 182

   clandestine marriages, 23

   colonies, 196–98

   dissolution of Jesuits, 231

   episcopal visitations, 46–47

   Inquisition, 43, 45–47, 174–75

   messianic movements, 45

   New Christians, 46

   religious orders, 44

Poussin, Nicolas, 136, 165

Pozzo, Andrea, 161

Preston, Thomas, 91

pre-Tridentine Christianity see Christianity, medieval

priests see clergy

probabilism, 177, 230

Protestant historiography, 3–4

Protestant Reformation, 234

     see also Calvinism; individual countries; Lutheranism

   book publishing and, 172

   and Counter-Reformation, 1, 5, 56, 218

Protestantism see also Calvinism; Lutheranism

   book publishing, 175, 179

   book publishing and, 172, 174

   and Catholic bishops, 13

   and Council of Trent, 11–12, 13, 16–17, 18–19, 20

   and Counter-Reformation iconography, 169–70

   and Irish Catholics, 93

   in Italy, 174

   and marriage, 34

   and papal nuncios, 105

   in Poland, 62, 65

   Protestants at Jesuit colleges, 32

   in Spain, 48, 49–51

   and traditional religious orders, 28–29

Protmann, Regina, 39

Prussia, 62

Psaume, Bishop Nicolas, 117

Pueto, Cardinal Giacomo, 19

“pure love”, 177

Pütter, Johann Stephan, 1

Quietism, 177

Radizwell, George, bishop of Cracow, 119

Rafael, Vincente, 204

Ramírez, Martin, 53

Randell, Keith, 6

Ranke, Leopold von, 2

Recollects, 67

Reformation see Protestant Reformation

Régis, Jean-François, 130, 143, 223

Reinhard, Wolfgang, 4

religious orders, 7, 26–42

     see also names of individual religious orders

   artistic patronage, 163–64

   and Council of Trent, 23, 28, 33–35

   female see nuns

   in France, 74

   in Naples, 40, 56

   in Netherlands, 67

   and papacy, 98

   Portugal, 44

   reformers of, 128

   saints from, 127

   Theatines, 17

Rembrandt van Rijn, 88

Reni, Guido, 171

requiem mass, 228–29

Retz, Cardinal de, archbishop of Paris, 75, 109

Revius, Jacobus, 132, 217

Rey, Mark, 130, 143

Rhetius, Johann, 80

Ribadeneyra, Pedro de, 133, 134

Ricci, Matteo, 184, 185, 186, 210–11, 212, 213, 214, 216

Richelieu, Cardinal, 33, 69–70, 73, 118, 156, 157

   and Jansenism, 230

Rinuccini, Cardinal, 93

Rodrigues, Simão, 27

Rohan, duke of (Protestant rebellion leader), 70, 72

Roma sotterranea (Severano), 136

Roman Indexes of prohibited books see Index of Forbidden Books

Roman Inquisition, 17, 18, 35, 36, 43, 57, 173

Roman Ritual, 220

Romania, 95

Rome

   artistic patronage, 159, 162–63

   catacombs, 136

   church buildings, 163–64

   Discalced Carmelites, 165

   German College, 79–80, 94, 118–19, 121

   Gesù church, 163–64, 167–69, 171

   Marian sodalities, 225, 226

Rosa of Lima, St., 128, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153–54, 191

Rosweyde, Heribert, 136–37

Rothe, David, bishop of Ossory, 92

Rozdrazewski, Jerome, bishop of Cujavie, 119

Rubens, Peter Paul, 134, 161, 166, 169, 170

   altar pieces, 165, 168

   copper engravings, 166

Ruggieri, Michele, 210

Ruiz, Simon, 53

rural areas

   eighteenth century religious revival, 227–28

   importance of saints and relics, 219–21

   missions, 223–24

   priests, 122–23, 125

Sacchi, Andrea, 163

sacraments and Council of Trent, 15

Sacrato, Jacomo, bishop of Carpentras, 116, 117

Sadolet, Jacques, bishop of Carpentras, 117

Sahagún, Bernadino de, 188

saints, 127–43, 160

     see also names of individual saints

   artistic representations of, 170–71

   bishops, 128–29

   canonization of, 109, 129, 131–32, 142, 138–43

   catacombs, 136

   cults, 135

   exemplifying reforms of Council of Trent, 128–29

   female, 144–46

   founder-saints, 127–28

   hagiography of, 136–38

   healing saints, 140, 219–20

   heroes, 140–43

   martyrs, 130–31

   in Middle Ages, 130–31

   missionary-saints, 129–30

   mystics, 128, 170–71

   nationalities of, 142

   and politics of patronage, 133–36

   popular devotion to, 219–21

   reformers of religious orders, 128

   social workers, 130

Sales, François de see François de Sales, St.

Salmerón, Alfonso, 20, 26, 27

Sandoval, Alonso de, 197

São Tomé, 196, 197

Sarpi, Paolo, 108, 177

Savonarola, Girolamo, 3, 131–32

Savoy, 127

Schall, Johann Adam von, 213–14

Schnabel, Ida, 39

science books, 176, 183–84

Scotland, 19, 32

Scribani, Carolus, 67

Sebastian, king of Portugal, 44, 45

Seghers, Daniel, 161

Segneri, Paolo, 224

Segneri, Paolo the Younger, 224

Séguier, Jacques, 73

Semedo, Alonso de, 212

seminaries see colleges

Seraphino, St., 128, 143

Seripando, Cardinal Girolamo, 19, 20, 21, 28

sexuality and female religious orders, 34

Sforza, Bona, 63

Shen Que, 212

shrines in South Germany, 81

Sidotti, Battista, 209

Sigismund III, king of Poland, 63, 64, 119

Simonetta, Cardinal Ludovico, 19, 20, 21, 22

Sixtus IV, Pope, 103

Sixtus V, Pope, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 106, 131, 162

Skarga, Piotr, 64

slave trade and Portuguese colonies in Africa, 197–98

Slovakia, 94, 95

Smalkald League, 11, 13

Smith, Richard, bishop of Chalcedon, 84

social-worker saints, 130

Society of Jesus see Jesuits

Socinus, Lelio, 61

Solano, Francisco, 129

Somaschi Order, 56, 127, 128

Sorbonne, 175

Soto, Dr. Juan de, 153

Southwell, Robert, 84, 130

Spain, 3, 43, 47–54

     see also Iberian colonies; Netherlands, Spanish (Catholic)

   book publishing, 179, 182

   and the Catholic League, 69

   conflict with Japan, 206–07

   and Council of Trent, 18, 19, 21, 22

   and English Catholicism, 83, 84, 85

   and France, 69, 70

   indoctrination, 52–53

   Inquisition, 3, 43, 48, 49–51, 151, 152, 153–54, 174–75, 229

   and Irish Catholicism, 93

   and Italy, 55

   Jesuits, 49, 231

   masses for the dead, 53–54, 229

   Milanese model of episcopal reform, 116

   monarchy, 3, 48, 187

   Moriscos, 49, 50, 130

   and papacy, 47, 48, 133

   religious books, 51–52, 177

   rural missions, 224

   saints from, 127, 133

   Tridentine reforms, 8, 52–54

   union with Portugal, 44

Sri Lanka, 196

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of (1572), 69

St. Gregory and the Souls of Purgatory (Guercino), 170

St. Thomas Christians, 201

Standaert, Nicolas, 185

Staunton, Sir George Leonard, 233

Staunton, Sir George Thomas, 233

Stefan Batory, king of Poland, 63, 64

Suárez, Alfonso, 69

Suárez, Francisco, 44

Suleiman, Sultan, 93

Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 183

Sunday schools, 67

Surin, Jean-Joseph, 157, 177

Switzerland, 129, 178

syncretism in Iberian colonies, 194–96

Szszkowski, Martin, bishop of Cracow, 119

Tanner, Mathias, 132

Tartuffe (Molière), 219

Tarugi, Francesco Maria, 117

Teresa of Avila, St., 34–35, 37, 41, 42, 53, 63, 128, 175, 217

   and Ana de San Bartolomé, 144, 147, 148

   artistic representation of, 170

   and beatas, 154

   Bernini’s sculpture of, 135, 165, 171

   canonization of, 133, 135–36, 140, 148

   and Inquisition, 145, 152

   and male clerics, 144–45, 149

   missionary zeal, 150

   and mysticism, 147, 149

   protectors, 148

   treatment of her corpse, 135–36

   Vida, 145

Theatines, 17, 27–28, 56, 98, 133, 164

   saints, 127, 143

Thiene, Gaetano, 127, 133, 141

Thirty Year’s War (1618–48), 30, 33, 76, 79, 108, 133, 165, 230

Thomas of Villaneuva, archbishop of Valencia, 130, 141, 170

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, 207, 209

Toledo, Cardinal Francisco, 134

Toledo, Francisco de, 16, 17, 134, 190

Torelli, Ludovica, 35, 36, 40

Toribio of Mogrobejo, 129

Tournon, Charles Maillard de, Cardinal, 19, 216

Transylvania, 93, 94, 95

Tremblay, Joseph du, 30, 70

Trigault, Nicholas, 212

Trisanto, G., 161

Truchsess, Otto von, bishop of Augsburg, 117

Tschernembl, Georg Erasmus von, 78

Uchanski, Archbishop Jacob, 63, 119

Ukraine, 64

Ulhoa, Bishop Martinho de, 197

Union of Brest (1596), 64

Unitarians, 62

Urban VII, Pope, 25, 97

Urban VIII, Pope (Maffeo Barberini), 97, 106, 132, 162, 163, 230

Ursulines, 27, 37–38, 39, 40–41, 42, 73, 147

   demonic possession cases, 155, 156–58

Vagoni, Alfonso, 212

Valernod, Pierre de, 71, 72

Valignano, Alessandro, 205, 207, 210, 214

Van Espen, Zega-Bernard, 231

Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bishop António de, 46

Vaudémont, Cardinal de, 117

Velasco, Inés, 153, 154

Vendeville, Jean, bishop of Tournai, 118

Vendôme, Elizabeth de, duchess of Genevais-Nemours, 39

Vendôme, François de, duke of Beaufort, 157

Venice

   book publishing, 52, 56, 177

   charities, 55–56

   and papacy, 108

   persecution of religious minorities, 56

Verbiest, Ferdinand, 1, 213

Vermeer, Johannes, 88

Veronese, Paolo, 159

Viera, António, 45, 198

Villagómez, Pedro de, archbishop of Lima, 191

Villapando, Juan de, 152

Villemontée, Bishop François de, 118

Vincent de Paul, St., 27, 59, 74, 128, 218

   and rural missions, 223

Vincent Ferrer, St., 223

Virgin Mary, 217

   artistic representations of, 159, 169

   cults of, 49, 57, 109, 195

   Marian sodalities, 218, 224–27, 229

Visitadines (Visitation nuns), 27, 39–40, 127, 128, 135, 147

Vondel, Joost van den, 88

Vosmeer, Sasbout, 87

Wagereckh, Johann Sigmund, 80

Waldburg, Gebhard Truchsess von, archbishop of Cologne, 117

War of Spanish Succession, 224

Ward, Mary, 38–39, 86

Warszewicki, Stanislas, 64

Weber, Max, 4

White Mountain, Battle of (1620), 169, 217

widows in religious orders, 41, 149–50

Wiler, Georg, 178

Wilhelm, Wolfgang, duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, 79

William, prince of Orange, 86

Wimmenum, Lord van, bailiff of Rijnland, 87

witchcraft, 154–55

Wittelsbach, Ernst von, archbishop of Cologne, 117, 122

Wittelsbach, Ferdinand, archbishop of Cologne, 117, 122

Wladyslaw IV, king of Poland, 63

women, 144–58

     see also nuns

   beatas, 151–54

   English Catholic, 85–86

   and Inquisition in Portugal, 46

   Kimpa Vita, 198

   male attitudes to female religiosity, 144–46

   saints, 144–46

Woonsel, Melchior van, 167

Wotucki, Paul, bishop of Cujavie, 119

Woyna, Benedict, bishop of Vilnius, 119

Wujek, Jacob, 63

Württemberg, Carl Alexander, duke of, 79

Xainctonge, Anne de, 38

Xainctonge, Françoise, 38

Xavier, Jéronimo, 202

Xavier, St. Francis, 26, 53, 129, 133, 135, 140, 141, 165, 167, 200, 201–02, 224

   death, 209

   in Japan, 31, 204

Xu Guangqi, 185, 211, 212, 215

Yang Guangxian, 213

Yang Tingyun, 185, 211

Yongzheng, Emperor, 216

Yucatan, 189

Zaccaria, Antonio, 28, 40

Zeeden, Ernst Walter, 4

Zerola, Tommaso, 223

Zhang Xingyao, 215

Zurbano, Lupercio, 193