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Index
Abacha, Sani, 54, 60, 92–93, 100–1
Acteal massacre, 126
action anthropology, 19
activism, see NGO support
adoption, see NGO support
Aguas Blancas massacre, 125, 130, 167
Amnesty International, 9, 32–33, 185
and EZLN, 146, 165, 172
as gatekeeper, 98
and MOSOP, 72–73, 91–92, 100, 113
ANTHAP listserv, 132
antiglobalization movement
and EZLN, 118, 152, 157–60, 170
and Ijaw minority, 109
see also Chomsky, Noam; EZLN, frames, neoliberal; Klein, Naomi; World Social Forums
Appel, Kerry, 148
Assembly of First Nations, 156, 169
Aung Saan Suu Kyi, 48
awareness-raising, 23, 179–80
lobbying, NGO, 23–25
media strategies, 25–26
spectacle, 26, 46, 51
Awolowo, Obafemi, 64
Babangida, Ibrahim, 60, 62, 66, 67
bandwagoning, NGO, 40–41, 94–95, 99, 188
Biara protest, 78, 79, 91
Body Shop, 87, 97
Boli, John, 45
boomerang theory, 3, 5, 29, 40, 176, 191
Borman, Randy, 48
Boro, Isaac, 58
Bougainville Island, 50, 97
Bougainville Interim Government (BIG), 45, 202
Boyd, William, 69
Braithwaite, Shelley, 83
branding, social movement, 28, 47, 170–71
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 69
Bruhn, Kathleen, 156
capacity-building programs, NGO, 47–48, 186, 189–90
Center for Constitutional Rights, 100
challengers, see social movements
charisma, 46, 49, 193
sources, 47–49
Chase Manhattan Bank, 160
ChevronTexaco, 106
Chiapas, see EZLN; Mexico
Chiapas95 Web site, 132
Chomsky, Noam, 157, 170
civil rights movement (U.S.), 51
civil society, 148
see also global civil society
Cleaver, Harry, 132
CNN effect, 4
Colletivo Internazionalista de Torino, 169
Columbus Quincentenary, 119, 130
Congo, civil war, 50
CONPAZ (NGO Coordination for Peace), 149, 169, 172
constructivism, 191
Cuba, opposition movements, 17
Dalai Lama, 1, 28
see also Tibet
Dalits, 6, 28
Darfur, 50
see also Sudan
demand, for NGO support, 5, 9, 17–18, 179
see also marketing theory; market, NGO support
Democratic Popular Revolutionary Army (PDPR), 119
see also EPR
diaspora organizations, 9, 37–38, 185
Douglas, Oronto, 109–10
see also Sophie Prize
East Timor, 23
East Turkestan, 1, 24–25
Ejército Popular Revolucionario, see EPR
Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Naciónal, see EZLN
Ellis, Glen, 70, 82
Enlace Civil, 169, 173
environmentalism, 178
environmental NGOs, 9, 16
Environmental Rights Action (ERA), 109–10
EPR (Ejército Popular Revolucionario), 119, 124–25
awareness-raising, 130, 134
and civil society, Mexican, 138
Democratic Popular Revolutionary Party (PDPR), 119
EZLN, compared to, 119, 130, 134–39, 141, 147, 149–50, 156–57, 163, 167, 176
EZLN, views of, 163
factionalism, 167
ideology, 125, 149, 156–57, 163
and media, 130, 138
standing, 138, 163
and violence, 138, 140, 141, 147
see also Aguas Blancas massacre; Mexico
Essential Action (NGO), 98, 101, 103
Etche minority, 70–71, 81–82
Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Africa (EMIROAF), 66
Ethnic Minority Rights Organization of Nigeria (EMIRON), 66
exchange
and EZLN, 164–70, 171
in marketing theory, 5, 14–15, 20–22
and MOSOP, 77, 85
see also marketing theory; market, NGO support
EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional), 123–24, 157, 163
adaptability, 124, 139, 150
“armed nonviolence,” 139–41, 144–47, 148–49
autonomous zones, 126, 127, 154, 175
and civil society, 141–44, 148; global, 135, 139, 140–41, 143–44, 152; Mexican, 120, 125, 136, 139, 140–41, 143–44, 173
Declarations of the Lacandón Forest: First, 151–52, 153, 157; Second, 125, 142; Third, 126, 154
demands, 117–18, 150–52
effects, 118–19, 125, 136, 153, 154–55, 176–77
EPR, compared to, 119, 130, 134–39, 140, 141, 149–50, 156–57, 163, 167, 176
EPR, views of, 167, 171
frames: indigenous, 153, 154–55, 156, 159; NAFTA, 157–60, 180; neoliberal, 157–60, 180
identity, 127, 129, 152, 153, 154–55, 156, 177
ideology, 124, 152
and indigenous movements: compared to EZLN, 130, 185; international, 155–56, 169; Mexican, 119, 154, 156, 173, 185
international campaign, 141; awareness-raising, 127–39, 175; effects, 118–19, 144, 177, 186–87; structure (of NGO network), 171–75
and Internet, 117, 118, 132–33, 137–38, 144
and marketing theory, 176; exchange, with NGOs, 164–70, 171; power, relative to NGOs, 120, 180
matching, 139–58, 171, 180–81; cultural, 161–64; ethical, 139–50; organizational, 164–71; substantive, 150–61
and media, 120, 128–30, 133, 145, 154, 165–66; strategy, 136–37
and Mexican government: negotiations, 125, 141, 154, 156, 158; repression, 146–47
MOSOP, compared to, 12, 120, 139, 179–81
New Year’s Day attacks, 119, 127–30, 140
and NGOs, 118, 142; environmental, 160–61; human rights, 165–66, 171–72; social justice, 172–73; solidarity, 133–34, 144, 147–48, 169–70, 173–75
polls, 143–44
Revolutionary Laws, 141, 150–51, 153, 157, 163
romanticism, 147–48, 155, 163
and socialism, 150–51, 153, 181
and Switzerland, 160
and United States, 160, 174
violence, 139–41, 144–48
vouchers, 120, 154, 166
women, 163–64
see also Marcos, Subcomandante; Mexico; National Committee for Democracy in Mexico
Fair Trade campaign (NGO), 158
Falk, Richard, 3
Falun Gong, 41
female genital mutilation, 29
First Intercontinental Encounter for Humanity and against Neoliberalism, 135, 143, 158, 170
FLN (Fuerzas de Liberación Nacional), 123–24, 163
Flood, Andrew, 170
follower, NGO, 19, 40, 194
Forces of National Liberation, see FLN
Fox, Vicente, 127
framing, 4, 27–28, 30–33, 180–81
branding, 28, 47, 170–71
information and, 28, 181
limitations, 27, 52, 181
master frames, 28
process, 28
vagueness, 27, 152, 175, 181
see also marketing theory; matching
Fray Bartolomé Human Rights Center, 136, 171
see also Ruiz, Samuel
Free West Papua Movement, 3, 48
Friends of the Earth
and Environmental Rights Action (ERA), 109–10
as gatekeeper, 98
and MOSOP, 71, 74, 80, 86, 95
FZLN (Frente Zapatista de Liberación Nacional), 144
see also EZLN
Gandhi, Mahatma, 51
gatekeeper, NGO, 18–19, 40, 194
Geneva Global, 189
Genocide in Nigeria 68 (Saro-Wiwa),
global civil society, 2–3, 193–95
competitive nature of, 7–8, 18, 178–79, 193–95
see also civil society
Global Exchange (NGO), 24
and EZLN, 149, 174
globalization, 5, 6–7, 178–79
global justice movement, see antiglobalization movement
Goldman Environmental Prize, 87, 93, 98
Greenpeace, 39
conflict in, 71–72
and EZLN, 160
as gatekeeper, 98
and MOSOP, 71–72, 79, 83, 85, 95; decline in support for, 101
oil campaign, 71, 85
Guerrero, see EPR; Mexico
Guevara, Che, 147, 163
Habermann, Frederike, 159
Hammond, Allen L., 3
Hayden, Tom, 155
Heat of the Moment 70–71, 81–82,
human rights, 178, 193–94
economic, social and cultural rights, 29, 188, 198
NGOs, 9, 35, 39, 75
Human Rights Watch, 17, 43, 197, 198
and EZLN, 146, 165, 172
as gatekeeper, 98
and MOSOP, 91, 92, 94, 104
Human Rights Watch/Africa, see Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch/Americas, see Human Rights Watch
IFCO/Pastors for Peace, 149
Ijaw minority, 11, 55, 58, 66, 78
international campaign, 68, 94, 107, 108–10
Ijaw Youth Council (IYC), 108–9
India, ethnic movements, 6, 17, 28
indigenous peoples, 31
Institutional Revolutionary Party, see PRI
insurgents, see social movements
International Commission of Jurists, 146, 172
international conferences, 15–16, 24
international financial institutions, 49, 50
see also World Bank
International Foundation for Election Systems, 18, 37, 49
International Human Rights Law Group, 48
International Rivers Network, 18
International Service for Peace (SIPAZ), 173
Internet, 15, 25, 50, 178
effects on transnational marketing, 5, 6–7, 43
and EZLN, 117, 118, 132–33, 137–38, 144
and MOSOP, 103
Islamic movements, 30, 34
Itsekiri minority, 106–7
Jornada, La, 132, 134, 137
Kaiama Declaration, 108
see also Ijaw minority
Kashmir, 50
Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink, 3, 5, 29, 40, 176, 191
Klein, Naomi, 170
see also antiglobalization movement
Kosovo, 31–32, 36–37
Kosovo Liberation Army, 37
see also Kosovo
Kudirat Initiative for Development (KIND), 19
leadership, social movement, 46–49, 193
League for Democratic Freedom (LDK), 36
see also Kosovo
Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award, 166
MacArthur Foundation, John D. and Catherine T., 105
Malaysia, social movements, 17
Mancillas, Jorge, 145
mandar obedeciendo 142, 148,
March for Indigenous Dignity, 117, 127, 135, 137, 170
Marcos, Subcomandante
charisma, 162–63
and EPR, 167
identity, 126, 162
image-making, 161–62, 163
and “personality cult,” 162
role, in EZLN, 124, 161–64, 193
and violence, 140–41
writings, 131, 133, 161, 171
see also EZLN
marketing theory, 4–6, 192
and altruism, 14, 22–23, 42, 179, 192
compared to other theories, 5, 6–8, 29, 191
overdetermination, 9, 192
scope, 11, 12–13, 191–92
strategic elements, 5, 23–41, 43, 51–52, 192; awareness-raising, 23, 179–80; matching, 26–41, 180–81
structural elements, 43–51, 52–53; movement characteristics, 43–49; opponent characteristics, 49–51
see also awareness-raising; framing; matching; vouching
market, NGO support
demand, for NGO support, 5, 9, 17–18, 179
exchange, 5, 14–15, 20–22
information in, 28, 40, 52, 103, 108, 181
moral hazard, 184
need, of movements and NGOs, in, 20–22
power in, 5, 20–22, 75–76, 77, 120, 190, 192
supply, of NGO support, 5, 9, 15–18, 179
taming, 187–91
value, of movements and NGOs, in, 20–22
winner-take-all aspects, 186
see also marketing theory
matching
cultural, 33–34; EZLN, 161–64; MOSOP, 73, 74–75, 107–8
ethical, 35–37, 101–2; EZLN, 139–50; MOSOP, 77, 106–7; nonviolence, 35–36; violence, 36
mutuality of, 27, 175–76, 193–94
organizational, 37–41, 164–65; EZLN, 164–71; MOSOP, 71, 73–74, 75, 77, 87–88, 102–4, 165
substantive, 28–33; EZLN, 150–61; MOSOP, 71–73, 77, 85–86, 91, 101–2
tactical, 34–35; MOSOP, 72
see also framing; marketing theory
matchmaker, NGO, 19, 173, 194
media
and EZLN, 128–30, 133, 134–35, 145, 154, 164, 165–66
and MOSOP, 70–71, 81–82, 83, 84, 86, 94
in transnational marketing, 8, 25–26, 120
Menchú, Rigoberta, 39, 46, 166, 167, 185
Méndez, Juan, 146
Mennonite Central Committee, 149
methodology, 9–12, 191
case selection, 10–11
comparative method, 9, 11–12
interviews, 201–3
Mexico
Acteal massacre, 126
Aguas Blancas massacre, 125, 130, 167
Article 27, Constitution, 121, 123, 132, 155, 157, 159
cease-fire (1994), 125
Chiapas, conditions in, 120–24
effects of EZLN on, 118–19, 144, 176–77
environmental policy, 161
expulsion of foreign observers, 136
Guerrero, conditions in, 124–25, 150
Indians of, 121, 123, 130, 185
negotiations, with EZLN, 125, 126, 154, 156, 158
policy, toward EZLN, 129, 135–36, 139, 145, 154, 159
public opinion polls, 136
visa policy, 136
see also San Andrés Accords; names of country’s leaders
Mexico Solidarity Network (MSN), 149, 174
Meyer, Carrie, 16
Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, 165–66
Mitee, Ledum, 102
monos blancos 117, 134,
Montes Azules International Biosphere and Ecological Reserve, 161
moral hazard, 184
MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People), 62–63, 82
autonomy demands, 64–65, 66, 67, 100, 111
awareness-raising, NGO, 67–71, 101, 110, 179–80
EZLN, compared to, 12, 120, 179–81
factionalism, 63, 64, 93, 102–4
frames: environmental, 80–90, 180, 181; human rights, 90–92; indigenous frame, 84, 89
genocide claim, 72, 89, 90
grievances, 58–60, 61, 62, 78
and indigenous rights movement, international, 73, 100, 185
international campaign, 65–67, 90–91, 95; effects, 88, 111–16, 182–83; failures, 67, 71–76, 101–4; structure (of NGO network), 96–99; successes, 67, 112–15
and Internet, 103
and marketing theory: competition, NGO, 95; exchange, with NGOs, 77, 85; power, relative to NGOs, 75–76, 77, 180
matching, 110, 180–81
and media, 70–71, 81–82, 83, 84, 86, 94
and Niger Delta minorities, 66, 70, 78–79, 104, 112; compared to, 68–71, 104–10
Nigerian campaign, 65–66, 78–79, 82, 108
and Nigerian democracy movement, 100–1
nonviolence, 83, 106, 148–49
Ogoni Day march, 69, 82, 83–84, 88
repression of, 79, 92–93
romanticism, 89, 94–95
and Shell, Royal Dutch/, 81, 82–83, 84–86, 89–90, 180
and vouchers, 74, 98
see also Ogoni minority; Ogoni Bill of Rights; Saro-Wiwa, Kenule; specific NGO allies
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, see MOSOP
movements, see social movements
multinational corporations, 32, 49, 199
see also Body Shop; Shell, Royal Dutch/
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 123, 153–54, 157–60
National Committee for Democracy in Mexico (NCDM), 133, 135, 147, 164
National Democratic Convention (EZLN), 126, 135, 142–43, 154, 156
National Indigenous Congress, 156
National Youth Council of Ogoni People (NYCOP), 63, 66
see also MOSOP
NCDM (National Committee for Democracy in Mexico), 133, 135, 147, 164
“netwar,” 138
see also Internet, and EZLN
networks, see transnational networks
New York Times 145, 166,
NGO Coordination for Peace (CONPAZ), 149, 169, 172
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
bandwagoning, 40–41, 94–95, 99, 188
competition among, 18, 28–29, 95
definition, 2, 8, 14; advocacy, 8–9, 37–38; solidarity, 8–9, 37–38
hierarchies among, 21–22
organizational needs, 26–27, 37–41
power, relative to movements, 20–22, 75–76, 77, 120, 190
as principled actors, 3, 9, 14, 22–23, 37, 42; limitation as analytic concept, 5, 7, 14–15, 42
proliferation, 17
resources, 17–18, 186
roles, in transnational networks, 18–20; follower, 19, 40, 194; gatekeeper, 18–19, 40, 194; matchmaker, 19, 173, 194; voucher, 40, 194
as strategic actors, 5, 14–15, 21–22, 184, 186
see also global civil society; NGO support; transnational networks; specific NGO names
NGO support, for social movements
advantages to movement, 4, 8
benefits to NGO, 14–15, 41
costs to NGO, 37–41
defined, 8
disadvantages to movement, 6, 184–86, 193–94
effects of, 181–86, 187, 189
exchange aspects, 5, 14–15, 20–22
maintaining, 41–42
measuring, 10
reforms to, 187–88
selection process, 21–22, 76, 187–88, 197
see also global civil society; NGOs; transnational networks
Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), 115
Niger Delta minorities (non-Ogoni), 55, 56–58, 78–79
grievances, 58–60, 61, 62
international campaigns, 68, 104–10
and MOSOP, 66, 70, 78–79, 104, 112; compared to, 68–71, 104–10
national convention, demand for, 78, 102
protests, 62, 78–79, 104–10
violence, 107
see also Etche minority; Ijaw minority; Itsekiri minority; Ogoni minority
Niger Delta Republic, 58
Nigeria
Biafran Civil War, 25–26, 58
colonial period, 56–58
democracy movement, 100–1
election (1993), 78, 92
Mobile Police Force, 70
National Constitutional Conference (1994–95), 114
national convention, demand for, 78, 102
oil production, 59–60, 61; revenue distribution, 59–61, 102, 114–15
repression, of MOSOP, 79, 92–93
sanctions against, 99
shari’a law, death sentence case, 185
state creation, 58–59, 66, 114
Treason and Treasonable Offenses Decree (1993), 79, 115
Umuechem massacre, 70, 81, 89
see also Niger Delta minorities; names of country’s leaders
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 59, 61
Niger River Delta minorities, see Niger Delta minorities
nongovernmental organizations, see NGOs
nonviolence
EZLN, 139–41, 144–47, 148–49
as social movement tactic, 35–37, 51
North American Free Trade Agreement, see NAFTA
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 102, 105
Ogoni Bill of Rights 64–66, 84,
Addendum 67, 68,
Ogoni Day march, 69, 82, 83–84, 88
Ogoni minority, 54–55, 62–63, 68
autonomy demands, 56–58, 64–65, 66, 67, 100, 111
in Biafran Civil War, 58, 63
oil production in territory, 59, 61
pollution in territory, 61, 84
see also MOSOP; National Youth Council of Ogoni People
Ogoni Nation Today and Tomorrow 63 (Saro-Wiwa),
Ogoni Nine, 99, 102
Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Corporation (OMPADEC), 60, 114
Olesen, Thomas, 143, 148, 174
Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), 123, 124, 142, 167, 168
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 123
Party of the Democratic Revolution, see PRD
Pastors for Peace, 149
Paulson, Justin, 132
Peltier, Leonard, 155
Physicians for Human Rights, 146
political opportunity structure, 16–17, 41
see also social movement theory
Popular Revolutionary Army, see EPR
power
and EZLN, 120, 180
in marketing theory, 5, 20–22, 190, 192
and MOSOP, 75–76, 77, 180
see also marketing theory; market, NGO support
von Praag, Michael Van Walt, 76
see also Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
PRD (Partido de la Revolución Democrática), 123, 124, 142, 167, 168
PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional), 123
see also Mexico
prizes, international, in movement campaigns, 33, 44, 99, 109, 166
see also specific prizes
Project Underground, 101
Rainforest Action Group (London), 82, 83
Right Livelihood Award, 93, 98
Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Conference, 68
see also Ijaw minority
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, 166
Roddick, Anita, 97
see also Body Shop
Rodriguez, Cecilia, 147, 164
see also National Committee for Democracy in Mexico
Royal Dutch/Shell,
environmental impacts, in Nigeria, 88
human rights issues, in Nigeria, 88–89, 113
lawsuit against, Ogoni, 100
and MOSOP: responses to, 82, 86–87, 102, 113–14; as target of, 56, 81, 82–83, 84–86, 89–90
Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC), 59
Rugova, Ibrahim, 36
see also Kosovo
Ruiz, Samuel, 123, 154, 161, 166–67, 171
see also Fray Bartolomé Human Rights Center
San Andrés Accords, 126, 127, 154, 156
Saro-Wiwa, Kenule
arrests, 79, 93
background, 63–64, 69–70
and Biafran Civil War, 63
charisma, 70, 101
devotion to Ogoni cause, 70
execution, 54, 99, 100, 113; effects on MOSOP, 101
family, 69, 102 (see also Wiwa, Ken; Wiwa, Owens)
Genocide in Nigeria 68,
Goldman Environmental Prize, 87, 93, 98
international activism, 72, 73, 74
Month and a Day 201,
and Niger Delta minorities (non-Ogoni), 70, 104
Nigeria, attitude toward, 64–65, 67
nonviolence, 106
Ogoni Nation Today and Tomorrow 63,
as Ogoni nationalist, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 82, 87, 89
oil drilling, attitude toward, 89
public relations skills, 69–70, 74
role, in MOSOP, 64, 70, 108, 185, 193
Shell, Royal Dutch/, attitude toward, 81
standing, international, 69
training, UNPO, 181
wealth, 68
Savimbi, Jonas, 32
Schattschneider, E. E., 17
Selvakumar, Tharmalingam, 35
Service Employees International Union, 174
Shell Oil, see Royal Dutch/Shell
Shell Petroleum Development Corporation, see Royal Dutch/Shell
Sierra Club, 19, 197, 198–99
and EZLN, 160
and MOSOP, 85, 87, 95, 98, 113; cultural matching, 107; ethical matching, 107; factionalism, 104; and Niger Delta minorities, 107, 109; organizational matching, 104
Sikkink, Kathryn, see Keck, Margaret
SIPAZ (International Service for Peace), 173
social movements
branding, 28, 47, 170–71
competition, for NGO support, 4–5, 7–8, 42–43
contacts, with NGO gatekeepers, 44
definition, 8
demand, for NGO support, 7, 15–17; indicators, 15–17; reasons, 4, 8, 16–17, 183
domestic conflicts of, 17, 23
exchange, with NGOs, 5, 14–15, 20–22
inequalities among, 5, 21–22, 34, 38, 43–47, 51, 193
knowledge, 44–45
leadership, 46–49, 193
legitimacy, 39–40, 74
marketing, 5–6, 23–43
opponents’ marketing against, 7, 33, 36
power, relative to NGOs, 20–22, 75–76, 77, 120, 190
and repression, 51
resources: monetary, 45; organizational, 45–46
standing, international, 43–44
Web sites, 6, 15–16, 25
see also marketing theory; matching
social movement theory
certification, 18
cooptation, 184
issue-attention cycle, 42
political opportunity structure, 16–17, 41
repression, 51
venue shifting, 50
see also framing
social problems
construction, 29
preexisting structure, 29–30
solidarity networks, see transnational networks
Sophie Prize, 109
Soyinke, Wole, 100
spectacle, 26, 46, 51
EZLN, 120, 128–29, 135
MOSOP, 93–94
Stoll, David, 39
Stone, Oliver, 162
Subcomandante Marcos, see Marcos, Subcomandante
Sudan, 3, 50
Darfur, 50
Sudan People’s Liberation Army, 6, 21, 26
Sun Yat Sen, 24
supply, of NGO support, 5, 9, 15–18, 179
see also marketing theory; market, NGO support
support, see NGO support
Survival International
and MOSOP, 73, 95
Thomas, George M., 45
Tiananmen Square protests, 51
Tibet, 1, 41, 76, 186
Dalai Lama, 1, 28
Tompkins, Doug, 76
Torricelli, Robert, 158
Toscani, Oliviero, 170
transnational advocacy networks (TANs), see transnational networks
transnational civil society, see global civil society
transnational networks, 2–3, 179
power relations, 5, 20–22, 190, 192, 193–94; EZLN network, 120, 164–71, 180; MOSOP network, 75–76, 77, 180
structure, 96–99, 171–75, 193–94
transnational advocacy networks (TANs), 2–3, 37–38; defined, 8–9
transnational solidarity networks, 37–38; compared to Diaspora networks, 9; defined, 8–9; mutual solidarity, 143
(see also Olesen, Thomas)
transnational support, see NGO support
Uighurs, 1, 24–25
Umuechem massacre, 70, 81, 89
Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC), 149
United Colors of Benetton, 170
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO), 76, 181
and MOSOP, 76–77, 80, 91, 96–98, 108
as NGO matchmaker, 97
nonviolence, 106
as solidarity supporter, 96
training, 47–48, 97, 181
Untouchables (India), 6, 28
Uyghur Information Agency, 24–25
Uyghurs, 1, 24–25
Vienna Human Rights Conference (1993), 79, 92
vouching, 18, 40, 74, 98
EZLN, 154, 167
MOSOP, 74, 98
Werror, Moses, 3
see also Free West Papua Movement
Wiwa, Ken, 70, 89, 99
Wiwa, Owens, 102
women’s movement, 29, 33
Workers Rights Consortium, 197, 199–200
Working Group on Indigenous Populations (United Nations), 76, 81
World Bank, 50, 61
World Conference on Human Rights (1993), 79, 92
World Council of Churches, 87, 93
World Social Forums, 148
see also antiglobalization movement
Xi’Nich (Ant) March, 130
¡Ya Basta! Web site,
Zapatista Army of National Liberation, see EZLN
Zapatista Front of National Liberation, see FZLN
Zapatisas, see EZLN
Zapatour, see March for Indigenous Dignity
Zedillo, Ernesto, 126, 131, 144
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