How Voters Decide

Index

Abelson, Robert P., 25

Abramowitz, Alan I., 185

Abramson, Paul R., 42, 85, 177

Aldrich, John H., 28, 42, 94, 177, 185

Alvarez, Michael, 185

Alexander, Herbert E., 87

Allison, Graham T., 9, 13

American National Election Studies (ANES), 10, 11, 66–68, 75, 83–85, 106, 107, 163, 166, 176, 187, 188, 204, 208–211, 232, 288, 290

American Voter, The (Michigan Model), 5, 9–12, 159, 219, 223, 275

Anderson, John R., 23, 25, 37

Anderson, Norman, 310

Arrow, Kenneth J., 6, 16

Bargh, John A., 212

Bartels, Larry M., 14, 28, 89, 94, 185, 229, 230

Bassili, John N., 290

Behavioral decision theory (BDT), 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 39, 43, 49, 71, 114, 119, 256, 265, 272, 274

Belmore, Susan M., 310

Bennett, W. Lance, 73

Berleson, Bernard R., 48, 49, 72, 73

Bettman, James R., 29, 38, 39

Bhaskar, Roy, 225

Biggs, Stanley F., 38, 39

Billings, Robert S., 30, 38, 161

Bockenholt, Ulf, 39

Bower, Gordon H., 25

Brady, Henry E., 26, 28, 166, 232

Buchanan, Bruce, 225

Burnham, Walter Dean, 73

Bush, (President) George H., 86, 291

Bush, (President) George W., 4, 5, 9, 13, 67, 84, 86, 158, 168, 187

Bystrom, Dianne G., 131

campaign factors, 23, 38–40, 90, 149, 151, 210, 211

campaign scenario, 291, 296

campaign simulation, 18, 55, 58, 284, 287

Campbell, Angus, 9, 10, 72, 159, 224

candidate evaluation/affect, 19, 22, 25, 26, 36, 41, 43, 46, 49, 51, 78, 122, 123, 134, 135, 153, 157–159, 162, 166, 167, 171, 175, 176, 180–182, 192, 193, 202, 204, 227, 233, 258, 260, 261, 311

Cantor, Nancy, 26

Carmines, Edward G., 12, 28

Carroll, John S., 49

Chase, William G., 37

Clinton, (President) Bill, 4, 11, 58, 67, 86, 291–293

cognitive dissonance theory, 11, 77, 275

cognitive limits, 14, 18, 24, 25, 30, 43–45, 102, 104, 212, 215, 220, 224, 229, 245, 269

cognitively limited information processors, 14, 23, 33, 40, 73

cognitive psychology, 73, 220, 230

cognitive short-cuts (See also heuristics), 25, 28

commensurable outcomes, 31, 270, 272

confirmatory decision making (See also Model 2), 8, 45, 219, 260, 275, 276, 303

conflict avoidance (avoiding value tradeoffs, goal conflicts), 27, 30, 31, 45, 178, 267, 272, 274

Connolly, William E., 75

Conover, Pamela J., 12, 26, 232, 233

construct validity, 75

Converse, Philip E., 9, 10, 14, 72, 162, 224, 246, 275

Corrado, Anthony, 87

correct voting (voting correctly/ decision quality), 15, 16, 19, 39, 41, 74, 82, 84, 88, 134, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 217, 221, 249, 250, 258, 259

   In recent U.S. presidential elections, 84–87, 89, 203, 204, 208–210, 263

   “Kitchen sink” measure of, 214, 216, 221

   Normative-naive measure of, 77, 81, 202–204, 213, 221

Crawford, Mary E., 131

Czerlinski, Jean, 40

Dahl, Robert A., 60, 73, 75

Davis, Otto A., 6, 28

Dawes, Robyn M., 6, 80, 308

decision making (decision maker), 5–15, 17–19, 21–25, 27–41, 43–46, 49–51, 55, 61, 65, 66, 71, 80, 105, 108, 110–114, 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, 131, 133–136, 144, 147, 150, 159, 161, 182, 185, 190, 204, 205, 212, 213, 215, 217, 219, 220, 222–226, 229–231, 237, 239, 246, 247, 252, 255, 257, 259–262, 264, 265, 267–272, 274–277, 282, 287, 298, 299, 303, 304

decision scripts, 299–305

decision (making) strategy, 14, 16–19, 25, 27, 29–36, 38–46, 49, 51, 52, 58, 74, 78, 85, 89, 90, 95, 99, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 113–119, 121, 129–131, 135, 140, 142–144, 148–150, 153, 158, 160, 161, 169, 172–174, 177–179, 181, 185, 191, 192, 194–200, 204, 212–221, 223–226, 228, 231, 241, 242, 246–251, 257–262, 265, 269, 270, 272, 274–277, 292, 297, 299–304

   Additive difference rule (AddDif) (see also Model 1d), 114, 268, 269, 277, 301

   compensatory decision/strategy, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 43, 44, 101, 110, 131, 136–140, 159, 172, 215, 268, 270–272, 275, 301, 303

   confirmatory decision making (see also Model 2), 8, 45, 219, 260, 275, 276, 303

   definition of, 30

   elimination-by-aspects (EBA) (see also Model 4d), 114, 257, 272–274, 277

   Expected Utility (EU) (see also Model 1d), 265, 267

   operationalizing, 35–37, 113–117

   noncompensatory decision, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43, 44, 52, 131, 139, 143, 212, 215, 217, 257, 272, 274

   predicting choice of, 129–131, 136–140, 142, 143, 150

   satisficing (see also Model 2c), 8, 52, 114, 147, 196, 212, 226, 257, 272–274, 277, 305

   take the few best rule (FEWBEST) (see also Model 3), 270, 271

   weighted additive (Wadd) (see also Model 1c), 114, 265, 267–270, 277

Delli Carpini, Michael, 72, 75, 231, 246

democracy, 3, 15, 16, 72–74, 88, 153, 202, 213, 259, 263, 264

Democrat/Democratic (Party), 3–5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 19, 27, 37, 41, 42, 55, 56, 58–61, 68, 85, 93–96, 115, 116, 123, 124, 140, 145, 166, 167, 169, 176, 177, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193, 196, 231, 263, 266, 267, 276, 277, 284, 288, 289, 292–294, 298, 299, 301–305, 310

democratic theory, 72–74, 76, 88, 263

Downs, Anthony/Downsian, 5–7, 75

dynamic information board, 55, 63, 94, 112, 113, 237, 279–285, 291, 301

dynamic process tracing, 17, 18, 53, 55, 59, 287

economics/economists/economic theory/economic issues, 6, 8, 12, 15, 22, 24, 56, 57, 60, 75, 102, 220, 221, 225, 226, 231, 233, 255, 267, 297

(economic) rational choice theory (see rational choice theory)

education, 5, 19, 37, 47, 63, 65, 74, 119, 122–129, 131–135, 150, 151, 179, 180, 189, 191, 194, 197, 205, 208, 211, 214, 216, 233, 240–242, 247, 248, 266, 274, 289, 300, 301, 304, 305

Einhorn, Hillel J., 39

election campaign (see also political campaign), 16–19, 28, 44, 47, 48, 52, 54, 55, 58, 61, 63–65, 71, 76, 79, 82, 83, 87, 90, 93, 94, 99–105, 108–111, 113–115, 117, 119, 124, 128, 130–132, 135, 136, 138–144, 148, 151, 162, 163, 171, 182, 184, 186, 187, 197, 203, 204, 207, 209, 211, 213–216, 218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 227, 234, 235, 237, 239, 242, 243, 245–250, 256, 259, 263, 279, 283, 284, 290–294, 296, 300, 302, 303, 308, 309

Enelow, James M., 6

Ericsson, K. Anders, 49

experiments (as a research design), 59–62

   Experimental manipulations (in general), 60–62, 151, 203, 205, 223, 238, 248, 290, 295

     campaign resources manipulation, 19, 90, 144–147, 149

     campaign tone manipulation, 61

     candidate gender manipulation, 61, 298

     chosen/rejected candidate manipulation, 19, 143, 144, 151, 168–172, 207

     ideological distinctiveness manipulation, 19, 61, 90, 135, 138–140, 148, 207–211, 216, 245, 246

     nature (tone) of general election ads manipulation, 19

     nonstereotypic candidate manipulation, 19, 140–143, 207

     number of candidate manipulation, 19, 76, 90, 96, 108, 109, 119, 136–138, 150, 206, 209, 210, 214, 219, 240, 244, 245, 250; two-candidate condition, 96, 99, 114, 136, 137, 139, 144, 145, 147, 148, 161, 185, 189, 202, 203, 206, 215, 217–219, 245, 246, 250,

experiments (cont.) 299, 301, 303; four-candidate condition, 76, 81, 98, 109, 111, 136–138, 144–148, 161, 176, 185, 186, 189, 191, 202, 203, 207, 218, 226, 240, 245, 249, 250, 304

     static-dynamic manipulation, 240–243

     timing of campaign ads manipulation, 19, 90, 147, 148

experimental procedures, 50, 59–62, 76–78, 133, 134, 287–298

experimental realism, 62–65

experimental subjects, 65, 66, 287, 288

external validity (generalizability), 18, 62–64, 66, 79, 149, 209, 256

fast and frugal decision making (see also Model 3, FEWBEST decision rule), 8, 12, 13, 31, 45, 172, 173, 196, 198, 212, 215, 217, 219, 225, 226, 257, 260, 270, 271, 304

Feldman, Stanley, 26, 232, 233

Festinger, Leon, 11

Fiorina, Morris P., 7, 34, 53, 73

Fischer, Gregory W., 39, 161

Fischhoff, Baruch, 28

Fishman, Mark, 73

Fiske, Susan T., 24, 26, 73, 232

Ford, Kevin J., 30

framing effects, 287

Frank, Thomas, 75

Franklin, Mark N., 263

Friedman, Milton, 225

funnel of causality, 10

Gans, Herbert, 73

gender

   of voters, 10, 19, 37, 90, 119, 124–127, 129–133, 135, 150, 151, 179, 180, 189, 191, 194, 197, 208, 211, 214–216, 231, 233, 240, 241, 288, 289, 298

   of candidates (see also candidate gender manipulation), 26, 61, 124, 298

Geva, Nehemia, 13, 51, 226, 277

Gigerenzer, Gerd, 7, 13, 28, 40, 226, 270, 272

Gilbert, Daniel T., 158

Goldstein, Daniel G., 28, 40, 226

Gore, Al, 4, 67, 86, 187, 293, 294

Graber, Doris A., 32, 49

Hamill, Ruth, 26, 232, 233

Hastie, Reid, 6, 19, 42, 158

Hempel, Carl G., 225

Herstein, John A., 51–53

heuristics, 8, 14, 25–29, 32, 37, 38, 44, 45, 53, 74, 88, 89, 94, 121, 207, 213, 226, 228–252, 257, 258, 270, 272

   affect referral, 28, 231

   availability, 26–28, 213

   anchoring and adjustment, 26, 27

   decomposition, 27, 28

   editing, 27, 29

   endorsement (group) heuristic, 28, 58, 63, 78, 79, 95, 96, 100, 102, 104, 108, 109, 111, 121, 125–128, 142, 164, 187, 188, 231, 232, 235–242, 244–247, 250, 257, 279, 283–285, 290, 291, 293, 302–304, 307, 308

   familiarity, 28, 45, 135, 231

   habit, 28, 42, 72, 231

   ideology schema, 26, 58, 121, 231–233, 235, 238–242, 244, 248, 250, 257

   operationalizing/measuring heuristics, 231–240

   party schema, 233, 238, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250

   person schema/stereotypes, 26, 44, 231, 233, 234

   representativeness, 26, 27

   schema-based (category-based) inferences, 26, 34, 298

   viability (candidate), 28, 185, 232, 234, 238, 239, 241, 244, 247, 249, 263

   when employed, 238–246

Hinich, Melvin J., 6

Hogarth, Robin M., 29, 31, 161

Huang, Li-Ning, 52

Huntington, Samuel P., 73

ideal world (for decision making, of static information board), 16, 53, 111, 227, 243, 276, 299–304

importance weights, 27, 29, 78, 83, 165, 265–269, 274, 275, 296, 309–311

in-party candidate, 34, 45, 76, 95– 101, 108–111, 136, 144–148, 166–168, 172, 185, 195, 198, 199, 207, 240–242, 258, 260, 275, 276, 300–305

information board (static; see also dynamic information board), 49–54, 94, 108, 111, 112, 182, 227, 237, 243, 244, 246, 282, 299, 301

   shortcomings of, for studying voting, 52, 53

information processing, 15, 17–21, 23, 25, 30, 36, 37 40, 41, 43, 45, 62, 64, 71, 80, 88–90, 93, 96, 104, 117, 118, 119–153, 157, 159, 182, 184, 187, 189, 190, 192–197, 200, 202, 204, 209, 212, 215, 223, 227, 228, 232, 238, 239, 255, 257, 258, 260, 262, 264, 271, 277, 279, 295

information search, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 26, 27, 29, 31–33, 35, 36, 40, 43, 50, 52, 53, 89, 96, 97, 99, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 117, 121, 123–126, 136–141, 143–147, 149, 151, 153, 157, 158, 161, 164, 172–174, 177, 181, 182, 184, 193, 196, 200, 201, 204, 212, 213, 215, 217, 221, 226, 230, 231, 240, 247, 248, 256–258, 272, 273, 275, 276, 284, 298, 301, 309

   comparability/equality of search (across alternatives), 18, 33, 41, 108, 110, 111, 113–116, 128, 130, 136, 138, 143, 215, 226

   content/type of search, 32, 102–104, 125, 126, 141, 143

     group endorsements, 95, 96, 102, 108, 111, 125–128, 142, 164, 187, 232, 235–237, 241, 245–247, 284, 291, 307, 308

     hoopla and horserace, 102, 303, 304

     issue (policy) information, 5, 8, 12–14, 51, 54, 56, 57, 64, 76–78, 84, 102, 121, 124, 135, 140, 142, 144–147, 149, 157, 164, 177, 178, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 197, 202, 207, 229, 239, 240, 262, 263, 267, 279, 283, 296, 297, 307, 308

     party information (candidate’s party affiliation), 11, 32, 45, 58, 64, 85, 94, 96, 102, 104, 115, 116, 195–198, 203, 223, 233, 235, 238, 239, 241–243, 257, 260, 268, 275, 276, 284, 299–305

     person/background/personality/ information, 19, 22, 37, 40, 47, 56–58, 63, 78, 102, 112, 118, 119, 121, 125, 127, 164, 187, 188, 191, 194, 197, 233, 239, 257, 274, 276, 279, 297, 298, 301, 307, 308

     polls (viability information), 48, 58, 63, 96, 109, 111, 234, 235, 241, 245–247, 279, 283–285, 305

   depth/amount of search, 8, 18, 33, 36, 39, 40, 44, 46, 108–110, 113–116, 126, 128, 130–133, 136, 138, 141, 143, 145–147,

information search (cont.) 151, 152, 215, 220, 258, 259, 261, 301

   sequence of Search, 18, 34, 35, 44, 112–114, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 138, 142, 143, 151, 152

     alternative-based (holistic) search, 34, 35, 37, 39, 114

     attribute-based (Dimensional) search, 35–37, 39, 104, 114, 213

     haphazard search, 35, 41

     systematic search, 110, 113, 152, 215

internal validity, 18, 62, 63

Internet (see also WWW), 53, 261–263

intuitive (heuristic-based) decision making (see also Model 4), 8, 13–15, 45, 88, 226, 230, 234, 247, 258, 260, 272

Jacobson, Gary C., 135

Jacoby, Jacob, 34, 38, 50, 212

Janis, Irvine L., 225, 275

Jervis, Robert, 13

Johnson, Eric J., 29, 38, 39, 49, 161

Johnson, Michael D., 34

Johnson, Mitzi M.S., 51, 124

judgment/evaluation (as distinct from decision making), 6, 8, 12, 14, 25–31, 34, 39, 41–43, 65, 73, 74, 80, 120, 157–183, 187, 221, 226, 227, 229, 233, 239

Just, Marion R., 49

Kahneman, Daniel, 25, 26, 28, 74

Keller, Kevin L., 38

Kelley, Stanley, Jr., 51, 159, 275, 310

Kerry, John, 4, 5, 9, 13, 158, 168

Kerstholt, Jose H., 212

Key, V. O., Jr., viii

Kinder, Donald R., 60, 64, 246

Klayman, J., 37, 38

Kuklinski, James H., 26, 28, 229, 232, 233

Lakatos, Imre, 225

Lau, Richard R., 26, 28, 29, 38, 41, 47, 53, 73, 85, 89, 135, 176, 233, 238, 264, 269, 295, 309, 311

Lazarsfeld, Paul F., 48, 49, 72, 73

Levy, Jack S., 13

Lewin, Kurt, 60, 264

limited information processors, 14, 23, 33, 40, 73

Lindberg, Eric, 40

Lindblom, Charles E., 73

Lippmann, Walter, 75

Lodge, Milton, 11, 24, 26, 49, 105, 134, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 172, 181, 227, 232, 233, 310

Lupia, Arthur, 7, 25, 53, 226

MacDonald, Paul K., 225

Malhotra, Naresh K., 38

Mansbridge, Jane J., 75

Marcus, George E., 143, 233

Markus, Gregory B., 10, 275

McDermott, Rose, 60

McGraw, Kathleen M., 49, 105, 158, 163

McKelvey, Richard D., 234

Meehl, Paul E., 80

memory, 4, 6, 8, 18, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, 90, 102, 104–107, 119, 122, 132–134, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149–152, 157–160, 162–166, 169–173, 175, 177–184, 187, 190–194, 197–200, 204, 205, 216, 222, 223, 227, 233, 239, 240, 258, 261, 294, 296, 312

   accuracy of memory, 40, 46, 107, 132–134, 150–152, 182, 222, 224, 227, 261

   affective memory, 163, 165, 166, 169, 192, 198, 261

   amount (quantity) of memory (total memory), 40, 44, 104, 133, 151, 152

   effect on candidate evaluation, 157–163, 165, 166, 169–172, 175, 177–183

   effect on correct voting, 204, 205, 216, 222, 223, 227

   effect on the vote choice, 184, 190–194, 197–200

   long-term memory, 23, 24, 35

   memory-based processing, 24, 159, 194

   short-term memory (STM), 23, 24, 49

   working memory, 35, 49

Michigan Model (Michigan tradition), see The American Voter

Miller, Arthur H., 26

Miller, George A., 23

Miller, Warren E., 9, 10, 12, 72, 159, 224, 275

Mills, Charles W., 73

Mintz, Alex, 13, 51, 226, 277

Mischel, Walter, 26

Model 1 (see also rational choice), 6–8, 10–16, 21, 24, 25, 31, 33, 36, 41, 43, 45, 46, 96, 101, 113, 114, 116, 121, 129–131, 133, 134, 136–138, 140, 143, 148, 149, 159, 162, 172–174, 178, 179, 191, 194, 196–200, 212–217, 219–221, 224–226, 247, 249, 257–260, 265, 268, 275, 276, 300, 301

Model 2 (see also confirmatory decision making), 8–12, 14, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36, 45, 46, 101, 113, 115–117, 131, 136, 138, 159, 162, 172, 173, 179, 180, 191, 194, 196, 197, 213–217, 219, 221, 223–225, 247–249, 259, 260, 274–276, 302, 303

Model 3 (see also fast and frugal decision making), 8, 12, 13, 22, 31, 33, 36, 41, 45, 46, 101, 113, 117, 122, 131, 136, 137, 172, 173, 179, 191, 194, 196–198, 212–217, 219, 224–226, 231, 247, 249, 257, 259, 260, 270, 271, 303, 304

Model 4 (see also intuitive decision making), 8, 13–15, 22, 31, 33, 36, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 101, 113, 114, 117, 122, 129–131, 138, 159, 172, 173, 179, 191, 194, 196, 197, 198, 212–217, 219, 224–226, 231, 247–249, 257–260, 272, 273, 304, 305

Mondak, Jeffrey J., 28

motivated reasoning, 24, 275

motivations for decision making, 8, 13, 14, 24, 25, 73, 77, 88, 136, 177, 204, 223, 224, 275

   making a good decision, 14, 29, 45, 140, 204, 227, 260

   making an easy decision, 14, 45, 140, 204, 260

Mueller, John E., 160

Munger, Michael C., 6

Mutz, Diana C., 234

nature of the decision (perceived), 23, 38–40, 135, 205, 256, 257

   difficulty of choice (perceived), 39, 40, 54, 61, 135, 151, 152, 164, 203, 205, 207–209, 214, 216–218, 223, 243, 246, 257, 258, 296

   importance of choice, 8

Nicholson, Stephen P., 230, 232

Nie, Norman H., 10

Nisbett, Richard E., 49, 74

noncomparable alternatives (noncomparable information sets), 34, 159, 164, 178

Norman, Donald A., 105

normative (orientation/standards), 6, 9, 15–17, 41, 72, 73, 77–83, 85, 89, 153, 159, 202–204, 212, 213, 221, 225, 265

   normative-naive measure of correct voting (see also correct voting), 77, 81, 202–204, 213, 221

Olshavsky, Richard W., 38

on-line model of candidate evaluation (Stony Brook Model), 17, 78, 105, 134, 157–160, 162–166, 169–173, 175–182, 184, 188, 190–197, 199, 200, 204, 222, 227, 258, 307–312

   constructing (calculating), 78, 178, 267, 307–312

   evaluation counter, 175, 176, 178, 307–312

out-party candidate, 179, 196–199, 207, 236, 241, 304, 305

Page, Benjamin I., 73, 246

paradox of the expert, 38

party identification (PID), 8–11, 51, 53, 54, 68, 69, 78, 85, 116, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 185, 189, 190, 193–197, 205, 209, 211, 214, 216, 223, 241, 255, 267, 275, 276, 288–290, 307, 308

   partisan (political) predispositions, 13, 22, 122, 123, 126, 131, 133, 135, 200, 203

   strength of party identification, 68, 69, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 189–191, 205, 208, 209, 211, 214, 216, 223, 241

Party voter (see also Model 2), 9, 11, 85, 176, 177, 197

Patterson, Thomas E., 49

Payne, John W., 29, 38–40

political advertisements (ads), 61, 64, 90, 94, 107, 111, 135, 144, 145, 147–149, 233, 234, 239, 256, 297, 300–305

political attitudes (pretest) questionnaire, 77, 166, 187, 232, 290, 296, 308, 309, 311

political campaign, 7, 11, 17, 18, 41, 51–53, 64, 68, 97, 108, 135, 153, 255, 262, 279, 294, 299

political campaign (mock)/candidates, 18, 31, 55–59, 61, 63, 65, 75, 76, 79, 90, 93, 100, 102, 114, 119, 135, 148, 149, 200, 231, 256, 287, 290–293, 295–298

political expertise/sophistication, 19, 22, 23, 37, 38, 40, 52, 67, 90, 118–127, 129–133, 135, 149–151, 203–211, 214, 216, 217, 219, 223, 231, 239–248, 250, 257, 290, 298

political predispositions (see partisan predispositions)

political psychology, 19, 60, 226

political science (model)/political scientists, 3, 5–7, 10–12, 14, 16, 20, 21 23, 24, 32, 48, 49, 56, 59, 60, 65, 72, 89, 94, 115, 157–159, 162, 185, 202, 223, 224, 226, 229, 230, 233, 238, 246, 255, 258, 266, 274, 308

Pomper, Gerald M., 84

Popkin, Samuel L., 7, 13, 226, 229, 230, 310

Popper, Karl, 225

presidential election campaign

   primary campaign, 58, 94, 95, 97–99, 102, 104, 108, 113–115, 142, 148, 209, 211, 227, 234, 235, 238, 239, 242, 244, 283, 284, 288, 293

   general election campaign, 28, 41, 47, 52, 58, 61, 63, 65, 68, 84, 87, 93, 94, 99–111, 113–117, 119, 128–132, 135, 138–144, 148, 151, 164–174, 179–181, 184, 185, 187, 189, 193, 194, 196–200, 203, 206–209, 211, 215, 216, 219–224, 226, 227, 234, 239, 243, 245–251, 255, 258, 259, 279, 284, 285, 291–294, 296, 298, 302, 303, 310, 311

process tracing, 17, 18, 29–31, 49–53, 55, 59, 71, 104, 264, 265, 283, 287

Prothro, James W., 73

psychology/psychologists, 11, 17, 19, 22, 24, 38, 42, 44, 60, 65, 73, 88, 105, 158, 220, 225, 226, 230, 233, 238, 264, 310

   cognitive psychology, 73, 220, 230

   social psychology, 5, 11, 60, 158, 310

Putnam, Hillary, 225

Quadrel, Marilyn J., 28

Rabinowitz, George, 307

Rahn, Wendy M., 26, 163, 232

Ralph (the hypothetical voter), 31, 265–277

rational choice (classic economic rationality), unbounded rationality (see also Model 1), 5–9, 14, 16, 22, 25, 29, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 45, 142, 159, 212, 220, 221, 224, 225, 229, 259, 260, 265, 268, 269

   bounded (constrained) rationality (boundedly rational), 8, 9, 13–16, 18, 28

   low-information rationality, 13, 229, 230

Reder, Lynn M., 37

Redlawsk, David P., 26, 28, 38, 41, 53, 85, 105, 135, 162, 172, 181, 227, 238, 279, 295

Republican (Party), 3–5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 28, 37, 41, 42, 55, 57–61, 68, 85, 93–96, 115, 123, 140, 145, 158, 166, 167, 169, 176, 177, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193–197, 231, 232, 266, 267, 276, 284, 288, 289, 292–294, 298–305, 310

response mode, 39

Riggle, Ellen D. B., 26, 51, 124, 233

Riker, William H., 6

Rosch, Ellen, 26

Rosenberg, Shawn W., 26, 233

Ross, Lee, 74

Russo, J. Edward, 161

Schattschneider, E. E., 73

Sears, David O., 11, 65, 73, 311

self-interest, 6, 8–12, 72

Shanteau, J., 37, 38

Simon, Herbert A., 24, 25, 37, 49, 52, 226, 272

single-issue voter/voting, 5, 12, 27, 226

Slovic, Paul, 39, 42, 74

Smith, Elliot, 25

Sniderman, Paul M., 13, 26, 28, 226, 229, 232, 249

Squire, Pevrill, 135

Srull, Thomas K., 25, 310

Staelin, Richard, 38

Steenbergen, Marco, 31, 49, 105, 158, 159, 162, 172, 310

Stokes, Donald E., 9, 72, 159, 224

stopping rule, 7

strategic voting, 85, 160, 177

subjects (in experiments), 65, 66, 287, 288

Svenson, Ola, 29, 49

Taber, Charles S., 11, 24, 31, 162

Tannen, Deborah, 131

task complexity (difficulty of choice), 38, 45, 140, 152, 203, 204, 207, 209, 214, 216, 218, 243, 246, 250, 260, 262, 296

Taylor, Shelley E., 24, 26, 73

Tetlock, Philip E., 13, 26, 28, 211

Tversky, Amos, 25, 26, 28, 35, 39, 74, 274

utility (expected), 31, 41, 265, 267, 272, 273, 275

value-maximizing decision, 6, 16, 29, 45, 260

verbal protocols, 49

von Neuman, John, 6

vote decision /vote choice (direction of), 3, 9, 12, 19–21, 23, 28, 31, 32, 41, 43, 66, 68, 76–83, 85, 93, 94, 99, 105, 119, 123, 134, 135, 138, 143, 150, 151, 153, 157, 159, 162, 163, 176, 177, 179, 184–201, 202–228, 268, 269, 275, 277, 294, 296, 300–304, 309

   In primary election, 99, 185–192

   In general election, 193–197

Wahlke, John C., 60, 158

Wattenberg, Martin P., 10, 26

Williams, Daniel C., 185

Winneg, Kenneth, 261

World Wide Web (WWW; see also Internet), 53, 261–263

Wright, Peter, 28

Wyer, Robert S., 25, 26, 233

Zajonc, Robert B., 163

Zaller, John R., 14