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Preface |
page ix |
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Acknowledgments |
xi |
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| 1 |
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Introduction |
1 |
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The meaning of phylogeny |
1 |
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Phylogenetic metaphors |
3 |
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Molecular appraisals of phylogeny |
8 |
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Comparative phylogenetics |
11 |
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Phylogenetic character mapping |
15 |
| 2 |
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Anatomical structures and morphologies |
19 |
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Whence the toucan’s bill? |
19 |
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The beak of the fish |
22 |
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Snails’ shell shapes |
25 |
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More on snails’ shell shapes |
28 |
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Winged walkingsticks |
30 |
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Hermits and kings |
34 |
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True and false gharials |
36 |
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Loss of limbs on the reptile tree |
39 |
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Fishy origins of tetrapods |
42 |
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Panda ponderings |
44 |
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Fossil DNA and extinct eagles |
47 |
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The Yeti’s abominable phylogeny |
48 |
| 3 |
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Body colorations |
52 |
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Light and dark mice |
52 |
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Sexual dichromatism |
54 |
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Dabbling into duck plumages |
58 |
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Specific avian color motifs |
62 |
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The poisonous Pitohui |
65 |
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Warning colorations in poison frogs |
68 |
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Müllerian mimicry butterflies |
71 |
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Caterpillar colors and cryptic species |
73 |
| 4 |
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Sexual features and reproductive lifestyles |
77 |
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The chicken or the egg? |
77 |
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The avian nest |
80 |
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Egg dumping and foster parentage |
84 |
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Egg laying and live bearing |
87 |
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Piscine placentas |
90 |
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Male pregnancy |
93 |
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Living and reproducing by the sword |
95 |
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Brood care in Jamaican land crabs |
98 |
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Social parasitism of butterflies on ants |
101 |
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Of monkeyflowers and hummingbirds |
104 |
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Parthenogenetic lizards, geckos, and snakes |
107 |
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Delayed implantation |
110 |
| 5 |
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More behaviors and ecologies |
114 |
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The kangaroo’s bipedal hop |
114 |
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Powered flight in winged mammals |
118 |
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Magnetotaxis in bacteria |
121 |
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Cetacean origins |
122 |
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Feeding and echolocation in whales |
124 |
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The phylogeny of thrush migration |
129 |
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Pufferfish inflation |
131 |
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Eusociality in shrimp |
134 |
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Evolutionary reversals of salamander lifecycles |
137 |
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Dichotomous life histories of marine larvae |
140 |
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Adaptive radiations in island lizards |
143 |
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Spiders’ web-building behaviors |
145 |
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Lichen lifestyles |
150 |
| 6 |
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Cellular, physiological, and genetic traits |
153 |
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Foregut fermentation |
153 |
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Snake venoms |
156 |
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Antifreeze proteins in anti-tropical fish |
159 |
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Warm-bloodedness in fishes |
162 |
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Electrical currents |
166 |
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The Xs and Ys of sex determination |
168 |
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The eyes have it |
170 |
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Two types of body |
174 |
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The phylogenomics of DNA repair |
178 |
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Roving nucleic acids |
180 |
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Host-to-parasite gene transfer |
184 |
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Tracking the AIDS virus |
187 |
| 7 |
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Geographical distributions |
190 |
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Afrotheria theory |
190 |
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Aussie songbirds |
193 |
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Madagascar’s chameleons |
196 |
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The evolutionary cradle of humanity |
200 |
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Coral conservation |
204 |
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Sri Lanka, a cryptic biodiversity hotspot |
207 |
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Overseas plant dispersal |
210 |
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Phylogenetic bearings on Polar Bears |
212 |
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Looking over overlooked elephants |
215 |
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Bergmann’s rule |
218 |
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Epilog |
221 |
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Appendix: a primer on phylogenetic character mapping |
223 |
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History of cladistic concepts and terminology |
223 |
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Maximum parsimony |
228 |
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Maximum likelihood |
231 |
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Independent contrasts between pairs of quantitative traits |
233 |
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Glossary |
239 |
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References and further reading |
253 |
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Index |
279 |
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