Author Index
Abadie, A., 1
Ades, A. E., 427, 441
Althauser, R. P., 2, 24, 55, 77, 113, 117, 120, 123, 142, 214, 218, 220, 224
Anderson, S., 220
Anderson, T. W., 355
Angrist, J. D., 344, 459
Asghar, K., 427
Ashikaga, T., 255, 271, 300
Aylward, G. P., 441
Barker, F. G. II, 347
Barnard, J., 306
Barr, M. D., 389
Basu, D., 325
Baughman, F. A., Jr., 387
Beasley, M. G., 441
Beaton, A. E., 105
Belson, W. A., 20, 61, 64, 82, 108
Benjamin, D. J., 380
Benson, H., 188, 200
Bergman, A., 427
Bertram, E. G., 389
Billewicz W. Z., 5, 57, 63, 119, 142, 145, 220, 223
Bishop, Y. M. M., 206, 318, 323, 355, 395
Bobrow, M. L., 391
Borgaonkar, D. S., 387, 398, 400, 437, 440
Boue, A., 400
Boue, J., 400
Brent, D. A., 433
Breslow, N. E., 305, 315, 322
Bross, I. D. J., 168, 185
Bunker, J. P., 22
Camfield, C. S., 434
Campbell, D. T., 105, 142, 328, 329, 422
Card, D., 366
Carpenter, R. G., 6, 25, 160, 213, 220, 235, 249, 283, 368
Caspersson, T., 389
Chambers, J. M., 340
Chang, P., 255, 271, 300
Chapin, F. S., 71
Christiansen, A. L., 387, 398
Cleveland, W. S., 340
Cochran, W. G., 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 44, 47, 48, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 71, 75, 82, 84, 100, 106, 108, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 129, 137, 142, 143, 160, 168, 171, 173, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 193, 194, 200, 201, 203, 204, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, 220, 224, 225, 235, 237, 249, 252, 256, 263, 265, 270, 283, 285, 286, 309, 334, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 395, 402, 412, 416, 419, 422, 434, 444, 451
Cohn, P. F., 24, 178, 218
Coleman, J. S., 8, 11, 12, 15, 22
Conners, A. F., Jr., 168, 348, 452, 453
Cook, T. D., 328
Cornfield, J., 168, 185
Cox, D. R., 27, 48, 100, 101, 170, 186, 227, 230, 265, 309, 402, 409, 412
Curley, C., 348
Czajka, J. C., 369
D’Agostino, R. B., Jr., 168, 306, 334, 337, 347, 367
Daudin, J. J., 243, 288
Dawid, A. P., 171, 174, 177, 186, 205
Day, N. E., 305, 315, 322
Dehijia, R. H., 1, 59, 347, 369
Dempster, A. P., 53, 124, 177, 237, 348, 355, 420
Diaconis, P., 278
Diamond, A., 1, 462
Dixon, W., 195
Dorn, H. F., 16
Dorn, L. D., 433
Drake, C., 265, 283
Eastwood, E., 264
Efron, B., 237, 255, 271, 300, 328
Erlebacher, A., 142, 328
Fang, K., 271
Farwell, J. R., 440
Feingold, C., 441
Feller, W., 122
Fienberg, S. E., 206, 395
Finch, P. E., 459
Finley, W. H., 387
Finnegan, L. P., 427
Finney, D. J., 100
Fisher, G., 264
Fisher, R. A., 30, 170, 186, 309, 403, 412
Fishman, R. H. B., 427, 435, 441
Frangakis, C. E., 382, 383, 459
Freedman, D., 278
Gail, M. H., 415
Gelfand, A. E., 414
Gilbert, J. P., 142
Goldberger, A. S., 100
Goodman, L. A., 355
Graffar, M., 440
Granger, C. W. J., 325
Greenberg, B. G., 5, 24, 36, 63, 68, 69, 71, 100
Greenhouse, S. W., 305
Greenless, J. S., 11
Greenwood, E., 71
Gu, X. S., 169, 265, 285, 294, 335
Hahn, J., 1
Haggstrom, G., 329
Hamilton, M. A., 170, 186, 217
Hansen, B., 1
Harrison, G. W., 373
Heckman, J. J., 11, 207, 347, 366
Hertzog, C., 440
Hess, G., 433, 434, 440
Hill, A. B., 10, 14
Hill, J., 1, 305, 306
Hill, T. D., 440
Hinkley, D. V., 265
Hirano, K., 1
Hirschhorn, K., 389
Holland, P. W., 3, 206, 308, 309, 310, 314, 325, 355, 395, 402, 459, 460
Horvitz, D. G., 369
Hotz, V. J., 366
Ichimura, H., 347
Imbens, G. W., 1, 3, 6, 344, 369, 460
Jackson, D. N., 440
Jick, H., 321
Johnson, N. L., 141
Jones, L. V., 107
Kaltenbach, K., 427
Kalton, G., 107
Kane, R., 249, 264
Kasow, W. G., 8
Kempthorne, O., 170, 186, 217, 309, 325, 412
Kenney, D. A., 100
Kihlberg, J. K., 57
Kilbey, M. M., 441
Kilhberg, J. K., 22, 62
Kleiner, B., 340
Knowelden, J., 10, 14
Knuth, D. E., 159
Kotz, S., 141
Kreuger, A., 366
Kruskal, W., 325
Krzanowski, W. J., 243, 288, 354
Kupper, L. L., 220, 224
Laird, N., 348, 420
Lalonde, R., 369, 371
Lazar, P., 400
Lechner, M., 1
Lederberg, J., 271, 386, 387, 398, 400
Li, K. C., 278
Lieberman, E., 348
Light, J. R., 142
Lin, D. Y., 444
Lindley, D. V., 43, 190
Lindsley, D. B., 400
Little, R. J. A., 337, 348, 354, 355, 434
Lord, F. M., 113, 142
Lucas, A., 440
Lykke – Mortensen, E., 284
Lytle, B. W., 347
Mann, J. D., 387
Matousek, M., 400
Maxwell, S. E., 107
McCallie, D., 188, 200
McEachern, J. E., 348
McIntosh, M., 384, 459
Mckerracher, D. W., 387, 398
McKinlay, S. M., 57, 142, 220, 223, 249
Mednick, S. A., 207, 226
Meier, P., 184
Meng, X. -L., 306, 337, 349, 355
Messick, S., 8, 15, 21
Middaugh, L. D., 441
Miettinen, O., 195, 210, 220, 324, 368
Ming, K., 169
Moorhead, P. S., 389
Morris, C., 328
Mortensen, E. L., 440
Mosteller, F., 142, 189
Murphy, M. L., 8
Nakamura, Y., 348
Narragon, E. A., 22
Neyman, J., 415
Ng, K., 271
Nielsen, J., 387
Noel, B., 389
Novick, M. R., 190
Ogawa, J., 48
Olkin, I., 236, 243, 265, 288, 348
Owen, D. R., 387
Pearson, P. L., 389
Peters, C. C., 21, 37, 61, 368
Petersen, I., 400
Pfeiffer, S. I., 427, 435, 441
Piantadosi, S., 424
Pitman, E. J. G., 415
Pocock, S. J., 328
Pratt, J. W., 402
Price, W. H., 400
Raessler, S., 462
Raynor, W. J., 215, 220, 224
Reddon, J. R., 440
Reinisch, J. M., 8, 275, 284, 383, 427, 433, 434, 435, 440, 441, 456
Reiter, J., 1
Rich, S. S., 348
Ridder, G., 1
Robins, J. M., 453
Robinson, S. J., 57, 62
Rodgers, B., 440
Roseman, L., 368, 461
Rosenbaum, P. R., 11, 20, 25, 167, 168, 169, 186, 188, 194, 195, 197, 203, 205, 206, 210, 211, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 230, 235, 236, 242, 243, 249, 255, 264, 265, 270, 275, 283, 284, 285, 286, 294, 308, 314, 329, 333, 334, 335, 347, 348, 353, 354, 361, 366, 367, 368, 369, 375, 380, 402, 405, 414, 417, 423, 430, 443, 447, 448, 449, 452, 456, 457
Rosenthal, R., 440
Ross, E. M., 18, 226, 428, 434
Rubin, D. B., 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 17, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 77, 81, 84, 85, 96, 100, 105, 108, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, 197, 203, 205, 206, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224, 225, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 296, 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, 314, 325, 329, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 344, 347, 348, 349, 353, 354, 355, 361, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 382, 383, 384, 402, 403, 405, 409, 413, 414, 417, 420, 423, 430, 434, 435, 437, 440, 443, 447, 448, 449, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 459
Russell, M., 440
Sanders, S. A., 284, 427, 433, 435, 441
Sarhen, A. E., 68
Sartwell, P. E., 10
Scarr, S., 440
Schafer, J. L., 337, 348
Schaie, K. W., 440
Schlaifer, R., 414
Schlesselman, J. J., 187
Schlucter, M. D., 354
Schraeder, B. D., 441
Seigel, D. G., 305
Sekon, J. S., 1, 462
Seltser, R., 10
Shah, S. A., 385
Simon, R., 328
Smith, A. F. M., 414
Smith, D. E., 433
Smith, I., 427, 441
Smith, J., 347, 348, 368
Snedecor, G. W., 100, 111, 178, 412, 419
Sørensen, T. I., 440
Speroff, T., 348
Stanley, J. C., 105, 328, 422
Street, D. R. K., 400
Streissguth, A. P., 434, 437, 440
Stuart, E. A., 234
Svalastoga, K., 398
Takizawa, T., 347
Tanner, M., 414
Tate, R. F., 236, 243, 265, 288, 348
Teasdale, T. W., 440
Thomas, N., 233, 234, 236, 248, 249, 251, 252, 255, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 280, 281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 335, 336, 339, 340, 348, 349, 366, 368, 369, 371, 375, 382, 453, 456
Thompson, D. J., 369
Todd, P., 347, 368
Tukey, J. W., 105, 189, 198
Tukey, P. A., 340
Villumsen, A. L., 435, 437, 440
Vining, E. P. G., 435
Volavka, J., 400
Wahba, S., 1, 59, 347, 369
Watson, R. A., 402
Wechsler, D., 440
Welch, B. L., 415
Wesson, D. R., 426
Whatmore, P. B., 400
Wieand, S., 415
Wilks, S. S., 5, 63
Willoughby, A., 347
Witkin, H. A., 21, 383, 434
Wong, M., 414
Yaffe, S. J., 433
Yanai, J., 427, 435, 441
Zachau-Christiansen, B., 18, 207, 226, 428, 434
Zeger, S. L., 373
Zemp, J. W., 434
Zeuthen, S., 400
Zhao, Z., 1
Zhou, X.-H., 441
Subject Index
advice, 60, 460–2
affinely invariant, 233, 234
Althauser, Robert, 2, 3
analysis of covariance, 59, 61
ANCOVA, 59
Annals of Internal Medicine, 384
Annals of Statistics, 167, 233
ANOVA, 116
antipsychotic drug, 383
applied math, 2
assignment mechanism, 460
attorneys, 307
average causal effect, 59
average treatment effect, 60
balance, 460
balancing covariates, 461, 462
balancing scores, 167
Bayesian inference, 167
best linear discriminant, 115, 233
bias of estimates, 5
bias reduction, 383, 462
Biometrics, 59, 115, 116, 169, 234
Biometric Society, 383
Biometrika, 234
breast cancer, 384
breast conservation, 384
caliper methods, 115
Campbell, Donald, 305
case-control studies, 305
categorized variables, 169
causal effect estimands, 460
causal effects, 167, 460
causal inference, 167, 169, 383
cigarette smoking, 3
Cochran comma, 6
Cochran, William, 2, 5
combination of regression adjustment and matching, 116
common medical practice, 384
conditionally affinely invariant, 233
conditionally ellipsoidally symmetric, 233
Copenhagen, 383
coronary bypass surgery, 168
criminality, 383
current smokers, 306
Dempster, Arthur, 2
design, 167, 168, 461
design and analysis, 167
design phase, 168, 461
diagnostics, 168
diagnostic tables, 307
diagnostics for balance, 306, 461, 462
discriminant, 116
discriminant matching, 6, 115, 116, 233
DNR (do not resuscitate), 384
Duke databank, 168
early years, 5
ECM algorithm, 306
educational researchers, 60
Educational Testing Service (ETS), 2, 60, 167, 233
efficiency of estimation, 5
eigen decomposition orthogonal to the discriminant, 307
ellipsoidal distributions, 234
ellipsoidally symmetric, 115, 233
EPBR, 115, 233
Equal Percent Bias Reducing, 115
errors of measurement, 6
estimated precisions, 461
estimated propensity score, 306
exact matching, 5, 169
exchangeable, 115
experiment, 461
extrapolation, 6, 61
former smokers, 306
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 384
full matching, 169
general location model, 306
generic drug, 383
genetic algorithm, 462
Google, 167
greedy matching, 169
Harvard University, 167, 233, 384
heroic assumptions, 462
ignorable missing data, 306
ignorable treatment assignment, 167
imputation of missing potential outcomes, 460, 461
impute, 61
inner product, 115, 233
interval estimates, 461
Kinsey data, 168, 169, 234
Kinsey Institute, 167
linear covariance, 461
linear extrapolation, 462
linear regression adjustment, 6
lung cancer, 168
Mahalanobis metric matching, 6, 115, 116, 168, 233, 234, 306, 383, 462
mastectomy, 384
matched pair differences, 60
matching on posttreatment “covariates”, 383
maximal subclassification, 169
maximum bias reduction, 59, 115
McIntosh, Martin, 384
mean matching, 5
medical care, 384
Medical Care, 384
medical studies, 168
metric matching, 462
missing data, 306
missing values, 306
Mitchell, John, 383
model-based adjustment, 167, 305, 383, 461
Mosteller, Frederick, 2
multivariate matching, 6, 115, 116
name-brand drugs, 38
National Medical Expenditure Survey, 306
National Science Foundation, 2
nearest available matching, 169
network flow theory, 169
never smokers, 306
Nixon, Richard, 383
nonellipsoidally symmetric distributions, 462
nonignorable missing data, 306
nonnormal data, 234
nonparallel regressions, 59
nonrandomized observational data, 460
normally distributed matching variables, 234
observational study, 384, 461
observational study design, 307
omitted variables, 461
one-one matches, 306
optimal matching, 169
ordinary least squares (OLS), 60
outcome variables, 461
outlier identification, 116
overlapping X distributions, 59
percent reduction in bias, 59, 116
percent reduction in integrated squared bias, 116
Peters-Belson estimator, 60, 61
physics, 1
point estimation of effects, 461
post-intervention stratificaation, 383
post-term pregnancy, 306
potential outcomes, 460
precision, 461
President’s Invited Address, Biometric Society, 383
pretreatment covariates, 461
Princeton University, 1, 2
principal stratification, 383
prognostically important covariates, 234, 462
propensity score, 59, 115, 116, 167, 168, 169, 233, 234, 306, 384, 461
propensity score calipers, 168, 306, 383, 462
propensity score matched pair design (PMPD), 305
proportional hazards models, 461
prospective study, 305
psychology, 2
RAND, 233
randomization-based inference, 169
randomized clinical trials, 384
randomized experiment, 5, 462
rare diseases, 305
Regenstrief Conference, 384
regression adjustment, 5, 59, 60, 61, 234, 383
relative risk models, 461
retrospective matching, 305
retrospective study, 305
“root 2” standard-error reducing benefits, 306
Rosenbaum, Paul, 167, 383
Rosenthal, Robert, 2
Rubin Causal Model (RCM), 3, 460
Sandoz Phramaceuticals, 383
Sankhyā, 6
school choice randomized experiment, 305
scientific judgment, 462
sensitivity analysis, 167, 169, 461
simple linear regression adjustment, 306
simulation, 59, 116, 234
smoking, 168
Statistical Research Group (ETS), 60
statistics (department), 2
stratified and pair matching, 5
stratified matching, 168, 383
strongly ignorable treatment assignment, 167
subclassification, 60, 167, 168, 306
subpopulation where balance can be achieved, 462
switching, 383
Thomas, Neal, 383
tobacco litigation, 306, 307
true scores, 60
underprivileged kids, 60
univariate matching methods, 59
University of Chicago, 233
unmatched units, 169
unobserved covariate, 168
University of Washington, 384
Upward Bound, 60
U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), 384
U.S. Supreme Court, 306
variance-covariance matrix, 6, 233
variance reduction, 5, 462
Wheeler, John, 1
XXY men, 383
XY males, 383
XYY men, 383
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