Order and Anarchy

Index

Abrahams, Ray 111

Ache 67

Acheson, James 39, 40, 66

adat (Indonesian traditional law) 129, 166

Aga Khan, Sadruddin 116

agents and agency 93

agriculture, origin of 112

Albania 29, 121, 124–6, 163, 166

altruism 51, 169

   kin-selected 57, 105, 157

   reciprocal 67–8, 157–9

Ambon (Indonesia) 129, 166

American Anthropological Association Task Force 153, 165

anarchy 2, 76, 97, 169

Ardrey, Robert 139

Aureli, Filipo 144

Australia, Aboriginal 43, 59, 68, 147, 157

Australopithicines 139

Axelrod, Robert 64, 68, 96, 121–6, 157

Ayodhya 131, 132

Barth, Fredrik 126–7, 132

Barton, Robert 145, 146, 160

Basalla, George 85

behavioural ecology (socio-ecology) 39, 47, 82–3, 92, 94

Benda-Beckmann, Franz von 104, 105

Benda-Beckmann, Keebet von 129, 130, 166

Benin, gold mining in 68–70, 72, 74, 173

Berlin, Isaiah 49

Big Men (in New Guinea) 161, 171

Boehm, Christopher 143, 146

Bosnia 133, 168

bouncers 71

Bourdieu, Pierre 72, 92–4

bricolage 134

Bunyoro 104

bureaucracy, bureaucratic government 33, 97–100, 102, 136

butterfly effect 113

Cambrian explosion 81

catastrophic change 110, 114, 128

Chad 76, 100

   (see also civil war)

Chagnon, Napoleon 47, 140, 141, 146, 153–9, 168

Chetniks 132

chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

   reconciliation 144, 145–6

   territoriality 139–41, 145, 146

   violence 138, 140, 141, 143, 170

Christians 18, 19, 129–30, 133

civil society

   against the state 92, 109, 126, 135, 172

   definitions of 3, 10–11, 12–13, 44, 169, 172

   and enclosure movement 43, 106

   in Africa 105

   in Islamic society 22–3

civil society

   in Middle Ages 20, 34, 41

   in stateless societies 159, 161

   (see also Inuit)

civil war 96, 120, 173

   Chad 115, 116, 167

   Indonesia 129

   Sierra Leone 100, 120

   Somalia 119, 122–4

   Sudan 107–8

clan 21, 122–4, 135

   (see also descent groups; lineage)

co-evolution 81, 113

collective farms 88

colonial states 99–100, 104, 129

command economy 90

common land (see property, collective; ‘Tragedy of the Commons’)

Comte, Auguste 30

conflict, regulation of 147–8, 166

Conway Morris, Simon 81, 86, 151

co-operation 52, 68

   among kin 56, 61

   defection from 43, 106

   (see also Prisoner’s Dilemma)

   enforcement of 72, 73–4

   evolution of 61–6, 76, 78, 84

co-operatives, producer 88–90, 112

Cosmides, Lida 83, 149–50, 151

cousins, cross and parallel 59, 158–9

Croatia 18–19, 132

Darwin, Charles 5, 30, 87, 170

Darwinian evolution (see evolution, Darwinian)

Dawkins, Richard 81, 85

Denich, Bette 33, 117–18, 132

Dependency Theory 78

descent groups 21, 56, 59, 61

   (see also clan; lineage)

Duffield, Mark 78, 101, 106, 108, 114, 116

Durham, William 85–6

Durkheim, Emile 48–9

   culture is learned 83

   on properties of social systems 50, 92, 150

   on suicide 151, 170

Dyson-Hudson, Rada 39, 121

Elster, John 85

emergent properties (of systems) 48, 78

enclosure movement 37–8, 41–3, 103, 106

Enlightenment (European) 4, 8, 24, 49

epidemic model (for spread of culture traits) 85, 86, 87

ethnicity, ethnic identity 34, 68, 109, 112, 126–8, 135

evolution, social

   Darwinian 49–50, 56, 79–80, 84

   progressive 14, 26, 30, 76

evolutionary economics 82–3, 109

evolutionary psychology 7, 83, 149

Ferguson, Adam 26–32, 36, 46, 51, 169, 171

Ferguson, Brian 109, 114

feud 53, 121, 163

Fischer, Michael 150, 153

fitness landscape

   biological 6, 80, 82, 111

   social 76, 87, 94, 95, 109, 134

   (see also evolutionary economics)

Foucault, Michel 49

France, village society 11–12, 20, 34, 73, 89

free-riders 40, 65, 88, 106, 158

   detection of 71, 72, 73

   and social disorder 159, 169

functionalism 50

Gamble, Clive 145

game theory 40

   (see also zero- and non-zero-sum games)

   integrating social and biological theory 61, 79

   limitations of 75, 93, 134

   predicting end of co-operation 96, 158

Geertz, Clifford 83, 150

Gellner, Ernest

   civil society and market economy 9, 20, 43, 104

   defining civil society 12–13

   pre-modern civil society 22, 74, 172

genes, ‘selfish’ 80, 82

geological revolution 4

Ghana 106

Giddens, Anthony 4, 75, 77, 83, 92–4, 124

gift exchange 65

global economy 74, 79, 83, 136, 173

globalisation 96, 103

gold rush, Johannesburg 53–5, 66, 68, 72, 75, 76

Gombe 140–1

Goodall, Jane 139

Goody, Jack 13, 14, 111

Gouldner, Alvin 10, 41

government, traditional 33, 98

   bureaucratic (see bureaucracy)

Green Revolution 86

group selection 50–1, 157

habitus 72

Hamilton, William 56–8, 61, 67, 105

Hann, Chris 14, 23, 90

Hardin, Garrett 38, 40, 47, 103

Helbling, Jürg 152, 158

Hill, Christopher 36

Hindu nationalism 117, 128, 132

Hobbes, Thomas 24–5, 46, 69, 168

Hobsbawm, Eric 128, 134

Hoebel, E. Adamson 53

Holocaust 119

horticultural societies 159

Hungary 90, 110, 112

hunter-gatherers 7, 49, 60, 84, 144, 145–6, 160

   (see also Ache; Australia, Aboriginal; Inuit; !Kung; territoriality, northwest coast; war, on northwest coast of North America)

inclusive fitness 58, 105

India 103, 109, 117, 120, 131–2

Indonesia 129–31

   (see also Ambon)

Industrial Revolution 82, 106

infanticide 156

International Monetary Fund 102

Inuit 52–3, 74

Iroquois Confederacy 29–30, 61

Kachin 111, 112, 114

kanun (Albanian law code) 125–6

Kaplan, Robert 115–16, 120, 136, 138

Karimojong 40

Kauffman, Stuart 81, 86, 111, 151

Kemp, Sam 54–5

Kenya 108, 124

Kingston-Mann, Ester 43, 105

kin selection (see altruism)

kinship 56, 109, 121–6, 135, 170

   fictive 58, 68

Kropotkin, Peter 2, 35, 135

Kumar, Krishan 15

!Kung (Ju/’hoansi) 21, 29, 59, 165, 166

law (see adat; Inuit; kanun)

Leach, Edmund 111

Lee, Richard 21, 165

Lessinger, Johanna 103, 117, 131

Levellers 36

Lévi-Strauss, Claude 120, 134

Lewis, Ioan 123

lineage 105, 121–2, 125, 143, 146

   (see also clan; descent groups)

Lloyd, William 38

Locke, John 25–9, 47, 65, 69, 91, 169, 171–2

‘loose molecules’ (unemployed young men) 96, 116–18, 136

Lorenz, Konrad 139

lotteries 73

Mahale 141

Malinowski, Bronislaw 50

Marx, Karl 33, 82

Maschner, Herbert 147, 161

Maynard-Smith, John 79

McAdam, Douglas 114, 118, 131

McCay, Bonnie 39, 40, 66

McGuire, Randall 44, 148

memes 85

Mexico 107, 108

Migdal, Joel 104, 112, 113

Miller, Jonathan 143

mir (Russian village commune) 43, 105

modernity (modernism) 19, 32

Morgenstern, Oskar 61–2, 75

Mormons 88, 112

Muslims 103, 128, 129–30, 131–2, 133, 168

mutual aid 68, 95, 118, 127

Nasar, Sylvia 62, 63, 64

Nash, John 63, 64

Nash equilibrium 63, 168

natural human condition 27, 47

   (see also state of nature)

Neel, James 148, 149

Nelson, Richard 22, 82–3

networks, social 145, 146

Neumann, John von 61–2, 75

NGOs 114

Nigeria 100

night time economy 70–1, 74, 76

Nishida, Toshisada 139

Nuer 21, 107, 108, 121, 122, 143

open field system 35, 37

Ostrom, Elinor 39, 40, 66

Parsons, Talcott 50

pastoralists, nomadic 61, 122

patronage 100, 109

peace negotiation 163, 167, 168, 171

Peterson, Dale 138, 140–3, 152, 163, 165

pied wagtails (Motacilla alba yarrelli) 139

Poland 17, 19

population density 116, 156, 157, 162

primordial relationships 17, 33, 41, 113, 126

Prisoner’s Dilemma 35, 63–5, 68, 94, 118, 120, 135, 152

privatisation 96, 104, 105, 107–8, 136, 164, 173

property

   collective 31, 40, 41, 66, 72, 105, 125

   individual ownership of 25, 29, 38, 104

Prussia 49

Pueblo (Native American) society 44, 148

Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred 50, 92

rain forest, value of 86

Rao, Nandini and Rammanohar Reddy 128, 131

rational action and adaptation 79

Red Queen (model of co-evolution) 81, 113

‘release from proximity’ 145

Renfrew, Colin 111–12

Reyna, Stephen 76, 100, 110, 115, 116, 167

Richards, Paul 100, 108, 116, 120

Rights of Man 36

Rodseth, Lars 145

rotas 73

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 25

Russia 10, 108, 118, 164

   (see also mir)

Rwanda 108, 117, 128, 132, 171

Sahlins, Marshall 59

Sarakatsani 58

Schlee, Günter 21, 115, 122, 124, 134

Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie 125, 163, 166

Scott, James 86

scrounging 66

   (see also free-riders)

sea level (post-glacial) 147, 157

self-help 53

self-interest

   as incentive to social relations 32, 78, 84, 91, 169, 172

   in market economy 82

Seligman, Adam 16, 26–7, 31, 33, 43, 45, 104

Serbia 18–19, 132

Sierra Leone 100, 108, 116, 120, 163

Sillitoe, Paul 143, 161–2

Smith, Adam 33, 41, 64, 82, 104

Smith, Eric Alden 5, 39–40, 121, 145

social contract 24, 98, 113, 130

sociobiology 149, 150

socio-ecology (see behavioural ecology)

Somalia 21, 115, 121–4, 135, 167, 168

sovereignty, limited 74–5, 91

Soviet Union 113

   (see also Russia)

Spain, village society 72–3

Spencer, Herbert 30, 48, 77, 80, 87, 98

Sponsel, Leslie 149

state of nature 28, 47, 48, 65, 69, 71, 161

   (see also natural human condition)

states, weak 109, 114, 122

structural adjustment policies 96, 102

structuration 75, 78

Sudan 95, 106, 107, 114

suicide 151–70

Switzerland, village society 20, 40, 73

Tacitus 36

Taylor, Christopher 117, 128, 132

territoriality 39–40, 139

   chimpanzee 139–41, 145, 146

   hunter-gatherer 144, 145–6

   northwest coast 147, 157

terror and terrorism 119–20, 135, 152

Tester, Keith 26, 27

Tierney, Patrick 148–9, 152, 154, 156

‘tit-for-tat’ 65

Tocqueville, Alexis de 16

tolerated theft 66

Tooby, John 83, 149–50, 151

‘Tragedy of the Commons’ 40, 51, 105

Trivers, Robert 56, 67

Trobriand Islands 50

Turkey 22

Turks, Ottoman 125, 163, 166

Turner, Terence 148, 149

Uganda 99

underdevelopment 116

unemployment 116, 117

   (see also ‘loose molecules’)

United Nations 115

unokai (Yanomami warriors) 142, 154–6, 168

Ustashe 132

Valen, Leigh Van 81

Vucho, Aleksander 102

Waal, Alex de 95

war

   adaptive significance of 151, 159, 170

   defined 138

   in complex societies 162, 171

   (see also civil war)

   in Papua New Guinea 161–2

   on northwest coast of North America 147, 160–1

   origin of 147, 160–1

Weber, Max 30, 32, 33, 98

Winter, Sidney 82–3, 85

Winterhalder, Bruce 5, 66

World Trade Center 152

Wrangham, Richard 138, 140–3, 152, 163, 165

Yanomamö 140, 142, 146, 148–9, 151, 152–3, 170

   (see also unokai )

   altruism 157

   impact of trade goods on 164

   marriage 158–60

   territoriality 156

Yugoslavia 17–18, 33, 102, 117, 118–19, 132–3

Yukpa 148, 156

Zambia 16

zero- and non-zero-sum games 62–3, 69, 102, 119, 128, 135