Hunting Causes and Using Them

Index

add-on strategy 51, 52

analogue economy 217

Anscombe, Elizabeth 11

Bayes nets 61

   causal graphs 62

   methods 12, 32, 61

Boolean algebra methods 34

bootstrapping 179, 188

Bridgman, P. W. 105

brute force connections 62

Buchdahl, Gerd 62

capacities 257

Cartwright, Emily 224

causal contribution 251

causal decision-theory 258

causal dilation 111

causal inference 180

causal laws and effective strategies 44

causal-law variation 156

causal Markov condition 12, 45, 51, 61, 68, 74, 77

   definition 133

causal structure 154

causal sufficiency 74

causal system 80, 154

common knowledge 28

controlled experiments; natural experiments 31, 39

   put to use 39

Cooley, T. F. 82

   and Le Roy, hypothetical experiments 180

cooperating causes 76

correctness 160, 164–9

correlation between low income and low education 27

correlation in time evolution 77

correspondence theory of representation 46

Coulomb’s law 39

counterfactuals

   implementation neutral 241

   implementation specific 241

   impostor 236

Cowles Commission 179, 190

Dappled World, The 11

Deaton, Angus 26

Duns Scotus 80

econometric methods 32, 38

Engle, R. 178–85

epistemic convenience 81, 86, 92, 160, 164–9

   epistemically convenient system 82, 89, 251

     with probability measures 51

equivalence 191

euthanasia 241

examples

   account of the carburettor 15

   birth control pill 65, 70, 72, 242

   Bologna (lemonade and biscuit) machine 201, 209

   carburettor 20

   chemical factory 73, 107, 117, 122, 125, 149

   geodesics 38

   Hausman, Daniel, nuclear power plant 243

   Hoover, Kevin, increasing federal funds causes upward shifts in yield curve 205

   laser engineering 41

   lung cancer 258

     and smoking 187, 256, 257

   National Longitudinal Mortality Study 27

   skill-loss model 222

   Sober, Elliott, heights of corn plants 71

   soil fumigants used to increase oat crop yields 20

   Stanford Gravity Probe B 30

   toaster 70, 85, 93

exogeneity 186

experiment 136

experimental economics 221

external validity 39, 220

faithfulness 63

Fennell, Damien 191, 202, 205

Fine, Arthur 87

Fisher, R. A. 258

Friedman, Milton 49

Frigg, Roman 65

Galavotti, Maria Carla 46

Galilean counterfactual 249

Galilean idealization 225

Galileo, rolling ball experiments 217

   experiments, tendency claim 48, 223

Gee, Rachel Hacking ii

Glymour, Clark 63

Granger causality or Suppes

   causality 29, 38, 64

Guala, Francesco 220

Hamilton, James 197–8

Hausman, Daniel 14, 236, 241

   Causal Asymmetries 89–91

Hausman, Daniel

   and James Woodward 239

     ‘Cartwright’s objection’ 121

     central characterizing feature of causation 132

     HW intervention 99

     level invariance, manipulability 97

     modularity 76, 133

health and status 37

Heckman, James 198, 236, 246

Hempel, C. G., internal and bridge principles 228

   hypothetico-deductive method 179, 188

Hendry, David 47, 50, 236, 252

Hoover, Kevin 17, 71, 82, 184, 191, 203, 236, 241

   account of causality 49

Hume 79, 86

   problem of induction 186

hunting causes 238

identifiability 180

indeterminism 147

internal and external validity 220, 255

intervening, varying value of targeted quantity 163

intervention 101, 155

   of values 163

INUS condition 34

invariance 48, 156

   methods 33

   level invariance 97, 99

invariance and modularity 105

Lebesgue measure 68

LeRoy, Stephen 14, 82, 236, 241

Lewis, David 238

   Lewis-style semantics 247

linear deterministic equations

   reduced form 242

linear deterministic system 190, 213

Lucas, Robert 229

   abstract model economy 226

   analogue economies 217

Macaulay David, How Things Work 15, 85

Mackie, J. L. 34, 88

   INUS account 206

manipulability 97, 134, 135

manipulation account 48

metaphysics 47, 132

   and method 45

method of concomitant variation 82

Mill, J. S., tendency law 39, 219

Mitchell, Sandra 50

mixing 77

MOD 99

modularity 13, 48, 80, 99

   and the causal Markov condition 132

Morgan, Mary 178–85, 220

narrow-clinching method 197–8

Newtonian mechanics, internal tendency 230

no spontaneous correlation 149

open back path 195, 202

Oreskes, Naomi 27

Pearl, Judea 14, 15, 63, 64, 68, 73, 236, 239

   axiom of composition 247

   counterfactuals 51, 82

   singular counterfactuals 94

   and T. Verma 111

Perrin, Jean 36

Phillips curve 233

Pissarides, Chris 221, 222

Plott, Charles 221

Popper, Karl 25

poverty measures 41

probabilistic causal/counterfactual difference 259

probabilistic dependence 61

probabilistic patterns of Bayes nets 62

production account 204

production causality 213

products and by-products 78

QCA (qualitative comparative methods) 34, 38

RCTs (randomized control trials) 31, 38, 237, 256

Richard, J. F. 178–85

Russell, Bertrand 52

Scheines, Richard 63

scientific laws 50

Shafer, Glenn 65

Simon, Herbert 82, 190, 237

   causal order from linear equations 184

Simpson’s paradox 62, 64

Sims, Christopher 198

singular causation 14

Sober, Elliott 141

Spirtes, Peter 63

   Glymour, C. and Scheines, R. 74, 111

     manipulation theorem 51

     Simpson’s paradox 66

Spohn, Wolfgang 61, 62, 64

   Bayes-net account of causality 44

stability 61

statistical inference 180

strategy account

Suarez, Mauricio 46

superexogenous relations 186

Suppes, Patrick

   probabilistic analysis of causality 45, 62

Swoyer, Chris 46

testability 134, 135, 146

   by experiment 136

theories of causality 43, 52

Tooley, Michael 211

variation 155

Williams, Bernard 22

Woodward, James 14, 48, 82, 89–91

   level invariance 45

   invariance account 16

   manipulation/invariance theory 47

Yi, Sang Wook 23