Metaphor in Culture

Index

abstract complex systems, 204

abstract concepts, 10–11, 193, 202, 223

   emergence of, 227

advertisements, 171

affordances, 19

African languages, 79

African-American, 265

   youth culture, 93

Afrikaans, 95

age, 106

agency, 98

Aitchison, Jean, 96

Allan, Keith, 71

Alverson, Hoyt, 12, 47

American society, 98

American Studies, 167, 190

Americans, 71, 83, 241

analogical relationship, 265

analogy, metaphorical, 265

anger, 39, 177, 180

   in Chinese, 196

   in English, 194

   in English and Chinese, 247

   in Hungarian, 195

   in Japanese, 196

   in Zulu, 199

anthropologists, xiv, 88, 99

   cognitive, 193

anthropology, xi

Arabic, Tunisian, 77, 123, 142

Aristotle, 9

audience, 237

Australian languages, 99, 104

author, 237

Aymara, 71

Balaban, Victor, 97, 98, 99

Barcelona, Antonio, 54, 101, 106, 131, 151

Baugh, A. C., 94

Bellah, Robert, 179

Bennett, Heather, 42

Bible, the, 129, 173

Black American English, 92

Black English Vernacular, 92

blending, 7, 128, 259

Bobda, Augustin Simo, 94

bodily basis, universal, 247

bodily experience, 4, 34, 246, 285

Boers, Frank, 151, 152, 236, 239, 246

Bogdonovich, Jody, 31

Bokor, Zsuzsanna, 120

Borbely, Antal, 109

Boroditsky, Lera, 21, 22, 29, 31, 284

boxing, 276

Boyd, Richard, 228

Bradstreet, Anne, 260

brain, 9, 26, 34

Buddhist monk, 273

business, 276

but-test, 195

Cable, T., 94

California, 187

Cameron, Lynne, 8, 226

car industry, Japanese, 237

Carstensen, L. L., 41

cartoons, 171

Casey, Mike, 108

cause, empty, 279

Chagga, 121, 122, 255

character-oriented (culture), 186

Charteris-Black, Jonathan, 131, 257

Chilton, Paul, 72, 224, 254

Chinese, 36, 39, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 69, 70, 120, 288

Chomsky, Noam, 168

Cienki, Alan, 164, 194

cognition as inherently cultural, 200

cognition over embodiment, 289

cognitive archeology, 24

cognitive fluidity, 24

cognitive potential, human, 267

cognitive preferences and styles, 246, 283, 285, 286

cognitive science, xi, 168

cognitive style, 246

coherence, 283, 285

   cultural, 13

   overall, 287

   pressure of, 237

combining, 261

communicative situation, 236, 264, 286

complex systems, 203

complex systems, abstract, 112, 210

concepts

   abstract, see abstract concepts

   key, 234

   moral, 194

conceptual integration, 128, 259, 268

   types of, 270

conceptualization

   alternative, 27

   large-scale alternative, 79

   preferential, 82

concerns and interests, 286

   differential, 243

   personal, 244

   social, 244

conflation, 106

conflict, 283, 288

   a case of apparent, 288

context, 283

   awareness of, 232

   broader cultural, 200

   cultural, 234, 249

   social, 233

conventionalization, degrees of, 153

Conway, John, 101, 102, 110

correlations in experience, 19, 26

cortical areas, 24

Coulson, Seana, 226

courage in Chinese, 236

creative acts, 267

creative processes, universal, 282

creative thought, 270, 276

creativity, 259, 267, 276

   constraints on, 267

   figurative, 259

   in figurative thought, 284

   forms of, 282

   metaphorical, 259, 265, 266

   through blending, 267

cultural experience, 264, 267

cultural overlay, 292

cultural practice, 284

Cultural Studies, 192

cultural-ideological background, 155

culture, 283

   American, 118, 167, 170, 191

   Chinese, 235

   definition of, 1

   “formal” study of, 192

   Hungarian, 160

   Japanese, 90

   as a set of shared understandings, 1

culture-sensitivity, 12

Csábi, Szilvia, 128, 129, 173

Csordas, Thomas, 42

D’Andrade, Roy, 1

Deignan, Alice, 32, 72, 131, 152, 210, 241

Demecheleer, Murielle, 151, 152, 236

depression, 101, 244

Descartes, 104

desire, sexual, 121

Dickinson, Emily, 107

dimensions, 89

   boundaries of, 111

   developmental, 105

   diachronic, 103

   ethnic, 92

   individual, 106

   man–woman, 89

   regional, 93

   social, 89

   subcultural, 97

   the style, 95

Dirven, René, 95

discourse, real, 223, 224

doctrine, humoral, 234

double-scope networks, 278

drugs, 164

Dutch, 95

economy, 239

ego-aligned perspective, 253

ego-opposed perspective, 253

Ekman, Paul, 41

elaboration, 261

   linguistic, 151

   novel, 278

Emanatian, Michelle, 121, 122, 255

embodiment, 259, 264, 267, 283, 288, 292

   human, 287

   the role of, 286

   universal, 248

embodiment hypothesis, 18

emergent structure, 278

emotion, 35

empty cause, 279

English

   American, 94, 120

   British, 94, 160

entailment, 7, 127, 163

environment, 286

   physical, 232

euphemistic style, 258

Europe, unification of, 225

European house, common, 254

Evans, Nicholas, 99, 104

Event Structure, 43

experience

   differential, 232

   embodied, 6, 22

   sensorimotor, 169

   universal, 4

   universal bodily, 3

   universal human, 64

experiential basis, 6, 59, 200, 215

   universal, 252

   universality of, 247

experiential focus, 246

   differential, 246, 286, 287

experientialist philosophy, 285

experiment, psycholinguistic, 12

Eyckmans, June, 151

family, 118

Fauconnier, Gilles, 7, 86, 128

features, shared, 266

Fernandez, James, xi, xii, xiii, 192

Foley, William, xii, xiv

football, American, 96, 237

Forceville, Charles, 164, 171

foreign policy, 174

foundational schema, 184

frames, 271

framing, 254

Francozo, Edson, 21

French, 236

Freud, Sigmund, 104

friendship, 163–178, 181

Friesen, W. V., 41

Fuller, Margaret, 180

future, 71

Gabler, Neil, 184, 186, 187

Gabrys, D., 131

Gal, Susan, xiv

Gallese, Vittorio, 23

Geeraerts, Dirk, 234

generic-level structure, 265, 266

Gentner, Dedre, 265

Gevaert, Caroline, 104, 247

Gibbs, Ray, xiii, 12, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 31, 42, 100, 169, 200

Glenberg, A., 19

Glucksberg, Sam, 265

Goddard, Cliff, 72

Grady, Joe, 9, 25, 160, 215, 226, 269

Grim Reaper, the, 279

Grondelaers, Stephan, 234

Gulf War, 174

Györi, Gábor, 150

happiness, 36

hara, 68, 234

heat-related words for anger, 248

Heider, K., 41

Heine, Bernd, 79, 80

Hemingway, Ernest, 184

Hiraga, M., 90

history, 286

   interpretation of, 173

   personal, 242

   the role of, 241

Hmong, 71, 82

Holland, Dorothy, 193

Holyoak, Keith, xiii, 265

Hopi, 52

house

   common European, 254

   in Russia, 254

Huang, Shuanfan, 250

human body, the 284

humors, four, 234

Hünemeyer, Claudi, 79

Hungarian, 37, 39, 46, 48, 50, 52, 120, 132

Hungarians, 71, 83, 241

Ifaluk, 251, 287

Ilongot, 247

image

   mental, 29

   metaphor, 266

   metaphor, one-shot, 100

image schema, 18, 19

incoherence, 292

indexical hypothesis, 19

inference, 7

inner life, 54

instituted models, 163–178

intensity, 18, 23, 27, 33

intentionality, 12

interest, professional, 245

Izsó, Orsolya, 127

Jakel, Olaf, 124, 125, 126

Japan, 234

Japanese, 39, 68, 74, 123

Johnson, Christopher, 105

Johnson, Mark, xi, 9, 10, 26, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 59, 104, 169

Kecskes, Istvan, 94

Kertész, András, 103

Kesey, Ken, 111, 242

Keysar, Boaz, 265

Kimmel, Michael, xii, xiii, 42

King, Brian, 196, 235, 247

kinship terms, 270

Knox, Helene, 110

Kochman, Thomas, 92

Koller, Bálint, 80

Kolodny, Annette, 90

Kövecses, Zoltán, xi, 11, 21, 25, 26, 36, 54, 68, 94, 104, 111, 131, 151, 170, 179

Köves, Niki, 83, 241

Krzeszowski, Tomasz, 164, 165

Kuhn, Thomas, 228

Kuteva, Tanya, 80

Lakoff, George, xi, 9, 10, 23, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 59, 100, 104, 118, 122, 169, 170, 174, 175, 185, 193, 224, 254, 260, 290

Lakoff and Kövecses, 39, 68

landscape, American, 188

language teaching, foreign, 93, 236

Levenson, R. W., 41

life, 71, 83, 110, 123, 189

   history, 109

Lima, Costa, 21

linguistic example, 63

literal emergence

   grounded, 204

   ungrounded, 202

   view of, 201

literalness, 149

literature, 100

Littlemore, Jeannette, 236, 246

local cultural knowledge, 42

love, 108, 179, 181, 206

Low, Graham, 226

lust, 121, 255

Lutz, Catherine, 251, 287

Maalej, Zouhair, 77, 142

Malay, 72, 257

Malotki, Ekkehart, 53

mappings, 6, 123

   for anger, 198

   central, 216

Marian apparition site, 98

marriage, 205, 218

Mather, Cotton, 129

Matsuki, Keiko, 68, 196, 234

Mbense, Thandi, 39, 69, 127, 199

McMullen, Linda, 101, 102, 110

McNeill, David, 164

meaning, abstract, 143

meaning focus, 11

   main, 12, 21, 42, 55, 112

memory, differential, 241

metaphor

   alternative, 70

   aspects of, 117

   attraction, 226

   in the body, 18

   in the brain, 23

   central, 198

   and cognition, 286

   complex, 4, 10–11, 27, 38, 58

   components of, 13

   conceptual, 63, 200

   congruent, 68

   constitutive, 228

   and culture, 283

   diversity of, 17

   and embodiment, 285

   generic-level conceptual, 68, 69

   in language, 32

   novel, 264, 265, 266

   primary, 3, 4, 9, 10–11, 12, 25, 27, 38, 58, 106, 160, 215, 267

   scope of, 154

   and social-cultural experience, 285

   specific-level conceptual, 68

   in thought, 26

   unique, 86

metaphoric preference, 257

metaphorical behavior, 242

metaphorical emergence

   externally grounded, 217

   internally grounded, 209

   view of, 201

metaphorical entailment potential, 214

metaphorical linguistic expression, 6

metaphorical system, conventional, 284

metaphorical transparency, 155

metaphors

   central, 194

   time-related, 106

metaphor variation, 3

   causes of, 13, 231

   dimensions of, 12

   individual, 182

metonymic preference, 257

metonymic thinking, 258

metonymy, conceptual, 106, 200

Micholajczuk, Agnieszka, 39

Middle English, 104

Minangkabau, 41

mind, 10–11

   American, 168, 177, 189

mirror networks, 272

Mithen, Steven, 24, 25

model

   cognitive, 7

   cultural, 7, 193, 200

morality, 175

Mormons, 127, 174

motivation

   external, 216

   internal, 216

movies, 170

multiple-scope network, 278, 279

Mussolff, Andreas, 225

negation, metaphorical, 262

neural circuitry, 23

neuronal activity, 34

neuronal connections, 26, 34

neurons, 23

New Testament, 126

Nunez, R., 71

nurturant family, 290

Oakley, Todd, 226

objectification, 25

O’Brian, Jennifer, 29

Oceanic languages, 79

Old English, 104

Old Testament, 124

one-track mind, 244

override, 292

Özcaliskan, Seyda, 106, 119

Palmer, Gary, xiii, 42

pantun, 72

past, 71

patterns (of translation), 133

personality-oriented (culture), 186

philosophy, experientialist, 104

physical setting, 239

Plath, Sylvia, 183

Plato, 9, 104

poets, 262

Polish, 39

political structure, 225

politics, 174, 187

   moral, 176

Pontoretto, Diane, 131

Portugese, Brazilian, 76

Potter, Liz, 32

power relations, 233

practice

   social, 176

   social-physical, 7

present, 71

Presley, Elvis, 185

principles, governing, 234

profile, nonlinguistic, 12, 20, 21

prototype, 253

psychoanalysis, 109

psychotherapy, 101, 109

Puri Indians, 48

Puritan literature, 128

qi, 69, 235

Quinn, Naomi, 1, 193, 205

Radden, Günther, 54, 106

reality TV, 188

religious groups, 97

resemblance, 266

Rich, Adrienne, 261

Riddle, Catherine, 71

Rosaldo, Michelle, 247

Sablay, Ted, 220

sadness, 101, 122, 244

Sági, Orsolya, 140

schema

   generic, 69

   generic-level, 235

self, 55

   Hungarian, 59

   Japanese, 59

Semino, Elena, 111, 243

sensorimotor system, 24

sexual desire, 254

sexuality, 256

Shinohara, Kazuko, 74

Shore, Bradd, xii, 1, 163, 184

similarity, 267

   constraint, 267

   perceived, 266

simplex networks, 270

Sinatra, Frank, 185

single-scope networks, 276

Siqueira, Maity, 76

slang, American, 96

slaves, 86, 265

soccer, 238

social history, 241

social pressure, 233

social sciences, xi

social scientists, xiv

social-cultural context, 286

social-cultural experience, 285, 292

   override, 290

social-cultural functions, 284

social-physical reality, 164

sociolinguists, 88

sociologists, 88

Solska, A., 131

Soriano, Cristina, 262

source domain, 5, 118, 163, 239, 245

   abstract, 266

   scope of, 72, 122

   specificity and congruence of, 120

South Africa, 95

spatial relations, 79

specificity, degree of, 153

Stacey, Les, 42

Statue of Liberty, 172

Stearns, Peter, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182

Steen, Gerard, 8, 100

Strauss, Claudia, 1

strict-father family, 290

structural relations, 265

supraindividual level, 223

Susman, Warren, 186

Sweetser, Eve, 17, 98, 103, 150, 164

Swidler, Ann, 179, 180

Swindlehurst, Kate, 111, 243

symbolic system, metaphor-based, 243

symbols, 172

Szabó, Péter, 131, 151

Tagalog, 42

Tanzania, 255

target domain, 5, 121, 164, 265

   range of, 70, 122

Taub, Sarah, 164

tautology, causal, 279

Taylor, John, 39, 69, 127, 199

Thagard, Paul, xiii, 265

theme, major, 11, 12

Thoreau, Henry David, 48

thought, 10

   creative, 270

   metaphorical, 28

time, 47, 251

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 174

topic, 237

translation, 133

Tsou, 250

Tudor, Josephine, 160

Turkish, 119

Turner, Mark, xiii, 7, 86, 100, 128, 169, 185, 260

unconscious, collective, 241

underground railroad, 86

understanding, 28

   on-line, 30

understandings, shared, 2, 283

United States, 86

   and France, 290

universal base, 292

universal body, 285

Upper Paleolithic period, 24

viewpoint preference, 252

visual medium, 237

Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 103

Whorfian effects, 284

Wilcox, Phyllis, 164, 237

Wilkins, David, 99, 104

Wolf, Hans-Georg, 94

Wolof, 39

yin and yang, 235

Yu, Ning, 36, 44, 48, 50, 52, 69, 70, 120, 235, 236, 247

Zulu, 39, 69, 127