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Index
Author Index
Abelson, Robert P. 167, 168
Adam, Alison, 283
Agre, Philip E., 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 21, 30, 32, 36, 42, 147, 151, 170, 171, 253, 328
Anderson, James A., 214, 215, 348
Aristotle, 23
Asimov, Isaac, 89, 359
Athanasiou, Tom, 33
Axelrod, Robert 243
Babbage, Charles, 5, 25, 26, 80
Bajscy, Ruzena, 235, 236, 237, 238, 265, 367
Ballard, Dana H., 347, 371
Barad, Karen, 331, 332
Barr, Avron, 95
Bartlett, Frederic C., 150
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 268
Barsalou, Lawrence W., 295
Barwaise, Jon, 151
Bechtel, William, 233, 244
Becker, Howard, 307, 314, 315
Berliner, Hans, 45
Biagioli, Mario, 7
Bijker, Wiebe E., 30
Birnbaum, Larry., 138
Bloomfield, Brian P., 11, 31
Bobrow, Daniel G. 172
Boden, Margaret A., 10, 160, 287, 295
Boekhorst, Rene te, 282
Bolter, David, 26
Boole, George, 18, 23, 100
Boysen, Sarah T., 305
Braitenberg, Valentino, 281
Breazeal, Cynthia, 272
Brockman, 364
Brontë, Charlotte, 333
Brooks, Rodney A., 104, 248, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270, 274, 275, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 321, 324, 368, 371
Bruce, Bertram, 89
Brucell, Vicki, 118
Busemeyer, Jerome, 229, 232
Castañeda, Claudia, 88, 257, 263
Castells, Manuel., 33, 34, 35
Chalmers, David J., 295
Chapman, David, 150, 151, 253
Chater, Nick, 207, 217
Chemero, Anthony, 228, 230
Chomsky, Noam, 172, 195, 196, 349, 350
Chrisley, Ron 60, 61
Christiansen, Morten H., 207, 217
Churchland, Paul M., 10, 104, 180, 181, 185, 365
Clancey, William J., 150, 184–185, 213, 252, 255, 265, 347, 372
Clapin, Hugh, 24
Clark, Andy, 10, 66, 67, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 104, 176, 194, 215, 225, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 243, 297, 306, 328, 343, 348, 357, 358, 359
Clynes, Manfred, 66
Cohen, Daniel, 102, 362
Cohen, Harold, 290, 291, 292, 293
Cohen, Paul R., 313
Collins, Harry, 10, 11, 53, 54, 55, 119, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 162, 217, 356, 363
Colunga, Eliana, 214
Converse, Timothy M., 170
Cope, David, 26, 289, 290, 370
Copeland, Jack B., 122
Cottrell, Garrison W., 119, 187, 192
Crevier, Daniel, 2, 5, 30, 31, 41, 95, 96, 101, 251, 281, 317, 319, 353, 356, 363
Cronin, Blaise, xii
Cussins, Adrian, 119
D’Aluisio, Faith, 66
Dartnall, Terry, 287, 288, 303, 304, 306, 370
Davidson, Arnold, 315–316
Davis, Martin, 26
Day, Ronald, xii, 119
De Groot, Adriaan, 45, 51
Dell, Gary S., 172, 210, 211, 212, 213
De la Mettrie, Julien Offray, 248, 250
DeLong, Howard, 23
Democritus, 309
De Morgan, Augustus, 23
Dennett, Daniel C., 10, 21, 51, 125, 126, 170, 238, 252, 297, 354, 364
Descartes, René, 18, 21, 22
De Vaucanson, Jacques, 250
Dewey, John, 104, 170–171, 327
Dietrich, Eric, 233
Dreyfus, Hubert, 5, 10, 55, 56, 104
Dretske, Fred I., 10
Dumais, Susan. T., 202
Dyer, Fred.C., 252
Eberhart, Andreas 307
Edelman, Gerald.M., 167, 204, 205, 217, 347, 347
Edwards, Paul N., 10, 11, 31, 35, 80, 353
Ekbia, Hamid R., 6, 119, 194, 315, 331, 360
Elman, Jeffrey L., 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 203, 365
Enfield, Nancy J., 310
Epstein, Joshua M., 244, 246
Etchemendy, John, 151
Farah, Martha J., 118
Fauconnier, Gilles, 347
Feigenbaum, Edward, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 115, 116, 120, 121, 122, 128, 323, 359, 361
Feldman, 371
Fikes, Richard E., 147, 148
Flores, Fernando, 9, 11
Fodor, Jerry, 22, 23, 25, 36, 135, 354, 355
Foltz, Peter W., 198, 200, 201
Forbus, Ken 287, 295
Forrest, Stephanie 306
Forsythe, Diana E., 10, 11, 100, 101, 354
Foucault, Michel, 6, 331
Foundalis, Harry, xii, 302
Franklin, Benjamin, 106
Frege, Gottlob, 23
Friedman, Michael, 239
Funt, Brian V., 152, 153
Gadamer, Hans G., 36
Gallistel, Charles R., 103, 250, 251, 252, 253
Gasser, Les, 306, 307
Gasser, Michael, xii, 214
Gazzaniga, Michael S., 214, 357
Gee, John Paul, 121
Gell, Alfred, 279
Gelman, Susan A., 270
Genter, Dedre, 295
Gibson, James J., 184
Giere, Ronald N., 313, 370
Gieryn, Thomas F., xii, 326
Gilbert, Nigel, 244
Goldberg, Joshua, xii, 194
Goldstone, Rob, xii
Golinkoff, Roberta M., 349, 350, 351
Goodman, Nelson, 246
Gosselin, Frederic, 307
Govindarajan, Krishna K., 208
Govindjee, Anita, 213
Grass, Joshua W., 170
Graubard, Stephen R., 181
Grossberg, Stephen, 172, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 366
Grover, L., 71
Guha, R.V., 91, 92, 99, 105, 111, 118, 122, 127, 360, 361
Hacking, Ian, 23, 316, 331, 332
Hall, J. Storrs, 82
Hammond, Kristian, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 170
Hara, Noriko, 119
Haraway, Donna, 2, 64, 87, 88, 263, 273
Harnad, Steven, 216, 348
Hart, Peter E., 147
Haugeland, John, 10, 42, 51, 55, 56, 104, 244, 246
Hayes, Patrick J., 26, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 125, 359, 360, 362
Hayles, N. Katherine, 66, 88, 330
Hearst, Eliot, 50, 356
Hebb, Donald, 172
Hempel, Carl G., 239
Hennessy, John L., 48, 69
Hertz, John, 344
Hillis, W. Daniel, 215
Hinton, Geoffrey E., 178, 180
Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy, 349, 350, 351
Hobbes, Thomas, 21, 23, 25, 39
Hofstadter, Douglas R., xii, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 26, 50, 51, 53, 56, 59, 77, 78, 100, 104, 126, 156–157, 158, 167, 171, 185, 188, 213, 279, 286, 287, 289, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 301, 302, 303, 306, 307, 311, 347, 354, 356, 370
Hockema, Steven, xii
Holland, John, 68, 78, 220, 224, 225, 241, 242, 246, 360
Hölldobler, Bert, 278
Holyoak, Keith J., 295, 305
Hopfield, John, 347
Horswill, Ian D., 147
Howe, Adele E., 313
Hughes, Thomas E., 30
Hume, David, 219, 220, 221
Hummel, John E., 295
Hurlbert, Anya, 36
Huskey, Harry D., 26
Huskey, Velma R., 26
Husserl, Edmund, 93
Hutchins, Edwin, 104
Iacono, Susan, 17, 35, 80
James, William, 104, 116, 265
Jaquet-Droz, Pierre, 250
Johnson-Laird, Philip N., 141
Jordan, Michael I., 186
Joy, Bill, 11, 73, 79, 80, 86, 358
Joyce, J., 217
Juliano, Cornell, 213
Juola, Patrick, 178, 186
Kaczynski, Theodore, 79
Kail, Robert V., 191
Kaipainen, Mauri, 228
Kanerva, Penti, 347
Karmiloff-Smith, Annett, 301
Kasparov, Garry, 39, 40, 41
Kass, Alex, 137, 142
Keller, Evelyn Fox, 273
Kelso, Scott, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 367
Kennedy, James 307
Kintsch, Walter., 201
Kirsh, David, 255, 257
Kline, Nathan, 66
Kling, Rob, xii, 17, 32, 33, 35, 80, 90, 329, 331
Knuth, Donald, 160, 165
Koestler, Arthur, 287, 295
Kohler, Robert, 61, 322, 323, 371
Kolodner, Janet L., 164, 167, 169
Kowalski, Robert A., 26
Koza, John, 78
Krogh, Anders, 205
Kuhn, 353
Kurzweil, Ray, 18, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 318, 321, 357, 358, 371
Kusch, Martin, 53, 54, 55, 356
Lady Lovelace, 52
Laham, Darrell, 198, 200, 201, 202
Lakoff, George 258
Landauer, Thomas K., 198, 200, 201, 202
Landes, David, 85
Landy, David 194
Langton, Christopher G., 260
Lanier, Jaron, 11, 73, 78, 86, 87, 359
Large, Edward W., 235, 236, 237, 238, 265, 367
Larkin, Jill, 152
Latour, Bruno, 14, 16, 34, 36, 312, 314, 315, 325, 327, 331, 370
Leake, David B., 138, 139, 141, 142, 163, 164, 169, 305
Leclerc, Jude, 307
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 23, 24, 25
Lenat, Doug, 91, 92, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 323, 359, 360, 361, 362
Levelt, Willem J. M., 210
Levinson, Stephen C., 310
Lewis, David, 246
Lewontin, Richard C., 270
Lloyd, Elisabeth A., xii
Llyod, Geoffrey, 61, 102, 130
Loy, Gareth, 289
Luo, Jun, xii
MacDonald, Maryellen C., 198, 352
Mach, Ernst, 240
Mackay, W.A., 259
Manna, Zohar, 23
Marchman, V., 178, 179, 186, 191
Maris, Marinus, 282
Markman, Arthur B., 233
Marr, David, 23
Marshall, James B., xii, 296, 298, 301, 305
Marx, Karl, 87
Matarić, Maja J., 253
Maxwell, Clark, 67
Mazlish, Bruce, 2, 250
McCarthy, John, 23, 97, 99, 125, 360, 362
McClelland, James L., 172
McCorduck, Pamela, 35, 290, 292
McCulloch, Warren S., 172
McDermott, Drew, 8, 9, 11, 125, 126, 128, 165, 215, 317, 362
McDonough, Richard, 306
McGraw, Gary, 303
McLeod, Peter, 345
Mead, George Herbert, 278, 310
Meglicki, Zdzislaw, 71, 358
Menzel, Peter, 66
Minsky, Marvin, 170, 282, 347, 360
Mitchell, Melanie, 68, 233, 298
Moore, Gordon, 69
Moravec, Hans, 18, 72, 75, 83, 324, 326, 359
Morgan, Thomas, 61
Morris, William C., 187, 192
Moser, David, 213
Nagel, Thomas, 81
Neumaier, Otto, 138
Neumann, John von, 23
Newborn, Monroe, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52
Newell, Allen, 14, 18, 23, 28, 29, 43, 44, 137, 145, 240
Newport, Elissa L., 192
Nilsson, Nils J., 147
Noble, David F., 32, 34, 35, 81, 322
Norton, Alec, 223
Norvig, Peter, 173, 175
Oden, David L., 305
Oppenheim, Paul, 239
Oyama, Susan, 270
Parkinson, G.H.R. 24
Pascal, Blaise, 23
Pashler, Harold E., 165
Patterson, David A., 48, 69
Peirce, Charles S., 104
Petitot, Jean, 242
Petroski, Henry, 89
Pfeifer, Rolf, 282
Piaget, Jean, 269
Pinch, Trevor, 30, 217
Pinker, Steven, 349
Pitts, Walter H., 172
Plate, Tony, 347
Plaut, David C., 193, 194, 195, 203, 217
Plunkett, Kim, 178, 179, 186, 191
Poggio, Tomaso, 36
Poincare, Henri, 220, 239, 240, 241, 245, 287
Popper, Karl, 29, 104, 314, 371
Port, Robert F., xii, 222, 228
Pratt, Vaughan, 105, 110, 111, 112–113, 115, 360
Preskill, John, 70
Prinz, Jesse J., 295
Putnam, Hilary, 10, 233, 244, 366
Pylyshyn, Zenon W., 24, 25, 27, 28, 36, 135, 355
Quartz, Steven R., 58, 352, 367
Quine, Willard V., 170
Reeke, George N., 217
Regier, Terry, 186
Rehling, John, xii, 302
Reid, Thomas, 104
Restivo, Sal, 276
Reyes, Brenda, 324
Rhode, Douglas L. T., 193, 194, 195, 203, 217
Richardson, R.C., 233, 244
Riesbeck, Chritopher, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 159, 164, 166, 168, 169
Risan, Lars, 260, 260, 285, 310, 354
Riskin, Jessica, 250
Roberts, Seth, 165
Rochester, N., 215
Rosch, Eleanor, 5, 208, 258
Rosenberg, Charles, 342
Rosenblatt, Kevin P., 172
Roszak, Theodore, 34, 38
Rouse, Joseph, 62, 63, 331
Rumelhart, David E., 172, 178, 180, 206, 339, 344
Russell, Bertrand, 23, 245
Russell, Stuart J., 173, 175
Saffran, J.R., 198
Santambrogio, Marco, 137
Savery, Thomas, 220
Scassellati, Brian, 257, 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 369
Schaffer, Simon 5
Schank, Roger C., 101, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 154, 159, 164, 166, 167, 168, 170, 347, 364
Scheier, Christian, 282
Scheutz, Matthias, 282, 283
Schmidt, William C., 191
Schuler, Douglas, 32
Searle, John R., 10, 14, 38, 51, 52, 53, 73, 81, 82, 83, 86, 104
Seeley, Thomas D., 252
Seidenberg, Mark S., 198, 352
Seirawan, Yasser, 41
Sejnowski, Terrence, 58, 180, 342, 352
Shanker, S.G., 6
Shannon, Claude, 42, 46
Shapin, Steve, 11
Shaw, Cliff 28, 29
Shimojima, Atsushi, 152, 153, 364
Shultz, Thomas R., 191
Simon, Herbert, 4, 14, 18, 23, 28, 29, 137, 152, 312, 322, 323
Skinner, Burrhua F., 27, 276
Sloman, Aaron, 3, 282
Smith, Brian C., xii, 9, 11, 14, 21, 25, 30, 100, 104, 119, 120, 132, 133, 194, 195, 246, 248, 264, 280, 281, 305, 330, 331, 332, 354, 355, 359, 367, 370
Smith, Linda B., xii, 222, 259, 269, 270, 271
Smolensky, Paul, 181, 197, 198, 204, 207, 340, 352, 371
Steedman, Mark, 176
Stein, Dan J. 257
Stewart, John 260
Suchman, Lucy, 88, 104, 171, 257, 262, 263, 267, 273, 283, 319, 321, 330, 331, 332, 353
Tesfatsion, Leigh 243
Thagard, Paul, 295, 305
Thelen, Esther, xii, 222, 259, 269, 270, 271
Thompson, Edward, 322
Thompson, Evan, 5, 208, 258
Thompson, R.K.R., 305
Thoreau, Henry David, 89
Thorpe, Chuck, 324
Toole, 356
Townsend, James, xii, 118, 229, 232
Troitzsch, Klaus G., 244
Turing, Alan, 18, 21, 23, 26, 42
Turkle, Sherry, 11, 33, 34, 81, 177, 180, 215, 277
Ullian, Joseph S., 179
van Gelder, Timothy, 222, 228, 230, 231, 238, 239, 246, 367
Varela, Francisco J., 5, 208, 258
Violi, Patrizia, 137
Von Foerster, Heinz, 315
Vygotsky, Lev, 85
Waldinger, Richard, 23
Waltz, David, 75
Warwick, Kevin, 67
Weizenbaum, Joseph, 11, 34, 158, 175, 220, 310, 311
Wellman, Barry, 34
Wellman, Harry M., 270
Whitehead, Alfred North, 23
Wiener, Norbert, 221
Williams, Ronald J., 178
Wills, Linda M., 167
Wilson, Edward O., 278
Winner, Langdon, 33, 37–38, 80, 89
Winograd, Terry, 9, 11, 173
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 134, 170
Woods, William A., 137
Woolgar, Steve, 10, 11, 12, 138
Zipser, David, 206, 344, 362
Subject Index
Aaron, 18, 288, 290–94, 307
Actions
Polymorphic versus mimeomorphic, 53–54
Formative, 53
Adaptive resonance theory (ART), 205–209
Affordance, 184
Agent-based modeling, 244, 307
Anthropomorphism, 5, 310
Aphasia model, 210–214
Approaches to AI, 17–18
Neat versus scruffy, 101, 135, 170
Argonne National Laboratory, 241
Atomism
As a theory of meaning, 138
As a view of cognition, 288
In classical models, 135
In language, 187
In philosophy
In physics, 232
In science, 26
In Turing’s ideas, 26
Attractors, 225
Attribution Fallacy, 8, 9, 157, 311, 357
Behaviorism, 27, 172
Binding problem, 214
Body
As ethereal, 83
As mere jelly, 83
Its effective border, 67
Brain
Causal properties, 82
Computational power of, 57
Its plasticity, 85
As a self-organized system, 225
Brittleness, 99, 360
Brute-force methods, 45, 47, 48
In tension with psychological realism, 45
Categories, 185
Chef, 18, 159–164, 166–169
Chinese room, 81
Chunking
In chess, 45
In language, 189
Coach, 18, 145–159, 168–169, 363
Cog, 18, 248–249, 258–259, 263–267, 271–275, 281–285
Cognitivism, 27
Commonsense knowledge
And heuristics, 102
As an area of expertise, 98
As encyclopedic, 105
Its usefulness for computers, 94
Lack of theory of, 104
Philosophy of, 104
To formalize or to engineer, 97
Computational power
And its limits, 69–70
And transistor miniaturization, 69
Of Deep Blue, 49
Of human brain, 57–58
Computationalist thread, 25, 36
Computerization movements, 17, 35, 80
Computers
Current theories of, 14
Their ubiquity, 21
As intelligent machines, 27
As social constructs, 30
As universal machines, 26
Concepts, 265, 305
Conceptual Dependency, 15, 138–142
Conceptual slippage, 295
Consciousness, 83, 285
Consensus reality, 100, 116–118
Constraint
-satisfaction, 183
semantic, 193
Copycat, 18, 167, 286–288, 298–302, 306
Creativity
As remembering, 162
Critique
In art and science, 6–7
In this work, 7, 9, 371
In technical work, 7
Of AI, 10–11, 37–38
See also Technical-Critical
Cybernetic, 221
Cyborg, 18, 64–65, 72
Darwinian view, 32, 80–81
Decision Field Theory (DFT), 18, 219, 228–230
Deep Thought, 40, 49
DENDRAL, 95, 137
Differential equations, 222
Discourse, 4, 353
As practice in AI, 4–6
Popular (about AI), 30
Dream
AI as, 2
And cultural imaginary, 353
Boolean, 100
Clynes and Kline’s, 66
Democritean, 331–32
Eschatological, 78
Haraway’s, 64
Hebb’s, 172
Hobbes’, 39
Hofstadter’s, 12–13, 286
Humean, 221, 239, 247
La Mettrie’s, 248
Leibnitz and Laplace’s, 223
Military, 326
Of invisible infrastructure, 319
Pragmatic, 333
Psychological physics, 244
Turing’s, 21
Wittgenstein, 134, 138
Dualism, 22–23
Dynamical Systems Theory (DST), 219, 223–24, 230–32, 239
Eliza, 175, 310, 311
Eliza effect, 8, 156–159, 311
Embodiment, 65
Emergence, 182, 244
Emmy, 18, 288–290, 293, 307
Engineering
As a practice in AI, 4
As a profession and culture, 32
In tension with scientific practice, 4
Entrepreneurialism in AI, 33, 106, 324–326, 371
Ethical concerns, 88–89, 333–334
Ethnography, 16, 354
Evolution, 66, 73
Exclusionist critique, 38, 81
Experience, 138, 159
Expert systems, 94–97
Their brittleness, 99
Fabric of AI, 2, 36–37, 310
FARG (Fluid Analogies Research Group), 13, 302
Flexibility
In human thinking, 185, 296
versus stability, 205
Formal
Deduction, 135
Explanations, 244–45
Rules of logic, 354–55
Knowledge domains, 55
Systems, 55, 93
Formalist thread, 36, 245, 359
Frames, 347, 360
Frame problem, 252, 362
Free ride from diagrams, 151, 364
Futurism, 75, 87–88
Functionalism, 244, 366
General Problem Solver (GPS), 18, 28–29, 137, 147, 148, 164
Generalization, 185, 228, 241, 245
Generalized Eliza Effect (GEE), 8, 9, 12, 291, 293, 311, 330, 357
Genetic algorithms, 68
Genghis, 253–54
Graceful degradation, 183
Hacker culture, 34
And open-hood mode of work, 177
Heuristic Search Hypothesis, 29
History of technology, 80
HKB, 18, 219, 226–28, 234
Hollywood, [epi], 359, 371
Homogeneity, 241–42
IBM, 40, 41, 48, 61, 63, 356
Institutional thread, 37
Intelligence
As originality, 51, 81
As pattern matching, 83
As problem solving, 28
As a quantitative property, 76
As search, 44
As speed of processing, 48, 57
As vast amount of knowledge, 92, 102, 129
Undefined character of, 6
International Computer Chess Association, 40
Irreduction, 13–14
Jupiter, 174
Kismet, 15, 267–280, 313, 369
Knowledge
Acquisition bottleneck, 91
And language, 142
And power, 63, 104
Engineers, 94–95
Extraction, 98
Tacit, 118, 362
Versus information, 108
Lady Lovelace argument, 52
Language
Anthropomorphic, 353
As a bag of words, 198
As a canned product, 174
As a set of subtasks, 176
Competence and performance, 195–197
Difficulty to acquire, 346
Errors, 212
In microworlds, 173
In translation, 175
Its flexibility, 63
Statistical view of, 176
Latent Semantic Analysis, 198–200, 201–202
Learning
From failure, 160
In neural networks, 180, 184
Supervised vs. unsupervised, 343
Letter Spirit, 302–306
Level (of analysis), 286, 296
Logic
Classical, 23
Formal, 25
And inference, 23
And thinking, 24
Logicism, 22
Mainstream AI, 3
Mathematics, 221, 245
Maxwellian view, 64–65
Meaning
And form, 24, 135
And computers, 53
Context-dependence, 100, 120
In art, 290
In expert systems, 99
In music, 293
In text, 198
Original versus derivative, 31, 82
Primitives, 139
Theories of, 137
Memory, 143
As a storehouse, 166
Associative, 178
Capacity, 357
Physical conceptions of, 242
Theories of, 347
Memory organization packets (MOP), 143–44, 363
Mentalist thread, 22, 36
Metacat, 167, 286, 300–302
Metaphor, 5–6, 43–44, 61, 353
Microdomains, 13, 173, 204
Military support of AI, 35
Mind-body problem, 22
Moore’s Law, 68–69, 75, 78–79
Moral economy, 322
Nanotecnology, 71–72, 358
Nativism, 187, 350
Neo-Luddite critique, 38
NETtalk, 215–16, 342–43
Neurons, 172
And nodes in neural networks, 177
Their number in human brain
Newtonian view, 64–66
Nodes vs. neurons, 339
Optimists, 77, 89
Pengi, 150, 253
Performance, 216
Physical Symbol Systems Hypothesis, 13–14, 29
Planning
Case-based
Classical, 147
In football, 145–147
Play (its multiple meanings), 62–63
Posthumanism, 332–33
Practice
Three AI practices, 4–6
Professional thread, 37
Prompt-Reverso, 175
Quantitative extrapolation, 43, 76
Quantum computing, 70, 358
Quiescence (in chess), 46
RAT (Repair, Attribution, and all That), 54–55
Realism
Biological, 181, 202, 345
Psychological, 312
Social, 329
Reasoning
About time and space, 149
And acting, 150
Axiomatic-deductive, 102
Case-based, 134
With diagrams, 152–154
Reductionism, 239
Neural, 204
Relevance, 208
Replicability in science, 217, 364
Representation, 24
Distributed, 182, 190
Explicit, 301
Image-like, 154
Linguistic
Mental, 340
Static, 219, 304, 330
vs. action, 331
Revolutions in AI, 3, 181, 225
Rules
Of chess, 46
Of English grammar, 178
Of logic, 25
Santa Fe Institute, 241
Scaffolded thinking, 85
Science, 4
And intuition, 220
And understanding, 215
As normative practice, 61
In controversy, 216
In tension with engineering in AI, 4, 133, 168, 233, 249, 257, 285
Its aim, 239
Of man (psychology), 221
The standard story, 322
Science fiction, 31, 71, 77, 82, 87, 88, 89
Self-organization, 224
Scoring function in chess, 46
Search, 44–46
As a key concept in AI, 44
Breadth-first, 44
Depth-first, 44
Engines, 93
Heuristic, 29
Informed, 45
Iterative deepening, 45
Uninformed 45
Self-regulation, 67
Semantics, 135, 196, 238
Two notions of, 195, 202
See also meaning
Shakey, 148, 363
Shape of actions, 53
SHRDLU, 173–174, 251, 253, 317
Simple Recurrent Network (SRN), 186–187, 190–191
Situated, 367
Software bottleneck, 78
Skeptical critique, 37, 51
Social Informatics, 17, 20
STRIPS, 147, 148, 363
Subsumption architecture, 256
Symbol manipulation, 355
Symbolic approach, 176–177
Syntax, 24, 362
In formal logic, 25
And semantics, 134
And grammar, 142
In music, 290
Technical-critical practice, 7
Technological determinism, 75, 88
As part of the computing culture, 31–32
Technology
Cybernetic, 72, 87
Nonpenetrative, 67
Transparent, 85
Ubiquitous, 89
Technical-critical approach, 15, 328–329
Teleportation, 358
Three A’s of AI, 27
Three practice of AI, 5
Tinkering, 177, 190–192
Toto, 253
Universal machines, 26
Universalism, 131, 219, 245
Utopian views in AI, 32
As opposed to dystopian views, 32–33, 329
Whisper, 152, 153
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