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9780521771795 - EXPLAINING SOCIAL BEHAVIOR - by Jon Elster
Index
INDEX
abortion
Abu Sayyaf
action, See also rational-choice theory
belief-desire model of
collective
filters on
interpreting
rational
side effects of
addiction
relapse
and tolerance effect
and withdrawal
admiration
adultery
affronts, reactions to
afterlife
AG. See Assurance Game
agents
choice by
naïve
selection of
sophisticated
aggregation
of beliefs
of preferences
Agnew, Spiro
Ainslie, George
alarm calls
Albertine, in A la recherche du temps perdu
alcohol
alcoholics, children of
alienation
alternatives, irrelevant
altruism, reciprocal
amae
ambiguity, aversion to
amino acid
amoral familism
amygdala
analogy
anchoring
Andersen, Hans Christian
Andrewes, Bishop Lancelot
Andromaque
anger
anorexia
anosognosia
Antabuse. See disulfiram
anticonformism
anti-Semitism
approbativeness
arguing
Aristodemus
Aristotle, See also indignation, Aristotelian
arms race
Aron, Raymond
Arrow, Kenneth
Assemblée Constituante (1789–91)
Assurance Game
Athenian Assembly
Athenian juries
Athens
attribution error, fundamental
Austen, Jane
autokinetic effect
autonomy
autopsies
autosuggestion
availability heuristic
backward induction
Bambara (Bali)
bandwagon mechanism
bargaining
depression as a tool of
wage
Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie
Battle of the Sexes
Bayes, Thomas
Bayesian learning
Bayes’s theorem
Beauty Contest Game
Becker, Gary
beginner’s luck
behavior
altruistic
excessive
externalities of
intelligible but irrational
phobic
rational-choice theory of
reflex
behavioral economics
Belgium
after World War II
resistance
belief, See also probability; quasi-beliefs
and action
aggregation of
contradictory
knowledge
motivated formation of
rational
religious
self-erasing
trap
belief-desire model of action
belief formation. See counterwishful thinking; inference, statistical, errors of; informational cascades; magical thinking; pluralistic ignorance; rumors; self-deception; wishful thinking
Bemba (Northern Rhodesia)
Bentham, Jeremy
Bergerac, Cyrano de
Bernard, Claude
Bertram, Edmund, in Mansfield Park
betrayal aversion
bicameralism
blaming the victim
Blum, Léon
boat construction
Bogart, Humphrey
Bogotá
bolstering effect
boredom
Boswell, James
Bourbon, Antoine de
Bourdieu, Pierre
Brandeis, Louis
“bright line,” . See also focal points
Bruun, Ketil
Buddhism
Bulstrode, in Middlemarch
bunching of choices
Burgundy, in King Lear
Buridan’s ass
Burke, Edmund
burning ships or bridges
Burroughs, E. R.
bystander intervention, See also Genovese, Kitty
calculus, invention of
Calvin, Jean
Calvinism
and predestination
cancer
intestinal
lung
self-deception about
patients in late stages of
capitalism, contradiction of
car-car accident
Carnegie Foundation
car-pedestrian accident
Carraciolo, Bishop Antoine
cartels
Carter, President Jimmy
categorical imperative
caudate nucleus
causality. See also interaction effect
chain of
and correlation
direction of
social
Centipede Game
certainty
certainty effect
central bankers
Chain Store Paradox
character traits
Chasteller, Mme de, in Lucien Leuwen
Chatillon, Cardinal de (Odet de Coligny)
checks and balances
Cherokees
Chicken Game
child abuse
child custody
Chilean junta (1973–80)
China
economic reform in
one-child policy in
Chirac, President Jacques
choice
Christmas savings club
Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Garcia Marquez)
Chrysostomos, Dion
Civil War in France, The (Marx)
civil wars
American
Claudius, in Hamlet
“cobweb” cycle
cocaine
cognitive dissonance
production of
reduction of
coincidence
Cold War
Coleridge, Samuel
comedy
common knowledge
Common Market
Communism
comparison shopping
compensation effect
compulsion
Concorde aircraft
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat
conformism
con-man operations
conscience
consciousness, collective
constituent assemblies, See also Assemblée Constituante; Federal Convention
Frankfurt (1848)
Paris (1848)
constitution
constitutional courts
constraints
on belief formation
contempt
contingent response tendencies
contrast effect
conventions
constitutional
cooperation
coordination
coordination equilibria
Cordelia, in King Lear
correlation
Corsica, vengeance in
Cortes, Hernando
corvée
counteradaptive preferences
counterwishful thinking
covenant marriage
cravings, visceral
credibility, See also promises
Crew, Frederick
Crimean War
crystallization, Stendhal’s theory of
Cuban missile crisis
cue dependence
curve fitting
Darwin, Charles
data mining
deathbed statements
in nineteenth-century England
in nineteenth-century India
death penalty
deception
decision making
collective
quality-quantity trade-off
costs of
short-circuiting the machinery of
truncating the machinery of
wire crossing in
decision myopia
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
deconstructionism
de Gaulle, Charles
delay
on action
on constitutional amendments
in Hamlet
of reward
self-imposed
demobilization
democracy
and oligarchy
Democracy in America (Tocqueville)
Denton, Senator Jeremiah Andrew
depression
deprivation, relative
Derrida, Jacques
Descartes, Rene
desire
irresistible
devil’s advocate
Diagoras
dialysis
diamond merchants
Dictator Game
dieting
disappointment
disarmament, unilateral
discounting
exponential
hyperbolic
pill
pure time
quasi-hyperbolic
time
disgust
disinterestedness
disjunction effect
distrust
disulfiram (Antabuse)
divorce
DNA
codons of
domino effect, internal
donations, charitable
Donne, John
doomsday machine
Dostoyevsky, Fodor
draft exemptions
drama
drinking
on American campuses
impulse
drugs
duels
Duport, Adrien-Jean-François
Durkheim, Emile
education
efficiency, disregard for
ego
egoism
elation
electoral college
Elliott, Anne, in Persuasion
emigration
émigrés, French aristocratic, in London
emotion, See also admiration; anger; contempt; disappointment; disgust; elation; envy; fear; gloating; grief; guilt; hatred; hope; indignation; jealousy; joy; liking; love; malice; pity; pride; pridefulness; quasi-emotions; regret; rejoicing; relief; resentment; sadness; shame; surprise
and action
affecting belief
affecting desires
characterized
cognitive antecedents of
and culture
enumerated
evaluative
and evolution
half-life of
and intentional objects
interaction-based versus comparison-based
and physiological arousal
and physiological expressions
retributive
and transmutation
universal
valence
empathy
emperor’s new clothes
empty chair, the politics of the
endowment effect
English civil war
envy
equilibrium
coordination
static and dynamic
weak sense of
Erklären
essentialism
eugenic policies
Euripides
European Union
evolution
experts
explanandum
explanans
explanation
by consequences
and correlation
event-based
evolutionary
functional
and general laws
intentional
and interpretation
and necessitation
opportunity
and prediction
rational-choice
statistical
and storytelling
structural
support for
and why questions
externalities, See also
internalitiesextrajudicial killing
extremism
Fabius the Cunctator
fact
“novel,”
fairness
fallacy
by-product
Concorde
gamblers
sunk-cost
Vietnam
false consensus effect
FARC. See Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
Fatah
fear
believing what we
neurophysical work on, in rats
visceral versus prudential
Federal Convention (Philadelphia, 1787)
Federalist, The (Madison)
Ferguson, Adam
Festinger, Leon
filibustering
filling in
financial markets
fitness, reproductive
flag burning
Focal Point Game
focal points
competing
folk psychology
forbidden fruit
foreman
forgiveness
France, See also constituent assemblies
ancien régime
Assemblée Constituante (1789–91). See Assemblée Constituante
Constitutional Council
German invasion of 1940
German occupation of, during World War II
insurrection of Paris workers 1848
Republic of 1848
Restoration
Revolution
wars of religion (1562–98)
free rider
frequency-dependent effects
Freud, Sigmund
Friedman, Milton
fundamental attribution error
gambling
games. See also Assurance Game; Battle of the Sexes; Beauty Contest Game; Centipede Game; Chain Store Paradox; Chicken Game; Dictator Game; Focal Point Game; ice cream vendor location; Prisoner’s Dilemma; Telephone Game; Traveler’s Dilemma; Trust Game; Ultimatum Game
experimental
sequential
game theory
first- and second-generation
Geisteswissenschaften
gene
genetics
genital mutilation
genotype
Genovese, Kitty, See also bystander intervention
Giffen effect
gloating
global warming
glory
Goldwyn, Sam
Good Samaritan
gossip
government
bypassing restrictions on its actions
ignoring restrictions on its actions
and judicial review
manipulating electoral laws
manipulating information
manipulating monetary policy
and political justice
and popular majorities
and self-serving legislation
starving the opposition
gradient climbing
gratification, deferring
gratitude
Great Fear (1789)
Greece, ancient, as a shame culture
grief
grim trigger strategy
guilt
Guise, Henri duc de
Gutman, Kasper
halo effect
Hamas
Charter, Article 22 of
Hamilton, Alexander
Hamlet
Hamsun, Knut
happiness
hatred
hedonic treadmill
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Heisenberg, Werner
Henri IV, See also Navarre, Henri de
hermeneutic dilemma
hermeneutics of suspicion
heroin
heuristics
Hicks, John
Hirschman, Albert
Hitler, Adolf
Hobbes, Thomas
Homer
homicide
honor
codes of
conceptions of
hope
Hume, David
hyperbolic procrastinator
hyperrationality
hypersomnia
hypocrisy
civilizing force of
culture of
hypothetico-deductive method
Iago, in Othello
ice cream vendor location
id
ignorance
motivated
pluralistic
veil of
imitation
immigration
immunity
impartiality
impatience
impulse control
inability to project
independence axiom
indeterminacy
indifference
curves
indignation
Aristotelian
Cartesian
individualism, methodological
induction, backward
infanticide, gender-based
inference, statistical, errors of
informational cascades
information gathering
innovation
insomnia
institutions
trust in
insurgents, Chechnyan
intelligibility
absolute
and rationality
relative global
relative local
intention
intentionality
levels of
interaction, social
one-shot
repeated
interaction effect
interest
internalities, See also externalities
interpretation
of actions
by consequences
of works of art
Intifada, second
intoxication
intuition, causal
irrationality
authorial
Islamic criminal law
Jackson, Robert
Jante, Law of
Jaurès, Jean
jealousy
sexual
Jewish ethics
Jews. See also anti-Semitism
beliefs about
rescue of
Johnson, Samuel
joy
judgment
judicial review
jumping to conclusions
juries
jury system
jury theorem
justice, transitional
Kahneman, Daniel
Kant, Immanuel
smoking maxim
Kantianism, everyday
Keillor, Garrison
Keynes, John Maynard
kidnapping
in Colombia
in Costa Rica
in the Philippines
King Lear
Kissinger, Henry
Kleinian psychoanalysis
kleptocracy
kosher, rules of
La Bruyere, Jean de
labor union
Lacanian psychoanalysis
Lafayette, Mme de
Lake Wobegon Days (Keillor)
Lameth, Alexandre
Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis
La Princesse de Clèves (Lafayette)
La Rochefoucauld, François de
law, See also mechanism
of demand
Engel’s
of gravitation
weak
Lefebvre, Georges
Légion d’Honneur
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
Le rouge et le noir (Stendhal)
Levinson, Sam
Liaisons dangereuses, Les
Life of Johnson (Boswell)
liking
L’île mystérieuse (Verne)
line-matching experiments
literacy
Living Flag
Livingston, Robert
lobster trap
local maximum
logrolling
Look Homeward, Angel (Wolfe)
loser takes all
loss aversion
lotteries, preference over
love
romantic
Lucien Leuwen (Stendhal)
Macaulay, Thomas
Madison, James
Mafiosi
magical thinking
malice
Maltese Falcon, The
Mansfield Park (Austen)
Mao Tse-tung
Marbury v. Madison (1854)
market economy
Marx, Karl
Mason, George
Maugham, Somerset
maxims. See proverbs and maxims
meaning, search for
mechanisms, See also anchoring; anticonformism; autosuggestion; availability heuristic; bandwagon mechanism; bunching of choices; certainty effect; cognitive dissonance; compensation effect; conformism; contrast effect; counterwishful thinking; disjunction effect; emotion, half-life of; endowment effect; false consensus effect; filling in; focal point; forbidden fruit; Giffen effect; halo effect; hedonic treadmill; informational cascades; loss aversion; magical thinking; older-sibling syndrome; Othello effect; pluralistic ignorance; preferences, adaptive, counteradaptive; rationalization; reactance; reciprocity; representativeness heuristic; selection; self-deception; snowballing; spillover effect; sour grapes; transmutation; underdog mechanism; unraveling; variation; Veblen effect; wishful thinking; younger-sibling syndrome
atomic and molecular
defined
Medea
Meegeren, Han van
Memoirs (Tallyerand)
memory suppression, theory of (Freud)
Mendès-France, Pierre
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice
Middlemarch (Eliot)
militants (activists)
Miller, Arthur
misrepresentation
in arguing
in bargaining
of beliefs
costs of
of motivations
of preferences
in voting
mistakes
motivated (“hot”)
unmotivated (“cold”)
Mitterrand, François
Mockus, Antanas
model, additive
monitoring
Montaigne, Michel de
on altruism
on Aristodemus
on Diagoras
on emotions
on facts
on gifts
on honor
on hypocrisy
on ignorance
on rumor
on trust
on valor
on vengeance
on virtue
Morgenstern, Oskar
Morris, Gouverneur
motivations
altruistic
approaches to
in collective action
conflicts among
consequentialist
continuum of
Freud’s analysis of
hierarchy of
intelligibility of
meta-
nonconsequentialist
other-regarding
strength of
transmutation of
visceral
Mounier, Jean-Joseph
moving light experiments
music, classical
mutation
myopia. See also discounting, time
spatial
temporal
Nagy, Imre
Napoleon
Napoleon III
natural sciences
nature, state of
Naturwissenschaften
Navarre, Henri de, See also Henri IV
Nazi Germany
agents of
collaborators with
victims of
necessitation
Nemours, duc de, in La Princesse de Clèves
neocortex
Neumann, John von
Newton, Isaac
Nixon, President Richard
norms
conditional
and conformism
of drinking
of etiquette
and externalities
of honor
legal
moral
quasi-moral
regulating the use of money
social
of tipping
unconditional
nucleotides
Nuremberg trials
obsession
Odette, in A la recherche du temps perdu
Odyssey, The (Homer)
older-sibling syndrome, See also younger-sibling syndrome
Old Regime (Tocqueville)
Olympic Winter Games (1994)
On Anger (Seneca)
On Love (Stendhal)
opinion polls
opportunism
opportunists
opportunity
explanations
set
options
inside
outside
organ donation
organizations
Origin of Species, The (Darwin)
Oslo airport
Othello
Othello effect
Ottoman empire
outcome optimality
overdetermination, causal
overfishing
overgrazing
Oxytocin
pain, more, preferred to less
paracetamol
Parker, Charlie
Pascal, Blaise
Pascal’s wager
passion
precommitment against
patent system
paternalism
collective
state
state-assisted self-
path dependence
pattern seeking, See also meaning, search for
PD. See Prisoner’s Dilemma
Pélissier, General Aimable Jean Jacques
Pericles
personality traits
Persuasion (Austen)
Phèdre
phenotype
Phillips curve
pity
planning
consistent
economic
for war
pleasure principle
pleiotropy
pluralistic ignorance
Politburo
Political Tactics (Bentham)
Polonius
postcolonial theory
postmodernism
Postmodern Pooh (Crew)
precommitment
predestination
prediction
preemption, causal
preferences
adaptive
aggregation of
complete
continuous
counteradaptive
cycling social
fundamental versus policy
intensity of
lexicographic
misrepresentation, see misrepresentation, of preferences
reversal of
single-peaked
transitive
premature gratification
Price, Fanny, in Mansfield Park
pride
pridefulness
primates
principal-agent problem
solutions to
Prisoner’s Dilemma
iterated
many-person
private rules
probability
laws of
subjective assessments of
process benefits
procrastination
promises
credibility of
prospect theory
protein
Proust, Marcel
on autosuggestion
on by-products
on character
on fallacious reasoning
on jealousy
on magical thinking
on search for happiness
on self-deception
on understanding motivations
on virtue
Prouvost, Jean
proverbs and maxims
Absence lessens moderate passions and intensifies great ones, as the wind blows out a candle but fans up a fire
Absence makes the heart grow fonder
Delay in vengeance gives a heavier blow
Fear increases the danger
The fear is often greater than the danger
Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me
Friendship is to forget what you give and to remember what you receive
Haste makes waste
He who hesitates is lost
If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it
It is expensive to be poor
It takes only one black sheep to spoil a flock
Like attracts like
Like father, like son
Marry in haste, repent at leisure
Mean father, prodigal son
Men are very vain, and of all things hate to be thought so
Middle age is when you are old enough to know better and young enough to do it nonetheless
Nature proposes, man disposes
Necessity is the mother of invention
Never change a winning team
Never forget a service rendered you; forget immediately one you have rendered
Opposites attract each other
Out of sight, out of mind
Past happiness augments future misery
To remember a misfortune is to renew it
The remembrance of past perils is pleasant
Rumors often lie
A short absence can do much good
Si jeunesse savait, si vieillesse pouvait (If the young knew, if the old could)
There is a black sheep in every flock
Those whom they injure, they also hate
Two eyes for an eye / An eye for an eye
Vengeance is a dish that is best served cold
Virtue does not know itself
We believe easily what we hope and what we fear
Who has offended, cannot forgive
Who is caught red-handed will always be distrusted
Who keeps faith in small matters does so in large ones
Who lies also steals
Who steals an egg will steal an ox
Who tells one lie will tell a hundred
A wrong not exceeded is not revenged
psychology
folk
of tyranny
psychopaths
punishment
altruistic
inflicting and observing
Putnam, Robert
puzzle
Christmas club
cold-water
credit card
dentist
equity premium
lawn-mowing
sunk-cost
quantum mechanics
quasi-beliefs
quasi-emotions
Raffles, in Middlemarch
Randolph, Edmund
ranking records experiment
rape
rate busting
rational-choice theory, See also action
alternatives to
and art
limitations of
subjective nature of
rationality
as-if conception of
of beliefs
canonical principles of
and egoism
normative appeal of
outcome
process
second-best
rationalization
Rawls, John
reactance
Reagan, President Ronald
reality principle
reason
desire to act for a
principle of insufficient
rebellions, peasant
Rebel Without a Cause
reciprocity
dyadic
multilateral
negative
Reculer pour mieux sauter
redemption
redialing
reductionism
crude
premature
progressive force in science
speculative
reformers
regression to the mean
regret
reinforcement
learning
schedules
continuous
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
Reinhardt, Django
rejoicing
relief
Rênal, M. de, in Le rouge et le noir
Rênal, Mme de, in Le rouge et le noir
reparations
replication, errors of
representativeness heuristic
reputation
reputation building
resentment
resistance movements
revenge
in Hamlet
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Rhetoric (Aristotle)
Richardson, Lewis
risk
aversion
Rocard, Michel
roulette wheel
Round Table Talks (Poland, 1989)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Rubinstein, Ariel
rumors
Rumsfeld, Donald
Rush, Benjamin
Russian roulette
Rwanda
sadism
sadness
Saint-Loup, Robert, in A la recherche du temps perdu
Saint-Priest, François-Emmanuel Guignard
salvation
sanctions
Sassoulitch, Vera, Marx’s letter to
satisficing
Schadenfreude
Schelling, Thomas
Schumpeter, Joseph
Schwärmerei
science
criteria for
qualitative social
quantitative
“soft” social
scrofula
Sebastopol
second-best, problem of
Segrè, Emilio
Segur, Joseph-Alexandre Pierre
selection
bias
effect
group
intentional
kin
models in social science
natural
individualistic
myopic
opportunistic
nonintentional
sexual
self-control
extrapsychic devices for
intrapsychic devices for
self-deception
self-love
self-mutilation
Selten, Reinhard
Seneca
Sentences (Publicius Syrus)
sentimentality
September 11, 2001, See also World Trade Center, attack on
shadow action
shame
shamefulness
shooting ahead of the target
Shuttleworth, James Kay
Sierra Leone
signals, See also alarm calls
signs
simony
slavery
Smith, Adam
smoking
snowballing
soccer
Socialists voting Communist
sociopaths
Socrates
Sokal, Alan
Solidarity
Sophie’s Choice
Sorel, Julien, in Le rouge et le noir
sour grapes
Spain, under Franco
Spartans
spillover effect
spitting in public places
spoiler, defined
spouse, choice of
St. Augustine
St. Bartholomew’s night massacre
St. Kidra (Hebrides)
St. Paul
Stag Hunt
Stalin, Joseph
standing ovations
states that are essentially by-products
Ste Croix, G. E. M. de
Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle)
Stephen, James Fitzjames
stock market
Stockton, John Potter
Stoicism
strikebreaking
strike fund
structuralism
subaltern theories
suffrage
literacy criterion for
property criterion for
suicide
attackers
Sundt, Eilert
superego
Supreme Court
Israeli
Norwegian
U.S.
surprise
survival, differential
Swann, in A la recherche du temps perdu
sympathy
Syrus, Publilius
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de
Tartuffe
Tarzan of the Apes (Burroughs)
taxi drivers
Teagarden, Jack
Telephone Game
tension, resolution of
tenure decisions
terrorism
thalamus
Thatcher, Margaret
“There Is No Doubt About It” (Andersen)
thinking
against oneself
counterfactual
countermotivated
counterwishful
magical
wishful
Thompson, d’Arcy Wentworth
threats
credibility of
Thucydides
tipping. See norms, of tipping
Tocqueville, Alexis de
on the ancien régime
on conformism
and the corvée
on credibility
and Democracy in America
on egoism
on the French Revolution
and the majority opinion
on marriage
on Napoleon III
on the open display of wealth
and religion
tragedy
tragedy of the commons
transitional justice
transmutation
Traveler’s Dilemma
trickle-down theory
triggering conditions
trust
blind
inducing trustworthiness
reasons for
Trust Game
tsarist rule (Russia)
Tversky, Amos
Twain, Mark
Ultimatum Game
Ulysses
uncertainty
principle (Heisenberg)
unconscious
mental states
operations
underdog mechanism
understanding
unemployment
and wars of aggression
unraveling
urgency
utilitarianism, classical
utilitarians
full
selfless
utility
cardinal
decreasing marginal
expected
interpersonally comparable
intrinsic
linear in probabilities
maximizing expected
ordinal
values, trade-offs among
variance
variation
intentional
nonintentional
Veblen effect
veto
Vermeer, Johannes
Verne, Jules
Versailles treaty
Verstehen
Veyne, Paul
vices
Vietnam
violence, television
virtue
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet de)
voter turnout
voting
assembly
franchise
majority
paradox of
popular
with quorum
by roll call
secret, in assemblies
secret ballot
by shouting
by show of hands
by sitting and standing
wage, piece
waiting
Washington, George
water shortage, responses to
Weber, Max
weights and measures
“What Father Does Is Always Right” (Andersen)
Whitehead, Alfred
why questions
Wilde, Oscar
will, weakness of
Winner’s Curse
winner takes all
wishful thinking
wish-want distinction
witchcraft
witches
World Cups (1998, 2002, and 2006)
World Trade Center, attack on (2001), See also September 11, 2001
Yawning Heights, The (Zinoviev)
younger-sibling syndrome, See also older-sibling syndrome
Zeckhauser, Richard
Zidane, Zinedine
Zinoviev, Alexander
Zola, Emile
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