Neurolinguistics

Index

Abramson, A., 120

acoustic aphasia, 56

agnosia, 72,158

   amusia, 162

   auditory agnosia, 155,161

   and deafness, 159

   prosopagnosia, 74

   pure word deafness, 159,164

   verbal agnosia, 159

   visual agnosia, 74

agrammatism, 69,243

   expressive agrammatism, 297

   receptive agrammatism, 297

   theories of, 308

     delayed lexical activation, 319

     mapping hypothesis (MH), 309

     trace-deletion hypothesis (TDH), 69,309

     trade-off hypothesis (TOH), 309

Alzheimer’s disease, 221,346

ambiguity resolution, 256

ambisyllabic, 130

Andreasen, N., 346,361

anomia, 54,232

anomic aphasia, 221

aphasic comprehension and speech rate 157

aphasiologist, 4

Arbib, M., 113

arcuate fasciculus, 51,52

artificial neural network (ANN), 78

   self-organizing, 129

   simple recurrent network (SRN), 150

aspectual coercion

Asperger’s syndrome, 348

attachment ambiguities, 257

attractors, 128

auditory moving windows task, 268,320

auditory processing disorders, 155

auditory scene analysis, 101,160

autism, 348

automatic speech recognition (ASR), 96

   and speech perception, 142

Baddeley, A., 154,267

base stimulus, 123

Bates, E., 312,320

Beckman, M., 24

Berko, J., 180,182

Best, C., 123

binding problem, 156

bipolar mental illness, 346

Bishop, D., 157

Blakemore, D., 340

Bleuler, E., 349

Blumstein, S., 51,174,221,226,227,318

Bregman, A., 101

Bresnan, J., 261

Broadbent, D., 115

Broca, P., 5,11,48

Broca’s aphasia, 48,298

Broca-Wernicke-Lichtheim model (BWL), 40,50–5,190

Bybee, J., 16

c-command, 85,333

Cairns, P., 151

canonical word order, 253

Capitani, E., 234

Caplan, D., 55,63,250,254,268,322

Caramazza, A., 223,234,235

Carpenter, P., 268,269,272

Cassirer, E., 7

categorical perception, 108,112,115,117–21

   for face recognition, 120

   and perceptual magnet effects, 128

   for plucked versus bowed note, 120

   for voice onset time, 121

category boundary shifts, 122–3

category-specific semantic impairment, 232–5

CCREADER, 270

cell assemblies, 67,234

centre-embedded construction, 275

cerebellum, 45,362

cerebral cortex, 42

   angular gyrus, 51

   association cortex, 46

   central sulcus, 43

   cingulate cortex, 362

   comparison of human and macaque monkey brains, 46

   frontal lobes, 356

   inferior frontal gyrus, 48,191

   left prefrontal region, 361

   lobes of, 43

   major sulci and gyri, 43

   opercula, 162

   parietal-occipital-temporal junction (POT), 54

   postcentral gyrus, 43

   precentral gyrus, 43

   primary auditory cortex, 43

   primary sensory and motor regions, 43

   primary visual cortex, 45

   sensory homunculus, 43

   somatosensory cortex, 43

   superior temporal gyrus (STG), 43,50,365

   supra-marginal gyrus, 51

   sylvian fissure, 43

chain disruption hypothesis, 310

   see also agrammatism, theories of, trace deletion hypothesis

Chenery, H., 224

Cherry, C., 101

Chiarello, C., 10

chinchilla, 120

chirp, 124

Chomsky, N., 3,8,38,244,275

   minimalist program, 85,248

   principles and parameters, 8

chunking, 27

cingulate modulation hypothesis, 363

clause structure

   assertion and presupposition, 31–2

   cleft construction, 253

   ellipsis, 32,253,254

   null anaphor, 32

   and pronominal reference, 32–3

   relative clause, 33

     object relative, 276

     subject relative, 276

cleft construction (see clause structure)

Clifton, C., 270

coarticulation effects, 97

co-evolution of language and brain, 4–7

   second order representation, 7

   and symbolic representation, 6

cocktail party problem, 101

cognitive dysmetria, 362

cognitive linguistics, 207,209

coherence relation, 333

cohesion, 333

cohort model, 84,135,140,141

Coltheart, M., 42,54,67,73–7,89

communication disturbance index (CDI), 355

compensatory processing strategy, 250

compensatory strategies, 56

competence grammar, 248

competence and performance, 66,69

computational modelling, 78

   connectionist, 82

   hybrid models, 83

   symbolic and connectionist, 78,82

conceptual dependency graph, 207

conceptual dependency theory, 207

conduction aphasia, 52

connected speech processes, 100,107

context-dependent cues, 117

correlated feature theory (CFT), 234

cortical deafness, 160

Crain, S., 85,250,263

Cross-language vowel perception, 129

cross-modal priming, 185

Crystal, D., 24

Cutler, A., 127,129,131

Daneman, M., 268

Deacon, T., 3,7

   and modularity, 9

declarative and procedural knowledge, 215

deep and surface anaphora, 292

Dehaene-Lambertz, G., 126

deixis, 33

dementia praecox, 346

dendrograms, 301

derivation, 245

derivational morpheme, 180,182

determiner, 245

devoicing, 100

dichotic listening, 112,115

disconnection, of the speech areas, 53

disconnection syndrome, 42

discourse

   information structure of, 30,331

discourse connective, 340

discourse model, 332

discourse structure, 22–3,30

discovery procedures, 151,368

discrimination function, 118

distinctive features, 22,24–5,106–7,221

Divenyi, P., 163

Dixon, R., 237

Domain-specific semantic impairment, 235

Domain-dependent theory (DD), 235

dopamine, 349

dopamine hypothesis, 362–3

dorsal and ventral streams, 169

double dissociation, 50,67,75,227,313

duplex perception, 123–5

Eccles, J., 72

Efron, R., 157

Eimas, P., 89,117,119,120

Elman, J., 80,140,144–50,368

embedded words, 104

embodied cognition, 367

enriched lexical inference, 208

executive working memory, 362

exemplar models, 141,152

factorial contrast, 186

feature detectors, 162

   phonetic, 122,165

Ferreira, F., 268,270

Filler–gap dependencies, 280,293

Fletcher, P., 362

flow-on effect, 157

focal vs. diffuse brain lesions, 11–12

focus, 252

Fodor, J. A., 67,69,73,88,122,207

Fodor, J. D., 259,281

foot structure, 130

Ford, J., 365

foreign accent syndrome, 26

formal thought disorder, 332,346

   symptoms of

     negative, 349

     positive, 349

   theories of

     cognitive deficit hypothesis, 347

     communicative incompetence, 347

     impairment of language competence, 347

formants, 95

formant transitions, 116

Forster, K., 141,179

Fowler, C., 123

Franklin, S., 58,173

Frazier, L., 62

Freud, S., 53

fricative, 95

Friederici, A., 62,252,288

Frith, C., 347

Frith, U., 347

Fromkin, V., 200

Gall, F., 12

Ganong, W., 148

Ganong effect, 148

garden path sentences, 135,243,261–4

gating paradigm, 112,132,134

generative grammar (GG), 244,245

Geschwind, N., 7,42,53,54,64

Gibson, E., 276

given–new information, 331

glides, 95

Goldinger, S., 141,156

Goldstein, K., 50

Goodglass, H., 41,223,304

Gopnik, M., 157

Gow, D., 165

grammar, 245

grammatical anomaly detection, 16

Gricean maxims, 332,336

Grodzinsky, Y., 10,69,252,308,313

Guenther, F., 129

Haegeman, L., 8

Hagoort, P., 323

Halliday, M., 333

Hankamer, J., 292

Harris, Z., 68,151,368

Hayes, B., 110

Head, H., 50

head-turning paradigm, 156

Hebb, D., 67

Hellige, J., 10

heuristics, 18,55,252,253

   semantically reversible sentences, 19,251

Hickok, G., 169,308

hierarchical clustering algorithm, 302,369

Hockett, C., 21

Howard, D., 58

Hudson, R., 7

Humboldt W. von, 7

Hurford, J., 7

identification function, 118

image schema, 209

inflectional morpheme, 180,182

inflectional phrase (IP), 248

Ingram, J., 26,129,224,349

insula, 162

interactive theory, 250

inter-stimulus interval (ISI), 185,212

intonation, 29–30

   functions of, 29–30

     demarcative, 29–30

     highlighting, 30

     illocutionary, 29

Jabberwocky sentences, 290

Jackendoff, R., 20,30,206,231

Jackson, H., 50,55

Jaeger, J., 190

Jakobson, R., 55,252

Japanese quail, 123

Johnson, K., 153

Johnson-Laird, P., 207,332

Jusczyk, P., 102,131

Just, M., 267,269,272

Kanzi (chimpanzee), 9

Katz, J., 207

Keller, Helen, 6

kernel sentence, 68

Kimura, D., 115

< indexEntry>

Kleist, K., 350

Kluender, A., 123

Kraepelin, E., 346

Kuhl, P., 120

Kutas, M., 286

Lahiri, A., 134

Lakoff, G., 206,367

Lane, H., 113,117

language

   design features of, 21–3

   double articulation, 21

   I-language, 15–16

   performance, 15

   three perspectives on, 15

language areas

   discovery of, 48

language processing

   accessibility and awareness, 12–13

   levels of, 78

learnability, 9,67

lemma, 179

Lenneberg, E., 10

Levelt, W., 109

Levin, R., 9

lexeme, 179

lexical ambiguity, 257

lexical decision task, 185

lexical information retrieval, 94,101

lexical processing/priming

   in Broca’s aphasia, 228–9

   in Wernicke’s aphasia, 227–8

   post-lexical processing, 227

   see also priming

lexical retrieval, 71

   activation models, 144

   lexical access code, 142

   search models, 142–4

lexical semantic relations

   contrast coordinate (CC), 213,224,225

   functional associate, 213

   identity relation, 225

   semantic relations and associative linkages, 212

lexicon, 64

lexis and rule, 66

Liberman, A., 100,113,117

Lichtheim, O., 52

Linebarger, M., 256,304

linguist, 4

linguistic expressions, 5

liquids, 95

Lisker, L., 120

Lively, S., 129

localization, 42

   and modularity, 12

localization hypothesis, 12

logical form (LF), 248,312

long-term memory, 67

Lotto, A., 123

Love, T., 282

low-pass filtered speech

Luria, A., 41,56,164

Lyons, J., 30,222

MacDonald, M., 250,258,263

MacWhinney, B., 182,250

Mann, V., 122

Marcus, M., 267,279

Marslen-Wilson, W., 84,140,141,185,228, 250

Mattingly, I., 101

Mauner, G., 308

McClelland, J., 73–7,80,85,140,144–9

McGrath, J., 356

McKoon, G., 282

McRae, K., 234

meaning

   form and, 16,17–18

   idioms, 19

   lexical route to, 20

   non-compositional, 19

Mehler, J., 127

Mellars, P., 6

mental lexicon, 181

micro-electrode recording, 117

Milberg, W., 174,226,228

Miller, G., 200,207,275

minimal attachment, 259–61

mirror neurons, 78,156,170

models

   connectionist and symbolic, 79–83

modularity, 3,9,12,21

   and Chomsky, 68–9

   and Coltheart, 73–7,89

   and disassociation, 74

   and Fodor, 69–73

   and integration, 67

   properties of, 70

     domain-specific, 70

     fast-acting, 71

     fixed neural architecture, 72

     informationally encapsulated, 71

     limited central access, 71

     mandatory operation, 70

     shallow analysis, 72

modulatory neurotransmitter, 362

mood, 35

   modal auxiliary verbs, 35

Morice, R., 349,356

morpheme, 22

motor theory of speech perception, 38,100,113

motor-evoked potentials (MEP), 171

multidimensional scaling (MDS), 223

Murdoch, B. L., 224

Näätänen, R., 159

Naipaul, V., 335

Neanderthals, 6

negative evidence, 85

neighbourhood effects, 140

neural imaging, 59–64

   computerized axial tomography (CAT), 60

   early left anterior negativity (ELAN or N150), 287

   event-related potential (ERP), 60,125,286

   functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), 60

   inverse problem, 62,125

   magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 60

   magnetoencephalography (MEG), 60,62,193

   mismatch negativity (MMN), 61

   N400 61,229,286

   P300 324

   P600 287,323

   positron emission tomography (PET), 60,190

   regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 60,63

   subtraction method, 63,191

neural maps, 45

neural network, 80

   back propagation, 80

   distributed, 82

   localist, 82

   simple localist model for word recognition, 80

   top-down and bottom-up, 81

   winner take all, 81

neuronal belt, 162

neuropsychological assessment, 58

Ni, W., 265

Nicol, J., 281

non-nutritive sucking paradigm, 120

null subject parameter, 87

obstruent, 95

odd-ball technique, 120,324

off-line procedures, 256,264,300

Ohala, J., 134,135

on-line methods, 5,264

open- and closed-class words, 303

organized unitary content hypothesis (OUCH), 234

Otake, T., 127,131

passive sentence, 252

pattern playback synthesizer, 115

Penfield, W., 44

perceptual attunement, 127

perceptual magnet effects, 112,128–9

perceptual prototypes, 128

perirhinal cortex, 216

Perkell, J., 106

Pettigrew, C., 159

Phillips, C., 173

phoneme, 22

phoneme identification vs. discrimination in aphasia, 165,167

phoneme restoration, 140,148

phonemic paraphasia, 164

phonetic form (PF), 248

   and phonological representations, 105–9,153

phonological form, 105

phonological parsing, 102,127

   and lexical access, 102–5

phonological representations, 105–9

   discrete vs. continuous, 108

   hierarchical vs. entrained, 109

   phonetically under-specified, 107,132

phonology, 23–5

phonotactic rules, 102

phrasal idioms, 182

phrenology, 12

Pick, A., 49

Pickering, M., 342

Piñango, M., 231

Pinker, S., 3,182,197,225

Pisoni, D., 129,152,156

place of articulation, 116

planum temporale, 10

Plaut, D., 83

Poeppel, D., 7,79,165,169

Polka, L., 127,129

Polster, M., 155

polyglot savant, 86

Port, R., 109

poverty of the stimulus, 85

pragmatic felicity conditions, 263

pragmatics, 16,251

Prather, P., 228

Prefrontal–thalamic–cerebellar network, 362

priming, 79,184

   controlled semantic priming, 360

   cross-modal semantic/lexical priming (CMLP), 211,214,226

     and trace reactivation, 281,317–19

   hyper-priming, 228

   hypo-priming, 360

   list priming, 228

   semantic priming and word meaning, 211–14

production system, 68

propositional speech, 55

prosodic bootstrapping, 112,127,129–32

prosodic hierarchy, 24

prosody, 24,26–30

   prosodic parsing strategies, 129–31

prototype theory, 234

Pulvermüller, 67,78,223

pure tone audiometry, 159

Pustejovsky, J., 206

Pylyshyn, Z., 69

quantal features, 108

Quillian, R., 83,201

Radford, A., 8,248

Rayner, K., 318

reaction time (RT), 256

reading span, 268,269

real-time processing, 77–9

receptive field, 78

recognition lexicon, 105,127

recursion, 33–4

reductionism, 67,76

reference management/assignment, 333,335,338

relevance, 336–8

Remez, R., 114

reversible passive, 252

right-branching construction, 275

Rizzolatti, G., 113,171

Rochester, S., 333,347

Rose, S., 155

Rosen, S., 158

Rumelhart, D., 73–7,80,85

Sag, I., 292

Sampson, G., 16

Sanford, A., 342

Sapir, E., 24

Savage-Rumbaugh E., 9

Schank, R., 30,206–8,249

schizophrenia, 346

Schwartz, M., 252

scrambling, 299

seek operation, 245

Seidenberg, M., 234

self-paced reading task, 268,343

Selkirk, E., 24

semantic features, 222

   componential feature analysis, 222

semantic network, 201

semantic primitive, 209

semantic similarity, 186

semantics, 30–2

   conceptual dependency theory, 30

   conceptual structure theory, 30

   semantic feature theory, 30

sensory continua, 117

sensory detectors, 78

sensory/functional theory (S/FT)

sensory information storage (SIS), 67

sentence wrap-up effect, 282,318

Shallice, T., 83,356

Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., 24

sine wave speech, 114,125

single word processing, 58–9

single-route vs. dual-route, 180

Smith, N., 10,86,88

speaker normalization, 106,152

specialized property detector, 78

specific language impairment (SLI), 88,157, 298

spectrogram, 94

speech apraxia, 26

speech dyspraxia, 48

speech mode hypothesis (SMH), 113

   strong and weak versions of, 114–15,119

speech perception

   distinctive features in, 25

speech recognition

   auditory cipher, 101

   rate of information transmission, 100–1

   segmentation problem, 96–7

   variability problem, 97–100

Sperber, D., 336

spreading activation, 84,141,205

Steedman, M., 24,250,263

Stevens, K., 96,129

Stewart, A., 342,343

stop consonant, 95

stress, 26–7

   accent, 27

   in compounds, 27

   contrastive stress, 27

   foot, 28

   and rhythm, 28

     and syllable timed rhythm, 132

stroke, 93

Studdert-Kennedy, M., 101

sub-vocal speech, 365

Swinney, D., 211,228,258,281,282,317

syllabification, 130

syntactic ambiguity, 256,257

syntactic parsing, 244

   Gibson’s model of, 276

   Marcus’s PARSIFAL, 279

Taft, M., 179

Tallal, P., 158

teachable language comprehender (TLC)

telegraphic speech, 49

temporal order judgement (TOJ), 158

temporal order processing, 157

texts, 331

thematic roles, 34–5,206,250,255,310

theory of mind, 349

theta role, 279

   see also thematic roles

third person singular present tense (3psp), 251

time reference, 35–6

   tense, 36

tonotopic organization, 161

topic-comment, 331

topicalization, 253

Tower of London test, 356

trace elements, 254

TRACE model, 84,140,142,144–9

   architecture of, 144

   coarticulation effects in, 149

   cohort effects in, 147

   empirical tests of, 147

   lateral inhibition, 146,188

   lexical effects in, 146

   word frequency effects in, 147

trace reactivation, 280,281,317–19

transcortical motor aphasia, 53

transcortical sensory aphasia, 53

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 171

triadic comparisons, 301

troponymy, 203

Tsimpli, I., 10

Turing test, 205

Tyler, L., 250

Ullman, M., 215

under-specification, 339

underlying representation hypothesis, 135

velum, 134

voice onset time (VOT), 108,118,121

vowel reduction, 100

VP internal hypothesis, 248

Warrington, E., 215,232,233

Wassenaar, M., 323

Waters, G., 268,322

Werker, J., 127,154

Werner, H., 7

Wernicke, K., 10,49

Wernicke’s area, 50

Whitaker, H., 3,4

Wierzbicka, A., 207

Willis, C., 5

Wilson, D., 336

word-sound deafness, 165

   see also agnosia

WordNet, 204,210

working memory, 266–74

   general-purpose working memory, 267

   and modularity, 270–3

   specialized working memory, 267

   verbal working memory capacity (VWMC), 269

Yngve, V., 265,267