Numbers in bold refer to figures or tables.
Abbott, A. 1, 33
Abell, P. 19, 45
Åberg, Yvonne 10, 47, 90, 123
model 90, 91, 92, 95
abstraction 2–3
accuracy, predictive 107–8
action 5–6, 26–27
based explanation 28–29
based theories 114–17, 116
related mechanisms 59
collective 90, 96–97, 152
concept of 38
patterns 133
‘understandable’ 153
see also underaction and interaction 9, 34–66
concatenations of mechanisms 56–58
DBO theory 38–42
instrumentalism of rational-choice theorizing 60–66
social interaction 42–45
belief-mediated 47–51
desire-mediated 52–54
opportunity-mediated 55–56
related behavioural patterns 45–47
types of mechanisms 58–60
see also social interaction and social change
activities 25–27, 28
actors 26–27
actor-based models 117–18
ideal-typical actors 38
adaptive desire formation 59
adaptive preferences 40
agent-based
analyses 76–77, 93, 109, 111, 112, 134
computational modelling 76
models 87–88, 100, 112, 116, 117–19, 149
of unemployment 131–6, 136–43
simulation 78
Ainslie, G. 42
Albert, R. 150
Alexander, J. C. 37, 69
Allison, P. D. 127
alternative mechanism definitions 25
Amaral, L. A. N. 150
analytical tradition 10
action 5–6
clarity and precision 3–4
dissection and abstraction 2–3
explanation 1–2
history of 145–6
realism and 3, 62
Archer, M. S. 13, 69, 71, 72
as critical realist 24, 70, 71
Arthur, W. B. 99
Asch, S. E. 54
Aspers, P. 71
assumptions, false 63–64
Axtell, R. 76, 117, 143, 151
Bandura, A. 38, 41
Barabasi, A. L. 150
Barbera, F. 6
Baron, J. N. 60
Bauman, Z. 12
Bearman, P. S. 97, 123
Beck, E. M. 106
Beck, U. 12
behaviour 38
individualistic 105
patterns 45–47
belief 38, 120
based explanation 40
based interaction 119, 122
mediated interactions 50
mediated mechanisms 108
mediated social interaction 47–52
desires and actions (BDA) 76–87, 78–83, 79, 81, 85, 110
typical 67
desires and 18
see also DBO (desires, beliefs and opportunities) theory
Berg, I. E. 106
Bershady, H. J. 6
Bertrand, M. 123
Bhaskar, R. 24, 70, 71
causal power and 72
Bikhchandani, S. 49
black boxes 19, 26, 27, 68, 111
Black, Donald 19, 27
‘pure sociology’ and 18, 19, 74
Blau, Peter 19, 27, 103
law-like propositions and 18, 19
organizational differentiation and 17, 18, 32
status-attainment process and 102, 105
Bonabeau, E. 150
Boorman, S. A. 95
Boudon, Raymond 1, 8, 23, 26, 58, 145
analytical tradition and 6, 7
Hauser and 112, 113
micro–macro link and 7
simulation models and 112
Bourdieu, Pierre 4, 53
Braddon-Mitchell, D. 41
Braithwaite, R. 15, 18
Brante, T. 29, 71, 72
Breen, R. 60
Breiger, R. L. 95
British Panel Household Study 121
Broome, J. 53
Bruch, E. E. 132
Brückner, H. 123
BSA (British Sociological Association) 12
Bunge, M. A. 17, 24
Burger, T. 6
Burt, R. S. 92
Calhoun, Craig J. 12, 17
Camic, C. 6
Carley, K. 117
Carlosson, G. 5
Carroll, G. R. 53
Castells, M. 12
catnet 93–95, 94, 97
causal accounts 13–14
causal mechanisms 17
causal modelling 10, 101, 113
interactions and social outcomes 109–113
predictive accuracy 107–8
sociological theory and 104–7
tradition 102, 104
causal ‘totality’ 32
‘causalism’ 37
causality, cumulative 99
central tendencies 65–66
ceteris paribus clauses 32
Chains of Opportunity (White) 55
Charon, J. M. 13
Chase, I. D. 55
Cherkaoui, M. 67
Churchland, P. 41
Chwe, M. S-Y. 50
clarity and precision 3–4
Clark, A. E. 120, 121
cognitive dissonance 40, 51–52
Cohen, L. E. 55
Coleman, James S. 1, 6, 68, 89, 145, 147
Åberg and 92
action, interaction and 35, 60, 63
causal modelling and 105, 109, 110, 111, 112
differential equation models and 88, 89, 90
linear systems analysis and 116
micro–macro link and 8, [9.122], 89
graph 115, 116, 117, 126, 132, 143
quantitative research and 8
social interaction, change and 68
social networks and 149, 150
collective action 90, 96–97, 152
collectivism 73
Collier, A. 70
computational modelling 117
consequential manipulation 101, 104
contagion 87, 92
counteradaptive preferences 40
counterfactual effects 104
covering-law explanations 14, 15–20, 19, 30–31
Cox, D. R. 111
Craver, C. F. 25, 26, 74
critical realists 24, 70, 72–73, 75, 77
cumulative causality 99
Dahrendorf, R. G. 36
Darden, L. 25
David, P. 53
Davidson, D. 38, 39, 42, 146
DBA (desire-belief-action) triplets 78–83, 56
DBO (desires, beliefs and opportunities) theory 26, 66, 69, 146–7, 151, 154
action, interaction and 37, 38–42, 43, 44
analytical tradition and 9, 10
core components of 39
patterns 76, 77, 77–78
rational choice and 61
De Quervai, D. 152
decision-making 56, 89, 90
deductive-nomological model 20
Dennett, D. C. 37, 39
descriptions 12–13
false statements 62–63, 66
incomplete statements 62–63, 66
desire 38
based explanation 40
based interaction 119, 120–21
belief-action triplet (DBA) 78–83, 79
mediated mechanisms 108
mediated social interaction 52–54
belief and 18
formation 59
mechanism, dissonance-driven 78
see also DBO (desires, beliefs and opportunities) theory
Deutsch, M. 54
Diekman, A. 89
differential equation models 89–92, 111
direct causal effect 102
dissection and abstraction 2–3
dissonance
driven desire formation 78, 59
cognitive 40, 51–52
reduction 43, 53–54, 62
distributions and aggregate patterns 67
Duncan, O. D. 102, 103, 105
status attainment and 102, 105
Durkheim, Émile 3, 7, 43
social interaction, change and 67, 68
ECA models (empirically calibrated agent-based models) 100, 114, 116, 117, 131, 136–43, 153
Edling, C. 95, 148
education 141, 142–43
Ego and Alters social interaction 80
Elster, Jon 120, 145, 146
action, interaction and 36, 40, 42, 61, 65
analytical tradition and 6, 7, 8
social mechanisms and 24, 25, 31
emergence 70, 71, 74, 75
empirical analysis 107
empirical research 109, 112, 114, 118, 145, 151–52, 154
empirically calibrated agent-based models see ECA models
entities 25–27, 28
environmental effect 46
Epstein, J. M. 76, 117, 143, 151
Esping-Andersen, G. 13
‘establishing the facts’ 21
events 14
experimental results 152–53
explanation 1–2, 108, 113, 144, 154
action-based 28–29
belief-based 40
covering-law 14, 15–20, 19, 30–31
desire-based 40
mechanism-based 24–30, 30–31
opportunity-based 40
programme 29–30, 29
statistical 14, 20–23, 30–31
types of 14
see also social mechanisms and explanatory theory
Falk, A. 151
false assumptions 63–64
Faust, K. 93
Fehr, E. 151, 152
Felson, M. 55
Fershtman, C. 151
Festinger, Leon 59, 99
dissonance and 51
fictionalism 62, 148
accounts and 64
temptations and 3
Fischbacher, U. 151
Fiske, S. T. 43
Fodor, Jerry 34, 41
‘folk psychology’ model 41
Fong, E. 116
formalism 75–76, 148–9
formalization 65, 76
Freedman, D. 23, 102, 106, 107
Free-rider problem 152
Freidkin, N. E. 93
Freud, Sigmund 71
Friedman, M. 107
action, interaction and 39, 62, 63
Gächter, S. 152
Gambetta, D. 24, 56
generative models 110, 111–12, 113
generative sufficiency 143, 151
Gerard, H. B. 54
Gerth, H. H. 153
Gibson, Q. 32, 108
Gilbert, N. 117
Glaeser, E. L. 123
Glennan, S. S. 24
Gneezy, U. 151
Goffman, Erving 109
Goldstone, J. A. 19
Goldthorpe, J. H. 21, 114
action, interaction and 55, 60, 64
causal modelling and 101, 103, 111
Granovetter, Mark 37, 59, 109
social interaction, change and 75, 93, 99
Green, D. P. 65
group
affiliations 87–98
uniformity 47
Habermas, J. 12
habitus 4
Hägerstrand, T. 76, 124
Hahn, R. A. 38
Hamblin, R. L. 89
Händel database 123
Hannan, M. T. 53, 60
Hao, L. 116
Harding, D. J. 104
Harmon-Jones, E. 51
Harré, R. 19
Hauser, Robert 112, 113
Hechter, M. 60, 97
Heckathorn, D. D. 60, 152
Hedström, P. 1, 59, 123, 124
action, interaction and 41, 47, 55
social mechanisms and 23, 24, 25
Hempel, Carl 15
Blau and 18
covering-law model and 15, 16, 17
Henrich, J. 152
Hernes, G. 37, 68, 89
Hesse, Hermann 148
Hirshleifer, D. 49
Holland, J. H. 75
Holland, P. 103
Holmlund, B. 121
homo economicus 36
Horan, P. M. 106
Humean approach 27
Iannaccone, L. R. 60
ideal-typical actors 38
indirect causal effect 102
individual
the social and 70–74, 75–76
‘individualistic behaviorism’ 105
inductive-probabilistic model 20
informal rules 67
instrumentalism 62–63, 65, 148
attitudes 3
positions of 107
of rational-choice theorizing 60–66
tendencies to 66
interactions
belief-mediated 50
see also action and interaction
interpretive sociology 153
interpretive tool 37
intra-individual mechanisms 78, 83
Jackson, F. 29, 41, 73
Jasso, G. 63, 107, 108
job mobility 56
Kahan, D. M. 56
Kalleberg, A. L. 106
Kanazawa, S. 63
Karklins, R. 97
Karlsson, G. 24
Katz, E. 8, 68, 89, 92
social networks and 149, 150
social outcomes and 88, 89
Keohane, R. 27
Kim, H. 97
Kim, J. 74
Kincaid, H. 27, 73
King, G. 27
Kiser, E. 60
Konda, S. L. 55
Kosfeld, M. 151
Kuran, T. 54
Latane, B. 45
Lazarsfeld, P. 102
Leibenstein, H. 46
Lewis, David K. 13, 41, 50, 135
Lilien, G. L. 92
Liljeros, Fredrik 95, 150
Lindenberg, S. 60
‘linear system analysis’ 116
Little, D. 24
Llewelly, C. 55
Loewenstein, G. 42
Logic of Collective Action, The (Olson) 152
Lombard, L. B. 14
Luttmer, E. F. P. 123
McAdam, D. 24
Machamer, P. 25
macro-level 29
outcomes 65
patterns 88–89, 92
decision-making and 89
phenomena 67
trends 29
see also micro–macro
macro-sociological theory of social structure 17
Macy, M. W. 36, 76, 111, 149
agent-based modelling and 117
Mahoney, J. 24
manipulation, consequential 101, 104
Manski, C. F. 47
Mare, R. D. 132
Mark, N. 117
Marsden, P. V. 93
Marshall, Alfred 3
Marx, Karl 69, 81
Matthew effects 99
Mayhew, B. H. 19
Mayntz, R. 24, 30
mechanism
based approach 107–8, 113, 154
based explanations 24–30, 30–31
action-related 59
belief-mediated 108
concatenations of 56–58
definitions 14, 24, 25
desire-mediated 108
dissonance-driven desire formation 78
explanations and 14
intra-individual 78, 83
levels 74
micro- 29, 116
opportunity-mediated 108
theoretical 37
types of 60
see also social mechanisms and explanatory theory
Menzel, H. 8, 89, 92, 99
social networks and 149, 150
social outcomes and 88, 89
Merton, Robert K. 36, 59, 99, 145
analytical tradition and 6, 7, 9
empirical research and 114, 143
self-fulfilling prophesy and 48, 65
methodological and ontological distinctions 70–74
Meyer, M. W. 17
micro level 29
foundation 90
mechanisms 29, 116
process 89, 92, 117
simulations 117, 119
theory 65
micro–macro
graph (Coleman) 115–16, 117
link 7–8, 131, 145
relationship 69
Micromotives and Macrobehavior (Schelling) 7
Mill, John Stewart 15, 31, 32
Miller, R. W. 27
Mills, C. W. 153
Mills, J. 51
miracle argument 71
models
actor-based 117–18
agent-based 87–88, 100, 112, 116, 117–19, 149
computational 76
simulation 78
unemployment 124–26, 131–36
building 76
deductive-nomological 20
differential equation 89–92, 111
ECA 100, 114, 116, 117, 131, 136–43, 153
generative 110, 111–12, 113
inductive-probabilistic 20
regression 102, 106–7, 109–10, 128, 141
simulation 7, 78, 111, 112–13
‘snowball’ 92
statistical 102–3, 112
stratification 103
structural equation 105
Sugarscape 76
variable-based 111
Mood, C. 123
Morgan, S. L. 60, 104
morphogenetic approach 70
Mullainathan, S. 123
multi-factoral motivation theories 41
‘multivariate structuralists’ 106
Myrdal, G. 99
Nagel, E. 16
national level 71
networks 67, 93, 149–50
Newman, M. E. J. 93, 150
Neyman, Jerzy 102, 103
Nisbett, R. E. 43
‘non-reductive causal mechanisms’ 71
norms, social 67
O'Connor, T. 74
Olson, Mancur 97, 152
ontological and methodological distinctions 70–74
open/closed systems 77, 118
Opp, K. D. 54
opportunities 38
based explanation 40
based interaction 119, 120, 122
mediated mechanisms 108
mediated social interaction 54–56
Chains of Opportunity (White) 55
see also DBO (desires, beliefs and opportunities) theory
organizational differentiation 17–18
organizational structures 32
Oswald, A. J. 121
outcomes see social outcomes
Pareto, Vilfredo 3, 57
Parsons, Talcott 108, 145
analytical tradition and 3, 6
path dependency 99
patterns, distributions and aggregate 67
Pawson, R. 6, 24
Payne, C. 55
Pearce, J. R. 6
Perrone, L. 106
Petersen, R. 97
Pettit, P. 29
‘phenomenological laws’ 23
Phillips, D. C. 73
Pierson, P. 53
pluralism, theoretical 37
‘political opportunity structures’ 55
Popper, K. R. 34, 36
precision 3–4, 64–66
predictive accuracy 107–8
predictive tool 37
preferences
adaptive preferences 40
counteradaptive preferences 40
‘probabilistic law’ 17
programme explanation 29–30, 29
‘pure sociology’ 18
quantitative analyses 100, 109
quantitative research 8, 112, 113
and theories of the social 10, 114–44
agent-based models 117–19, 131–36; empirically calibrated (ECA) 136–43
social interactions and youth unemployment 119–22
transitions out of unemployment 123–31; data 123–24, neighbourhood variations 124–26, social-interaction effects 126–31
Rainwater, L. 54
rational choice theory 60–66, 114
rational imitation 48, 59
Raub, W. 60
Ravenscroft, I. 41
regression 102, 106–7, 109–10, 128, 141
research
empirical 109, 112, 114, 118, 145, 151–52, 154
sociological 22
see also quantitative research
Ritter, M. 12
Ritzer, G. 12, 37, 42
robust dependence 101–3, 104
Rosenbaum, P. R. 103
Ross, L. 43
Rubin, D. B. 102, 103, 104
Rydgren, J. 45
Sacerdote, B. 123
Salmon, W. C. 2, 16, 24
Sandell, R. 97, 123
Sawyer, R. K. 73, 74
Schelling, Thomas 6, 8, 24, 132, 145, 147
action, interaction and 45, 50
micro–macro link and 7, 8
social interaction, change and 75, 76, 90, 99
Schweitzer, A. O. 120
Scott, W. R. 17
selection effect 46
self-fulfilling prophesy 48, 59, 65
Sen, A. 12, 62
Shapiro, I. 65
Sheinkman, J. A. 123
Sherif, C. W. 120
Sherif, M. 120
Sica, A. 12
Simmel, Georg 7, 109
simulation 82
agent-based 78
micro- 117, 119
models 7, 111, 112–13
see also ECA models
Skocpol, Theda 29, 74
Skog, O. J. 29
Smart, B. 12, 42
Smith, R. E. 120
‘snob effects’ 46
‘snowball model’ 92
Sobel, M. E. 104
social interaction
effects 130
of Ego and Alters 80
and social change 9–10, 67–100
individual and the social 70–74; link complexity 75–76
patterns in desires, beliefs and actions 76–87
social outcomes and group affiliations 87–98
social outcomes and 109–13
structures 86
unemployment and 119–22, 126–31, 140, 141
see also action and interaction
social mechanisms and explanatory theory 9, 11–33
covering-law explanations 15–20
differences and similarities 30–32
mechanism-based explanations 24–30
sociological theorizing 11–14
statistical explanations 20–23
social norms 67
social outcomes 75, 92, 96, 109–113, 112, 116
group affiliations and 87–98
probabilities 98
social structure theory 17
‘social wholes’ 87
‘sociological dandyism’ 64
Sociological Theory 12
Sørensen, A. B. 1, 55, 106, 111
Soule, S. A. 150
sour-grapes syndrome 83, 84, 146
Spilerman, S. 89
Stark, R. 60
‘staticism’ 105
statistical
analyses 111, 118
approaches 104–7, 112–13
explanations 14, 20–23, 30–31
models 102–3, 112
Stern, C. 97, 123
Stewman, S. 55
Stich, S. 41
Stinchcombe, A. L. 23, 26, 65
‘stopping rules’ 27–28
Stouffer, S. A. 58
Strang, D. 150
stratification model 103
Strogatz, H. 150
strong ties 93
structural
differentiation 18
equation models 105
equivalent blocks 95
individualism 5
‘multivariate structuralists’ 106
Structure of Social Action, The (Parsons) 3
Sugarscape model 76
‘supervenience’ 73–74
Suppes, Patrick 31
Swedberg, Richard 1, 6, 23, 24, 25
Tarrow, S. 24, 55
taxonomies 13
Taylor, S. E. 43
theories 11–14
action-based 114–17, 116
building 34
causal models and 104–7
cognitive dissonance 40, 51–52
descriptively false 66
micro- 65
multi-factoral motivation 41
pluralism 37
quantitative research 8
rational choice 60–66, 114
social structure 17
Sociological Theory 12
theoretical mechanism 37
see also DBO theory ; quantitative research
Therborn, G. 13
Thomas, D. S. 48
Thomas Theorem 48
Thomas, W. I. 48
threshold effects 99
Tilly, C. 24
tipping points 90, 92–93, 99
Tocqueville, Alexis de 58, 59, 145, 147
analytical tradition and 6, 7
Tolbert, C. M. 106
topologies of networks 67
torus 80
tradition
causal modelling 102, 101–113, 104
see also analytical tradition
Troitzsch, K. G. 117
Tukey, J. M. 66, 149
Turner, B. S. 12
Turner, J. H. 6, 41
Turner, S. 35
typologies 13
Udehn, L. 5
‘understandable action’ 153
unemployment 140, 122, 125, 127, 128
actual and simulated 138
social interactions and 119–122, 123–131, 140, 141
uniformity within groups 47
vacancy chain 59
validity, external 152
Van den Bulte, C. 92
‘variable approach’ 23
variable-based models 111
Verba, S. 27
Von Neumann neighbourhood 79, 110
Von Wright, G. H. 17, 19, 36, 37, 39
Wasserman, S. 93
Watts, D. J. 93, 150
weak ties 93
Weber, Max 109, 145, 153
action, interaction and 36, 43, 44, 46
analytical tradition and 3, 6, 7
mechanism and 34, 35
social phenomena and 68
Weesie, J. 60
Welch, I. 49
White, Harrison 59
catnets and 93, 94, 95
opportunity and 55
Whitehead, A. N. 14
Willer, R. 36, 76, 111, 117, 149
Williams, B. 43
Wilson, W. J. 120
Winship, C. 104
wishful thinking 40, 59, 83, 146
Wong, H. Y. 74
Wright, E. O. 13, 106
Wrong, D. H. 36
Young, H. P. 50
youth unemployment
see unemployment
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