Primate and Human Evolution

	Preface	page xv
	Acknowledgments	xvii
1.	Introduction	1
	The primate order	1
	Ape and monkey bias	11
	Evolution before natural selection	13
	1858–1859: The advent of natural selection theory	15
	Essentialism versus population-thinking	20
	1863: Thomas Henry Huxley and the place of humans in nature	22
2.	A brief history of primatology and human evolution	26
	Introduction	26
	Antiquity and the Middle Ages	30
	The Renaissance to the late eighteenth century	32
	The nineteenth century	36
	The early twentieth century	37
	The “new” physical anthropology	43
	1959 – annus mirabilis	44
	The baboon renaissance	50
	Sociobiology and behavioral ecology	53
3.	The catarrhine fossil record	56
	The geological time scale	56
	Major features of primate evolution	56
	The shape and pattern of primate evolution	57
	The early catarrhine primates	62
	Hominoid systematics	64
	The Miocene hominoid radiation	65
	Community structure and competition between primate species	70
	The end of the hominoid radiation and the rise of the cercopithecoids	73
	Climate change in the late Miocene and the first hominids	76
4.	Primate speciation and extinction	81
	Primate speciation and extinction in the geological past	81
	Speciation in modern primates	86
	Extinction in modern primates	94
5.	Anatomical primatology	107
	Introduction	107
	Phylogeny and cladistic methodology	107
	Adaptation and the “adaptationist program”	115
	Studying adaptation	117
	The functional morphology of fossil species	119
	Ontogeny and anatomical genomics	124
	Phenotypic variability	126
6.	Captive studies of non-human primates	128
	Introduction	128
	The influence of captivity on behavior	128
	Harry Harlow’s research	130
	An inventory of abnormal captive behaviors	130
	Biomedical primatology	137
7.	What can non-human primate anatomy, physiology, and development reveal about human evolution?	141
	The catarrhine substrate	141
8.	Natural history intelligence and human evolution	146
	Introduction	146
	Ideas on the origins of hominid intelligence	150
	Hominid attention to natural history	155
	Animal behavior and artificial intelligence	157
	Natural history intelligence	159
	Problems with the social cognition model	163
	Further primatological evidence against social cognition as a generator of intelligence	167
	Brain mechanisms underlying natural history intelligence	171
	Other tests of the social cognition theory	179
	Natural history intelligence over the course of human evolution	180
	Conclusions	182
9.	Why be social? – the advantages and disadvantages of social life	185
	Why be social?	185
	How to become social	188
	Explanations of primate social complexity	194
	What is the catarrhine substrate for sociality?	194
10.	Evolution and behavior	196
	Proximate and ultimate factors in behavioral evolution	196
	Factors limiting population size	197
	Diet and foraging behavior	198
	Cultural traditions	199
	Phylogenetic inertia and phylogenetic constraint	201
11.	The implications of body size for evolutionary ecology	203
	Introduction	203
	Measuring body size in fossil species	208
	Body size and paleocommunity reconstructions	209
	Body size and behavior	213
	The all-too-familiar use of sexual dimorphism to infer sociality in fossil species	215
	Reversible body size changes in individuals	218
	Size and shape changes: adaptation and plasticity	220
	Population-level differences in body size	231
	What can be inferred from body size in fossil species?	236
	The sweating response, body shape, and heat adaptation	239
	The evolution of body size in primates	245
	Conclusions	248
12.	The nature of the fossil record	252
	Does the fossil record faithfully record past events?	252
	Decimation and recovery from extinction	259
	Rates of evolutionary change	262
	Time-averaging	265
	Taphonomy and experimental studies	266
13.	The bipedal breakthrough	271
	Introduction	271
	Ape models for bipedal origins	271
	Behavior and morphology	276
	Bipedal efficiency	277
	Paleoenvironment	280
	Bipedal origins	280
	Lessons from Oreopithecus	288
	A mixture of morphologies	290
14.	The hominid radiation	292
	The earliest hominids	292
	Plio-Pleistocene hominids	293
	The single-species hypothesis	293
	Sympatry and multiple hominid niches	298
	Sexual dimorphism and niche structure	303
	The origin of genus Homo	305
	Hominid dispersion from sub-Saharan Africa	306
	Asian ape-men: Early ideas about hominid origins in Asia	306
	The origins of anatomically modern humans	308
	Genetic variation in modern humans	310
15.	Modeling human evolution	311
	Baboon models	311
	Referential and conceptual models	313
	A “composite mammal” model	314
16.	Archeological evidence and models of human evolution	317
	Human antiquity	317
	Recognition that the archeological record is not coeval with the human paleontological record	321
	Bone modification and inferences of hominid behavior	329
	Climatic events and the archeological record	331
	“Man the Hunter” and the new physical anthropology	333
	Food, food-sharing, and division of labor	336
	Pair-bonding	340
	Taphonomy and the nature of “sites”	343
	The hominization process	344
17.	What does evolutionary anthropology reveal about human evolution?	351
	Phenotypic change and “contemporary evolution”	351
	Body size and shape changes	353
	What factors are responsible for the origin of generalized species?	361
	Tool behavior and technology	366
	Language	369
	Early hominid sociality	371
18.	Final thoughts on primate and human evolution	382
	Speciation, extinction, and other evolutionary processes	382
	Terrestrial life and bipedality	384
	Tool behavior	385
	Intelligence	386
	Complex sociality	387
	References	389
	Index	452

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Series: Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology (No. 46)

Susan Cachel

Rutgers University, New Jersey

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