The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia

INDEX

Abashevo, 146, 200

Adams, R. McC., 11, 12, 214, 221, 231

Afghanistan, 21, 62, 108, 164, 165, 182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 203, 204, 212, 214, 216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 227, 249

agriculture, 13, 35, 39, 53, 71, 75, 76, 91, 94, 120, 121, 127, 144, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 187, 188, 189, 193, 205, 206, 208, 212, 218, 226, 245, 253, 256

Ai Bunar, 32, 34, 56

Akcha Darya delta, 188

Akhundov, T., 69, 75, 117

Algaze, G., 54, 98, 216

Alikemek tepesi, 68, 69

Altai, 168, 170, 238

Altyn-depe, 142, 186, 202, 205, 207, 212, 219, 220

Amiranis-Gora, 90

Amu Darya, 182, 184, 188, 189, 192, 194, 200, 206

Anatolia, 26, 29, 31, 35, 50, 54, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70, 74, 75, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 108, 111, 132, 213, 216, 232, 236, 251, 258, 259, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266

Anau, 183, 184, 194

Ancient Near East, 15, 57, 58, 65, 97, 99, 127, 131, 163, 166, 168, 199, 214, 215, 217, 220, 223, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258

Andronovo, 152, 156, 157, 170, 182, 186, 189, 194, 199, 200, 221, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 260

Anglo-American archaeology, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7

animal husbandry, 15, 39, 53, 75, 158

Anthony, D. W., 15, 16, 20, 37, 38, 39, 44, 48, 51, 54, 75, 139, 142, 147, 151, 153, 157, 178, 250

Anthony, E. E., 54, 77, 126, 162, 164, 175, 176, 177

Arabian Sea, 214, 219, 229

Aral Sea, 50, 158, 184, 188, 189, 193, 200, 206

Ararat plain, 65, 68, 76, 87, 88, 89, 95, 96

Aratashen, 68

Aratta, 230

archaeological culture, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 32, 53, 103, 110, 113, 121, 129, 130, 131, 133, 166, 206, 234, 238, 259

Arich, 90, 95, 267

Arkaim, 13, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 178, 247

Armenia, 2, 21, 65, 67, 68, 87, 90, 94, 95, 108, 117

Arsenical copper/bronzes, 54

Arslantepe, 58, 74, 75, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 223, 254, 261, 263, 266

Aruz, J., 214, 220, 227, 230

Aryan, 141, 152, 231, 234, 235, 237, 259

Aryans, 19, 152, 205, 216, 233, 235, 236, 251

Askarov, A., 186, 205

atak, 188

Azerbaijan, 2, 21, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76, 86, 88, 89, 96, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 117, 123, 264

Bactria, 18, 126, 131, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 233, 237, 251

Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex, 18, 184, 201, 212, 237

Bactrian camels, 142, 143, 209

Balkans, 15, 21, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 39, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 70, 71, 78, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 163, 167, 168, 236, 244, 254, 258, 259, 265

Baluchistan, 18, 187, 199, 203, 204, 214, 217, 229, 237

Bampur, 217, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230

barley, 44, 45, 94, 145, 156, 157, 231

Bedeni, 70, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 224, 262

bent bows, 210, 245

Berikldeebi, 69, 114, 265

Beth Shean, 99

Beth Yerah, 99

Black Sea, 24, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 47, 52, 59, 64, 91, 108, 126, 157, 251, 254

BMAC, 18, 19, 131, 186, 189, 193, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214, 217, 219, 227, 233, 235

Bochkarev, V. S., 129, 168

Boroffka, N., 144, 201, 209, 221, 223

Botai, 28, 49, 50, 139

Bulgaria, 23, 27, 30, 33, 34, 56, 123

C14 determinations, 19, 233, 263

calibrated dates, 19, 20, 102, 107, 108, 131, 132, 240

camels, 63, 140, 141, 142, 143, 159, 162, 164, 166, 176, 179, 192, 196, 200, 209, 245, 250

Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province, 15, 20, 28, 31, 46, 50, 54, 71, 133, 136, 167, 254

Caspian, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 86, 88, 89, 96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 112, 114, 119, 125, 126, 127, 136, 146, 159, 163, 182, 183, 188, 190, 191, 200, 232, 233, 265, 266

Catacomb, 58, 59, 119, 128, 146, 160, 210, 212, 261, 262, 266, 267

Çatalhöyük, 29, 52

Cattle, 78, 95, 121, 126, 141

Çayönü Tepesi, 29

cereal cultivation, 156, 157, 222

cereals, 128, 153, 156, 157, 231, 246

cheekpieces, 78, 79, 80, 134, 140, 142, 144, 151, 209

Chernykh, E. N., 11, 14, 19, 20, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 67, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 109, 117, 122, 130, 132, 133, 150, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 179, 204, 238, 240, 253, 256, 265

Childe, V. G., 4, 10, 28, 73, 141, 244, 253, 260

China, 2, 82, 141, 168, 182, 206, 233, 238, 240, 244, 253, 255, 256, 257

chronologies, 19, 21, 131

Cimmerians, 65, 255

Circumpontic Metallurgical Province, 15, 50, 54, 84, 109, 167

civilization, 26, 49, 186, 189, 193, 214, 215, 216, 217, 224, 230, 240, 255, 259

Country of Towns, 148, 149, 150, 152, 156, 178

   See Strana gorodov,

Cucuteni-Tripol’ye, 34, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 49

cultural communities, 58, 84, 146

Cultural evolution, 258, 259

Cyprus, 101, 232, 258

Daghestan, 21, 64, 67, 71, 82, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96, 102, 103, 107, 118, 123, 124, 125, 188, 264

Dales, G. F., 214, 215

Danube, 32, 39, 40, 126, 135, 144, 156, 267

Darreh Gaz plain, 62, 194, 196, 205

Dashly, 186, 201, 204

Dashly, 3, 204

Dasht-i Lut, 217, 230

Derbent, 66, 109

Dereivka, 28, 51, 134

Dilmun, 214, 232

Djarkutan, 209, 212

Djavakheti, 65, 68, 91, 94, 113, 120, 121

Djeitun, 186

Dnieper, 21, 23, 28, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 44, 127, 130, 133, 136, 146, 156, 266

Don, 16, 38, 49, 59, 75, 84, 133, 144, 146, 170, 177, 200, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267

Donbass, 167, 170

Donets, 128, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 267

donkeys, 140, 141, 142

Durankulak, 24, 27, 46, 47, 48

Dzhavakhishvili, 70

Dzhraovit, 76, 89

Euphrates, 54, 58, 65, 83, 90, 96, 97, 104, 216, 232

Eurasian Metallurgical Province, 122, 168, 238

Eurasian steppes, 2, 8, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 32, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 76, 82, 84, 85, 103, 108, 111, 117, 119, 121, 122, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 157, 162, 166, 167, 178, 184, 192, 193, 200, 206, 212, 235, 236, 237, 244, 245, 248, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259

Farukhabad, 1, 212

felt, 8, 140, 164, 165, 166, 231

Fergana valley, 199

fiber revolution, 222

Francfort, H.-P., 186, 187, 189, 199, 202, 204, 210, 211, 215

Frangipane, M., 74, 90, 92

Gadzhiev, M. G., 66, 71, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 119, 124, 125

Galyugai, 76, 77

Garakepektepe, 76, 89

Gei, 15, 16, 85, 109, 118, 119, 130

Georgia, 21, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 75, 78, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 101, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 170, 253, 266, 267

Geoy Tepe, 88, 97

Gershkovich, J. P., 158, 255, 267

giant settlements, 23, 52

gigantic settlements, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 236

Gimbutas, M., 46, 48, 131, 133

Ginchi, 71, 102, 107, 124, 261, 264, 267

globalization, 260

goats, 45, 46, 53, 78, 91, 95, 121, 159, 162, 163, 164, 175, 192, 210, 211, 221, 223, 245

Godin, 87, 97, 261, 267

Gonur-depe, 198, 199, 201, 204, 209, 212, 223, 224, 227, 230

Gorgan, 62, 190, 192, 194, 203, 217, 219, 235

Gorny, 150, 153, 157, 171, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 247

Gorodtsov, V. A., 128, 129, 145

Halaf, 69, 123

Halil Rud, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230

Hammurabi, 232

Harappa, 187, 216

Hassuna, 67, 123

Helmand, 187, 215

Herodotus, 65

Hiebert, F. T., 126, 129, 160, 188, 189, 194, 196, 204, 205, 233, 235

Hindu Kush, 62, 182

Hissar, 194, 220, 233

Hittites, 96

homeland, 70, 96, 152, 233, 234, 236, 237, 252, 259

horse, 12, 14, 15, 45, 50, 51, 63, 69, 78, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151, 153, 158, 159, 160, 162, 166, 175, 176, 179, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 209, 210, 230, 231, 237, 238, 240, 241, 245, 250, 255, 256, 257

   harnessing, 14, 15, 45, 141, 142, 144, 146, 153, 162, 179, 209, 210

   horse domestication, 137

   riding, 14, 15, 78, 128, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 159, 162, 179, 210, 237, 255

Hurrians, 19, 96

Hyrcania, 190

Indo-Aryans, 235

Indo-Europeans, 233

Indo-Iranians, 215, 233, 236

Indus Valley, 49, 199, 203, 214, 215, 216, 217, 223, 224, 231, 255, 259, 282

Indus Valley Civilization, 214

interaction spheres, 32

Intercultural Style vessels, 220

Iran, xv, 18, 21, 26, 27, 49, 54, 61, 62, 65, 69, 71, 80, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 96, 97, 99, 112, 123, 143, 168, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190, 194, 196, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 224, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 251, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267

Iranian Plateau, 214

Iranians, 233, 251

iron, 12, 15, 23, 82, 84, 85, 90, 91, 120, 122, 131, 140, 143, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 179, 184, 186, 191, 195, 203, 223, 232, 236, 240, 244, 245, 250, 252, 253, 255, 257

irrigation, 63, 95, 127, 162, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 203, 205, 206, 208, 212, 218, 245, 251

Irtysh, 146, 156

Itina, M. A., 186, 192, 193, 206

Jaz Murian, 215, 217, 218, 219, 225, 227, 229, 230

Jiroft, 215, 217, 219, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230

Kakheti, 65, 78, 107, 170

Kalmykia, 85, 145, 160, 161, 162, 163, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267

Kanesh, 221

Kara Kum, 62, 63, 126, 159, 183, 189, 200, 250

Karashamb, 115, 116, 117, 254

Karbuna Hoard, 35, 37, 38

Kargaly, 56, 148, 157, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 247

Karnut, 90, 95

Kartamysh, 170

Katakombnaya, 82, 128

Kazakhstan, 28, 50, 63, 126, 127, 139, 140, 157, 158, 182, 184, 199, 221, 253

Kelleli, 204

Kelteminar, 50, 189, 206

Khazanov, A. M., 82, 158, 159

Khirbet Kerak, 87, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102

Khorassan, 182, 183, 189, 194

Khoresmia, 184, 187, 193, 199, 208

Khosrow I, 66

Khvalynsk, 34, 37, 49, 51, 263, 264

Kiguradze, T, 67, 69, 70, 89, 265

KMK. See Kul’tura mnogoralikovoi keramiki, 146

Koban, 84, 121, 254, 267

Kodzadermen-Gumelnitsa-Karanovo VI Verband, 33, 49

Kohl, P. L., 5, 7, 11, 40, 41, 42, 43, 66, 90, 91, 94, 105, 108, 184, 185, 189, 194, 195, 196, 203, 205, 209, 212, 213, 226, 246

Konar Sandal A, 217, 219, 226

Konar Sandal B, 226

Konstantinovka, 61, 75, 266

Kopet Dagh, 62, 126, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 193, 195, 202, 205

Korenevskii, S. N., 73, 74, 75, 76

Koryakova, L. N., 82, 257

Krivoi Rog cemetery, 38, 136

Kuban, 55, 63, 72, 73, 75, 77, 84, 86, 112, 115, 119, 200, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267

Kuftin, B. A., 87, 186

Kul’tura mnogovalikovoi keramiki,

Kura-Araxes, 18, 52, 54, 57, 58, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 125, 213, 216, 223, 251, 254, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266

kurgan archaeology, 16, 128

kurgans, 15, 16, 18, 43, 58, 59, 62, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 82, 85, 86, 91, 96, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 128, 134, 144, 145, 147, 155, 161, 166, 179, 213, 223, 246, 248, 251, 254, 257, 260, 266

Kushnareva, K. Kh., 58, 68, 69, 71, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 166

Kuzmina, E. E., 130, 131, 132, 152, 192, 233, 236, 237

Kvatskhelebi, 87, 90, 95

Kvemo Kartli, 68, 107

Kyrgyzstan, 182

Kyul Tepe I, 68, 69

Kyurduluk, 117

Kyzyl Kum, 50, 62, 63, 126, 183, 188, 250

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., 149, 201, 214, 216, 233, 235

lapis lazuli, 196, 226, 228

Lebedeva, E. Yu., 77, 128, 156

Leila-depe, 68, 69, 264

Linduff, K. M., 237, 238

Lyonnet, B., 57, 61, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 84, 106, 157, 199, 200, 203, 204, 214, 221

Madjidzadeh, Y., 220

Magan, 214, 224, 255

Magomedov, R. G., 66, 86, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111

Maikop, 19, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 103, 104, 123, 132, 134, 223, 254, 258, 259, 262, 265, 266

Majdanetskoe, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45

Margiana, 18, 126, 131, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 231, 233, 235, 237

Marhashi, 230

Mari, 232

Mariupil, 49

Marki Alonia, 101

Martínez-Navarrete, M. I., 157

Martkopi, 108, 113, 117, 119, 224, 262, 266

Masson, V. M., 45, 53, 69, 71, 142, 184, 186, 205, 207, 220

Mazanderan, 182, 183

McCorriston, J., 222

Meadow, R., 223, 231

Meluhha, 214, 219, 224

Merpert, N. Ya., 29, 45, 53, 69, 71, 123, 129, 130

Meshoko, 70, 76, 77, 262, 263, 264

Mesopotamia, 11, 12, 13, 26, 27, 29, 54, 58, 67, 68, 71, 74, 75, 79, 84, 85, 98, 106, 110, 120, 142, 165, 189, 196, 199, 213, 214, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 230, 231, 232, 247, 253, 254, 255, 259, 263, 266

Mesopotamian political economy, 222

metal working, 106, 152, 167, 174, 177, 204, 208, 237

metallurgical province, 31, 32

metallurgical provinces, 14, 32, 168, 247, 252, 253

metallurgy, 10, 28, 31, 53, 62, 70, 71, 74, 122, 189, 237, 240, 253

Metsamor, 90

Miatli kurgan, 86

migrations, 18, 97, 112, 133, 136, 235, 238, 250, 259

Mikhailovka, 28

millet, 44, 145, 157

Miri Qalat, 214, 229

mobile economies, 23, 63, 64, 128, 134

Mohenjo-daro, 187, 216

Mokhra-Blur, 89, 90, 95

Mongolia, 22, 56, 143, 168, 169, 182

mules, 141, 142

Munchaev, R. M., 29, 57, 61, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 102, 106, 122, 123

Mundigak, 187, 217, 219

Murghab, 62, 186, 189, 194, 201, 203, 208

Mycenae, 19, 113, 132

Nakhicevan. See.

Nal’chik cemetery, 71, 72, 263

Namazga-depe, 186, 212

Narimanov, I. G., 67, 68, 69

national traditions of research. See research traditions

Neo-evolutionary archaeology, 11

neo-evolutionary studies, 11

Neolithic, 29, 31, 40, 50, 52, 65, 67, 68, 71, 102, 128, 129, 130, 132, 143, 163, 184, 186, 187, 189, 192, 194, 195, 203, 204, 206, 218, 236, 258

nomadism, 12, 14, 53, 82, 84, 112, 130, 143, 144, 145, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 166, 223, 244, 245, 250, 252, 255

Norsuntepe, 96, 97, 262, 263

Novodanilovka, 49

Novosvobodnaya, 54, 58, 59, 61, 72, 74, 85, 119, 134, 210, 223

Novotitorovskaya, 82, 109, 112, 119, 212

Ob, 146, 156

obshchnosti, 14, 32

Old Europe, 27, 46, 72, 133, 140, 236

open steppe, 15, 16, 45, 50, 126, 145, 157, 159, 174, 246

Orenburg, 56, 146, 150, 170

Oshad kurgan, 72

Otchir-Goriaeva, M., 145, 160, 161, 163

oxen, xxi, 18, 45, 62, 86, 95, 96, 112, 119, 121, 133, 141, 142, 143, 144, 162, 178, 179, 200, 209, 212, 250, 260

Pamir, 182

Parzinger, H., 28, 50, 52, 53, 201, 221

Persian Gulf, 219

Petrovka, 146, 151, 200

pigs, 44, 45, 52, 78, 95

Pit Grave, 59, 128, 132, 144, 145, 146, 147, 159, 160, 263, 266. See also Yamnaya

   

Possehl, G. L., 26, 214, 215, 216

post-processual archaeology, 3, 6

Potapovka, 146, 267

Potts, D. T., 143, 214, 221, 230, 232

processual archaeology, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10

proto-Elamites, 216

Prut, 130, 261, 262, 263, 266

psalia, 78, 79, 80, 254

pseudo-cereals, 157

Pumpelly, R., 183, 184

Quijia, 238

Rassamakin, Yu, 12, 13, 19, 20, 28, 38, 39, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 71, 72, 75, 84, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 240

Ratnagar, S., 214, 224, 232, 244, 250, 252, 255

Renfrew, C., 3, 30, 138, 236

research traditions, 1. See national traditions of research

Rezepkin, A. D., 58, 72, 76

Romania, 26, 27, 34, 39, 50, 258

Royal Cemetery, 79, 118, 198, 263

Sabatinovka, 144, 156, 158, 267

Sagona, A. G., 88, 89, 96, 97, 265

Salvatori, S., 187, 195, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 215, 233

Sapallitepa, 205, 212

Sarazm, 61, 196, 200

Sargon, 224, 230

Sarianidi, V. I., 19, 142, 184, 186, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 209

Sasanians, 66, 191

Satkhe, 90, 91, 113

scepters, 38, 39, 47, 49, 51, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139

Scythians, 65, 73, 255

Sé Girdan, 85, 112

Sea of Azov, 49, 128

secondary products revolution, 164

secondary states, 84, 213, 218, 220, 223, 224, 232, 246, 247, 255

Seima-Turbino, 168, 237

Serker-tepe, 103

Shahdad, 217, 219, 224, 230, 233

Shahr-i Sokhta, 187, 214, 217, 218, 219

Shah-tepe, 194

Shang Dynasty, 238, 241

sheep, 44, 45, 46, 53, 78, 91, 95, 121, 139, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 175, 192, 209, 210, 211, 221, 222, 223, 245, 250

Shengavit, 90

Sherratt, A. G., 46, 141, 164

Shida Kartli, 64, 69, 70, 87, 88, 96, 114, 121, 122

Shishlina, N. I., 159, 210, 223

Shortughai, 214, 215

Shortughaï, 204

Shulaveri-Shomu, 67, 68, 263, 264

Sialk, 217, 219, 233

Siba, 238

Siberia, 15, 28, 50, 55, 126, 127, 156, 158, 184, 199

sickles, 95, 156, 170, 208, 254, 255

Sintashta, 13, 14, 132, 143, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 178, 247, 262, 267

Skelya, 38, 49, 71, 133, 136, 138, 139

Sos Höyük, 88, 89

Sredni Stog, 37, 262, 265, 266

Srubnaya, 128

Sumer, 42, 182, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 223, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232, 246, 255, 257, 258

surplus production, 165, 221

Syr Darya, 182, 188, 189

Tadjikistan, 61, 182, 189, 193, 194, 199, 208, 209

Takhirbai, 204, 208

Tal’janki, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45

Tappeh Gijlar, 88, 89

Tedjen, 62, 189, 194, 195, 203

Telegin, D. Ya., 19, 20, 51, 131, 133

Tell Abraq, 108

Tell Sotto, 29, 67

Tepe Yahya, 214, 225, 226, 229

Terek, 67, 76, 77

terraces, 94, 105, 106, 178, 186

textiles, 46, 165, 221, 222, 223, 245, 249, 256

Three Island, 177

Tien Shan, 182

Timber Grave, 128, 129, 144, 146, 156, 157, 158, 170, 177, 178, 259, 262, 267

tin, xxi, 29, 62, 108, 118, 122, 168, 170, 182, 193, 196, 199, 201, 221, 222, 230, 232, 236, 244, 245, 249, 252, 253, 255

Tin-bronzes, 122, 170

Tli cemetery, 84, 121, 254

Tobol, 146, 148

Tocharians, 233, 234

Todorova, H., 23, 24, 27, 30, 35, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52

Togolok, 186, 201, 204

Tolstov, S. P., 184, 186

Tosi, M., 143, 200, 203, 214, 215, 219, 229

traditions of archaeological research, 1, 2

Transcaucasia, 18, 52, 58, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 112, 113, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 154, 159, 163, 166, 200, 213, 224, 232, 251, 254, 257, 259, 263, 264, 266

transhumance, 77, 78, 91, 144, 187

Trialeti, 65, 107, 113, 116, 119, 120, 132, 224, 262, 266, 267

Trifonov, V. A., 19, 57, 58, 73, 78, 80, 85, 132, 240, 261, 263, 265

Trigger, B. G., 6, 7, 8

Tripol’ye, 12, 14, 25, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57, 75, 78, 84, 99, 101, 111, 133, 134, 149, 162, 167, 200, 205, 236, 254, 256, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266

Troy, 19, 108, 118

Tsnori, 113, 114, 262, 266

Tugai, 201

Turan, xv, 183, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 225

Tureng tepe, 194

Turkmenistan, 18, 31, 62, 131, 142, 143, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 212, 215, 217, 227, 235, 237

Ubaid, 23, 68, 71, 73, 123, 264

Ukraine, 22, 23, 28, 34, 39, 50, 56, 85, 127, 128, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 145, 167, 170, 200, 234, 236, 254, 258

Ur, 79, 118, 141, 221, 230, 231, 263

Ural, 13, 28, 56, 127, 130, 144, 146, 148, 151, 159, 170, 188, 200, 221

Urals, 21, 39, 50, 56, 126, 127, 130, 133, 143, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 167, 169, 170, 178, 189, 193, 199, 200, 206, 233, 234, 237, 247, 253, 258, 262, 266, 267

Urartu, 84

Urmia, 85, 88, 97, 266

Uruk, 54, 58, 69, 70, 73, 75, 83, 97, 104, 106, 213, 216, 222, 223, 263, 265, 266

Uruk expansion, 216, 222

Usatovo, 45, 53, 162

Uzbekistan, 182, 189, 208, 209

Varna, 24, 27, 33, 38, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 78, 136, 254

Velikent, 61, 66, 71, 86, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 118, 119, 125, 150, 265, 266

Veselovskii, N. I., 72, 73

Videjko, M. Y., 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 51, 52

Vinogradova, N. M., 182, 192, 194, 195, 199, 208

Volga, 22, 28, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 46, 49, 56, 59, 71, 123, 126, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 144, 145, 146, 159, 160, 167, 170, 174, 188, 200, 254, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267

Weeks, L. R., 108, 167, 168, 214, 232

wheat, 44, 45, 76, 94, 145, 157, 231

wheeled transport, 85, 110, 111, 128, 133, 141, 145

wheeled vehicles, 14, 15, 85, 96, 110, 112, 142, 143, 144, 179, 193, 210, 224, 230, 237, 240, 245, 250, 253, 256, 257

   carts, 62, 85, 95, 96, 111, 144, 153, 162, 212

   chariots, 111, 132, 151, 152, 153, 162, 179, 212

   wagons, 18, 86, 96, 112, 115, 119, 120, 121, 140, 141, 142, 144, 162, 176, 178, 179, 196, 200, 209, 212, 250, 260

Wolf, E. R., 1, 17, 258

wool, 46, 164, 192, 222, 223

wool-bearing sheep, 222, 223

world systems, 32, 246, 247

Xinjiang, 143, 182, 233, 238, 240

Yanik Tepe, 88, 97

Yarim tepe, 194

Yarim Tepe I, 29

Yarim Tepe III, 68

Yoffee, N., 10, 12, 123, 259

Yom tepe, 194

Yu.T.A.K.E, 186

Zagros, 87, 96, 225, 226, 229, 233

Zardchakhalif, 208, 209

Zdanovich, G. B., 13, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152

Zeravshan, 170, 187, 188, 189, 193, 199, 200, 208, 221

ziggurats, 186