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Index
Aboriginal communities 189
Aboriginal people 95, 100, 113, 174, 249, 251
Aboriginal population 131
Abraded meander channels 139
Acheulian hand-axe 39
Acheulian tradition/tools 13, 30, 57
adaptation 66, 101, 242
adaptive conditions 199
adaptive lifestyle 231
adaptive qualities and capabilities 24, 28, 50
adaptive social system 230–31
Adelaide River 257
aeolian sediments 187
Aeta 238
Afghanistan 45
Africa 2, 5–8, 10, 21, 22, 23, 30, 39, 45, 49, 58, 72, 79, 94, 247, 271
African bushmen 79
African origins 18
African savannas
agrarian revolution 44
Agta 238
alchemy 114
allometry 234
Alor 34, 35
Altai 76, 79
alveolar bone 226
ambient temperatures 18
Ambrona 30
amenorrhoea 50
Americas 41, 58
amino acid racemisation dating 137
anaemia 43
anatomically modern humans (AMH) 59, 94, 107, 173, 184, 238, 247, 268, 271, 273
ancestors 6, 72
Ancestral Beings 112
Andaman Islands 238
Andaman Sea 84
animal behaviour 15
animal domestication 43
animal herds 23
animal populations 12
ankylosing 229
Antarctica 7
anthropogenic burning 117, 135, 173
anthropogenic pressures 180
anthropoids 5, 6
anthropologist 37
Arabian peninsula 17
Arafura Plain 96, 107, 120, 252, 256
Arafura Sea 97, 156
Arafuran palaeocoast 104, 119, 121, 123
archaeological discovery 48
archaeological evidence 5, 39, 69, 71
archaeological investigation 33
archaeological philosophy 38
archaeological record 66, 181
archaeologist 37, 38, 39
archaic brows 203
archaic sapiens 17, 95, 240
Arctic 32
Arctic Circle 10, 79
area-per-person 46
Arnhem Land 94, 107, 120, 132, 257
arrival of humans in Australia 117
artefacts 72
arthritic conditions 43
Aru 98
Aru Hills 119
Aru Islands 117, 124
ash layer 89
ash-fall 91
Ashmore reef 35
Asia 7, 21, 23, 46, 77, 79, 100
Asia Minor 69
Asian fossil evidence 38
Asian population 58
Assam 67
Asteraceae 139
Atapuerca 9
Atherton Tableland 257
Ati 238
Atlantic coast 9
Atlantic Ocean 7
atlatl elbow 229
atmospheric aerosols 92
atmospheric cooling 92
attrition – dental (see dental wear)
Australasian region 41
Australia 1, 32, 35, 37, 41, 71, 72, 76, 80, 81, 82, 86, 89, 95, 96, 186, 237, 238
Australia – colonisation of 128, 134
Australia – human entry 85, 173
Australia's landmass 70
Australian continental shelf 173
Australian megafauna (see megafauna)
Australoids 183
australopithecines 6, 8
avalanche 54
average life expectancy 50
backshore 187
backup groups 64
bags 229
Balabac Straits 85
Bali 34, 85, 86
bamboo 96
bamboo knives 99
Banda Sea 82
bandicoots (Peramelinae) 140
bands 10, 19, 76, 124, 230
Bangladesh 22
Barkly-Selwyn Tablelands 124
Barkly Tableland 133, 134, 257, 259
barrier pool 66
Barrier Ranges 225
Basilian Islands 85
Bassian Bridge 252
Batadomba Lena 236
Batak 238
bathometric topography 34, 84, 97
Bay of Bengal 19, 89, 147
Beagle Channel 7
bear 29
behavioural modification 80
Belgium 91
belief systems 50
Bering Bridge 31, 76
Berkley River 123
bifacial hand-axe 33
bifacial stone tools 79
big cats 13
bindings 230
bio-cultural adaptation 78
biogeography 6
biological adaptation 10, 13, 80
biological anthropologist 37
biological population 53
biological variability 80
biology 7
biomass 12, 74, 87
biotic change 117
Birdsell, J. 20, 85, 128, 130, 184, 235
bird's head 119
birth interval 6
birth spacing 50
bison 18, 29
Black Death 54
blitzkrieg 161, 180
boar 29
boat 35
boat people 2, 94
body decoration 230
body fluids 26
body hair 27, 28
Bonaparte Bay 122
Bonaparte Depression 122
bone cracking 222
bone infection 229
bone smashing 223, 225
boomerang 230
Borneo 82, 102, 103
Bose basin 30, 39
bottle necks – population 88
Bowdler, S. 264
Bowler, J. 185
Boxgrove 10, 30
Bradshaw figures (see Gwion Gwion) 229
brain size 23–24
Bramaputra River 67
breast feeding 50
Britain 10, 48
Brothwell, D. 236
brow ridges 214, 240, 256
browsers 153
bubonic plague 54
budding groups 108
budding mechanism 17
budding-off 5, 17, 127, 128, 129
burial practices 95, 230, 234
Burma – see Myanmar
bush fires 121, 174
butchering 30
Byzovaya 79
calcination 221
caldera 89
Callitris 120, 139
calvaria 199
Cambodia 67
campsites 72, 254
Cape Londonderry 122
Cape Mangkalihat 85
Cape York 120, 124, 132, 257
capturing 75
carbohydrate 74
carnassial complex 144
carnivores 9, 88, 145, 146
carrying capacity 49, 69, 70
Casuarina 120
Casuarinacaea 139
Caucasians 67
cave dwelling 29
Celebes Sea 85
census – earliest 47
central Africa 238
central Asia 39
Central Australia 3, 131, 133, 135, 155, 174, 177, 242, 247, 248, 255, 259, 260, 267
central Malaya 91
central Russia 76
central Siberia 76, 78, 79
Ceprano 9
Ceram 98
ceremonies 95, 229
Chad 70
channel systems 140
charcoal particles 117
Charnley River 123
charring 221
Chelodina sp. 160
Chenopodiaceae 139
child spacing 50
China 1, 8, 10, 17, 21, 37, 40, 41, 45, 58, 65, 67, 78, 84, 86, 101, 103, 184, 247
Chinese migrations 84
chopping tools 13, 33
Christ 48
Christian era 60
cleaning country 175
cleavers 30
Cleland Hills 115
climatic extremes 14
clinal effect 66, 77
clothing 79
Clovis 275
coastal adaptation 82
coastal and riverine navigation 82
coastal contour 83
coastal economy 231, 266
coastal environments 70, 72
coastal length 84
coastal migration 86
coastal travel 82
coastal voyaging 265
Coburg Peninsula 113
cognitive abilities 33
Cohuna 245
cold climates 79
cold effects 28
colonisation 3, 97
colonising group 132
colour changes 223
complex language 31, 76
complex ritual 230
complex social relationships 50
complex tool kits 19
conception frequencies 50
continental shelves 12, 18, 34, 81, 87, 130, 253
continuous movement 132
contraceptive effects 49–53
Coobool Creek 204, 245
Coobool females 217
cool winters 11
cooperative hunting 50
Cooper Creek 134, 135
cortical bone 219
Cossack 245
cradle of humanity 58
cranial buttressing 204
cranial capacity 23, 57
cranial features – robust 256
cranial morphology 26, 67
cranial sutures 233
cranial thickening 193, 194, 195, 239
craniometric data 215
cremation – human 170, 189, 193, 219
crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) salt water 1, 32, 34, 115, 116, 131, 142, 147
cross-currents 35
crouch burial 225
crowd diseases 43
crustaceans – freshwater 140
cultural adaptation 24, 79
cultural baggage 81, 95
cultural complexity 226
cultural debris 71
cultural development 38, 62, 80
cultural fluctuation 101
cultural indicators 219
cultural modification 73
cunning 30
curiosity 15
currents 35
customs 50
cut marks 79
Daly River 123, 257
Darling Downs 149, 156, 158
Darling River 268
dating 37, 114–116
dating problems 10
Deaf Adder Gorge 179
debitage 71
deer 18, 29
Deevey, E.S. 46
demographic development 62
demographic history 73
demographic parameters 52, 54
demography 6
density differential 73
dental wear 228, 229
dermal layers 27
desert landscapes 11
deserts 12
Devil's Lair 179
Dhaky 22
Diamantina River 135
diaspora 2
Dieri Tribe 134
diet 79
dietary change 23
dingo (Canis familiaris) 145
diploeic bone 195, 200
Diprotodon minor 140
Diprotodon optatum 115, 140, 142, 144, 147, 160, 181
Diprotodontids 142, 146, 160
Diring-Ur'akh 9, 79
dispersal patterns 9
distance travelled 15
Djankawu 112
Dmanisi 8, 9, 16
DNA 248
domestication 43
doubling time – population 54
Dreaming 112, 251
Dreaming stories 112
Dreamtime 112
dried food 96
drifting 35
droughts 54
dry summers 11
Drysdale River 122
dugong (Dugong dugon) 124
Dumagat 238
dune building 137, 187
Durack River 123
dwindling animal populations 179
early seafarers 118
earthquakes 158
East Africa 17, 37
East Alligator River 257
east coast of Sunda 84
eastern Asia 18
eastern Siberia 78, 79
East Sunda River System 85, 103
ecological adaptation 246
eco-niches 12
economic change 41
economic diversification 73
economic intensification 43, 78
ecosystems 12
ecosystems – marginal 13
Efe people 238
electrolytes 26
elephants 30, 116
embryonic diapause 152
empty country 132
Emydura sp. 160
endemic malaria 28
endemic malarial areas 199
endogamous system 19
endurance running 12, 27
England 10, 30
environmental barriers 12
epicanthic fold 28, 79, 237, 250
equator 23, 79, 85, 87
equatorial 12, 26, 35
equatorial rainforests 11
erectine 6, 8, 23, 34, 35, 50, 59, 79, 95, 207, 271, 272
erectine bands 19, 22
erectine crania 15
erectine females 50, 51
erectine height 26
erectine migration 12, 29, 99
erectine palaeodemography 21, 37, 50–53
erectine skills and capabilities 12, 23
erectines – Chinese 30, 32, 36, 272
erectines – Dmanisi 27
erectines – east Asian 24
erectines – southeast Asian 27
erectines Indonesian 26
eruption column 89
estuarine environments 70
Etadunna Formation 137
ethnographic observation 175
ethnohistoric 175
Eurasia 18, 30
Europe 7, 9–10, 23, 29, 45, 62, 69, 78, 229
Europe – eastern 76
European landscape 10
Europeans 7
Euryzygoma dunense 140
Eve hypothesis 59
evolution 6
evolution of human populations 67
excessive exercise 50
exploitative strategies 57
exploration 131
explorative behaviour 80
exploratory groups 108
exponential population growth 42, 43
extinction 15, 108
extinction spiral
extractive behaviour 56
extractive potential 69, 75
extrinsic population growth 130
facial sinuses 28
family groups 230
Far East 9, 58
faunal assemblages 10
faunal populations 11
faunal remains 29
feast and famine diet 238
feeding strategies 29
female exchange 19
female losses 88
female replacement 51
female survivorship 51
fertility rates of 6
fire 29, 57, 79, 81
fire prone plant species 117
firing 177, 258, 264, 266
first arrivals 173
first Australians 1, 114, 116, 183, 184
fish 140
fishing spears 265
fish traps 265
fission 127, 130
fission model 132
Fitzmaurice River 123
Fitzroy River 123, 257
flaking techniques 30
flexed 225
floatation 96
floating log 32
floods 54, 71
floral populations 11
Flores 33, 35, 39, 94, 95, 104, 107
flotillas 130
fluctuating sea levels 11
fluorine 162, 163
fluvial activity 137
fluvial sediments 142
Fly-Strickland River system 121, 124, 257
fodder collapse 159
forward movement 15
fossae 215
fossil assemblage 23
fossil faunal populations 145
fossil sites 141
founder effect 12, 66, 77, 101, 104, 242
founder frequency 66
founder population 41, 52, 54, 62
founding world populations 53
freshwater highways 124, 132, 266
freshwater lakes 181
frontal bone – flat 239, 256
frontal pneumatisation 193
frontal sinus 212
fuel build up 175
funerary rites 225
Furneaux Island 100
gait 26
gallery forest 87, 260
Garawa 238
gene drainage 65
gene exchange 19
gene flow 12, 40
gene frequencies 77
gene migration 104
gene penetration 66
gene pool – ‘daughter’ 107
gene pool – ‘mother’ 107
gene pools – small 249
gene pools 12, 77
general intelligence 35
generalist hunter-gatherer 126
generations 262
genes 6
genetic affiliation 102
genetic assortment 108
genetic barrier 64, 65
genetic diversity 81
genetic drift 66, 77, 101, 158, 242, 248
genetic expansion 12
genetic intermixing 87
genetic load 158
genetic loss 65
genetic mixing 265
genetic mutation 101
genetic paths 68
genetic pool 64, 101
genetic pressure gradients 62, 75
genetic selection – general 101
genetic selection – local 101
genetic tunnel 64, 66
gene transfer 80, 101
Genyornis egg shell 161
Genyornis newtonii 115, 137, 140, 161, 264, 268
Geochelone sp. 33
geographical barriers 6
geographical isolation 81
geo-political borders 17
Georgia 8, 9, 39, 59
giant bears 13
Gibraltar 9
Gibson Desert 255
glabella 212
glacial conditions 9, 15
glacial cycles 87, 254
glacial events 69
glacial-interglacial cycle 17, 252
glacial maxima 33, 35, 269
glacial peaks 82
glacial sea levels 34
glaciation 22
glaciers 10, 12
Glasgow University 136
glenoid fossa 193, 214
glenoid length 214
Gobi Desert 116
Goliath people 238
Gongwangling (Lantian) 8
gracile 251
gracile fossils 184
gracile morphology 184
gracile origins 236
gracile people 234
gracile skeleton 234
Grand Dolina 9
grandmothering 19
Great Australian Bight 256
Great Divide – the 256
Greater Australia 246
Great Indian Desert 116
Great Sandy Desert 122
Great Victoria Desert 155, 260
Green Gully 245
Gregory, J. W. 136
gross reproduction rates 51
group cooperation 30
group extinction 108
group organisation 30
growth potential 51
growth rates 41, 56
growth spurt 26
Gulf of Carpentaria 97, 156
Gulf of Malacca 84
Gulf of Martaban 83, 84
Gulf of Thailand 82, 84, 85, 87
Gwion Gwion (Bradshaw figures) 229
habitable land 12
hafted axes 230
Halmahera Islands 98, 103
hand axes 30, 81
Hassan, F. A. 20
Hathnora cranium 17
HbA 28
HbE 199
HbS 199
Hb variants 28
hearing 36
hearths 187, 191
herbivore 146
herd animals 15
herd trailing 15
high humidity 27
high latitudes 12, 28, 78, 79
high metabolic rates 28
high mortality rates 48, 51
high pressure centres 64
Himalayan Mountains 45, 67
hippopotamus 116
history 81
Holocene 40, 41, 42, 44, 58, 251, 269
Holocene population explosion 41
hominin bands 50
hominin brain size 23
hominin females 52
hominin fossils 199–202
hominin migration 11, 36
hominins 5, 6, 7, 8, 18, 31, 32, 36, 95
Homo 6
Homo antecessor 6
Homo erectus 1, 2, 6, 13, 18, 21, 24, 26, 30, 33, 36, 50, 51,
Homo erectus – survivorship 51
Homo ergaster 6
Homo floresiensis 39, 93, 95, 99, 100, 106, 236, 239, 256
Homo sapien bands 31
Homo sapiens 7, 14, 23, 37, 49, 72, 80, 81, 100
Homo soloensis 95, 102, 106, 107, 125, 173, 186, 199, 240, 246, 249, 256, 261
horse 18, 30
Huang (Yellow) River 74
human demography 21
human-empty areas 45
human evolution 37
human expansion 81
human genome 81
human health 43
human migration 2, 134
human palaeodemography 9, 40
human populations – regional 87
human remains 187
human stature 43
human variation 101
humeral length 217
hunter-gatherer lifestyle 132
hunter-gatherers 6, 46, 50, 123
hunter-scavengers 6
hunting bands 10
hunting behaviour 19
hunting capabilities 56, 57
hunting-gathering-scavenging 16
hunting skills 13
hunting techniques 57
hyenas 13
Hyperplatycnemia 219
ice 12
Ice Age 18, 78,
Ice Age - Australia 135
ice-bergs 232
ice build up 11
ice cores 69
ice-free corridors 18
ice sheets 15
implement manufacturing 73
incipient herding 74
incisors 226
increased brain size 23, 56, 57
India 17, 30, 40, 41, 58, 65, 86, 101
Indian Ocean 83, 84, 89
Indian subcontinent 18, 58, 76
Indonesia 10, 28, 32, 96
Indonesian archipelago 95, 173, 256
Indonesian (Javan) hominids 95, 240
infant mortality 108
infectious disease 43, 157
infertility 108
initiation ceremony 227
inner cranial tables 195, 198
inundation 88
intellectual development 80
intelligence increase 23
interglacial faunal ecology 141
interglacial humans 170
interglacial palaeoenvironments 125
interglacials 15, 79, 181
inter-island crossings 35, 95–96
inter-lake areas 139
inter-membral indices 144
interorbital region 212
inter-riverine 139
inter-Wallacian islands 97
intrinsic population growth 60, 128, 130, 131, 251
Inuit 79
Iran 17
Irian Jaya 97, 110
Irian Jaya–New Guinea cordillera 119
Irrawaddy delta 83
Isampur 30
Isdell River 123
Isernia la Pineta 9
island hopping 9, 33, 73
island populations 99
island southeast Asia 76
isobaric patterns 65
isolated islands 12
isolation 19, 66, 82, 131, 242
Italy 9
Japan 9, 45
Java 8, 17, 21, 59, 82, 102, 104, 184, 199
Javans 103
Java Sea
Johore River 85
joint destruction 229
Jolo 85
Jordan River 8
Joseph Bonaparte Plain 123
jungle 82
Kadimakara 134, 135
Kalahari 238, 239
Kallakoopah Creek 137, 169
Kambing Island 34
Kamitakamori 9
Kampar River 85
Katherine River 123
Katipiri assemblages 139
Katipiri Formation 137, 161, 169
Keilor 245
Kelapa 34
Kenniff Cave 185
Kenya 146
Kimberley 107, 121, 131, 156, 252, 257
Kimberley palaeocoast 125
Kimberley plateau 122
Kimberley shelf 104
King Edward River 122
King George River 122, 123
KNM-ER1481 8
KNM-ER3228 8
KNM-WT15000 26
koala (Phascolarctos sp.) 139, 268
Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) 33, 98, 142, 143, 147
Komodo Island 34
Kow Swamp 184, 185, 200, 204, 245
Krakatoa 89
Kuala Lumpur 83
Kulpi Mara 269
Kutjitara Formation 137
Lachlan River 187
La Gravette 229
Lake Ara 121
Lake Carpentaria 97, 118, 119, 120, 124, 134, 143, 256, 257, 258, 261
Lake Carpentarian river system 104, 120
Lake Eyre 139–140, 147, 156, 181, 259, 268
Lake Eyre basin 120, 133, 134, 159, 255
Lake Eyre catchment 120, 253, 261
Lake Eyre drainage system 160
Lake Eyre extinctions 161
Lake Eyre – megalake phases 143, 259
Lake Eyre region 176
Lake Fura 121
Lake Garnpung 187, 189
Lake Leaghur 189
Lake Londonderry 122
Lake Menindee 265
Lake Mulurulu 187
Lake Mungo 94, 95, 161, 184, 247
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – arumpo 190
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – Gol Gol 191
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – lower Mungo 191
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – Mulurulu 190
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – upper Mungo 191
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequence – Zanci 190
Lake Mungo sedimentary sequences 190
Lake Tandou 265
Lake Turkana 26
Lake Victoria 256
land-based migration 64
land bridge 9, 10, 17, 81
landscapes 10
language 31, 81
language development 31, 57
Lantian 20
Laos 67
last glacial maximum 137
last glaciation 78
last Ice Age 180
last interglacial 78
late Pleistocene skeletal morphology – Australia 184
late Quaternary 137
laterally expanding groups 65
lateral restrictors to migration 64
Leigh, S.R. 24
Lena River 9, 79
length and robusticity modules 208
leopard 29
Lesser Sunda archipelago 84
Lesser Sunda chain 33, 36
Levant 9
lexicon 31
LGM 243
life expectancy 6
limited tool kit 35
Linea aspera 219
Liran 35
littoral environments 27
littoral hunting 36
Liujiang 247
live births 52
living areas 71
local adaptation 239
local extinctions 175
local ingenuity 75
logs 35
Lombok 34
Lorentz River 119
low birth rates 108
lower latitudes 11
lowering seas 12
low latitudes 28
low reproduction rates 49
lunettes 187
Luzon 238
Mackay 147
Macropods 142, 146
Macropus spp. 140
magic 230
magma 92
major glaciations 11
Malacca
Malaccan coast 83
Malacca Strait River System 84, 85
Malacca–Sumatra bridge 84
Malakunanja 94, 179, 246
Malar 204
Malar fossa 193
malaria 28
Malar morphology 208
Malaysian Peninsula 18, 67, 76, 81, 84, 91, 238
Malita shelf 35
Malita Valley 122, 123
Malthus, T. R. 43
mammoth 18
mammoth tusk 79, 230
Mammotovaya Kurya 79
manufacturing skills 35
Mapa cranium 78, 106, 247
marginal environments 57
marginal niches 74
marginal regions 73
marginal territory 79
mark of ancient Java 184
marsupial wolf (thylacinus cynocephalus) 145
Mary River 257
mass movement 14
mastoid pneumatisation 193, 213
mastoid processes 214
material culture 227
mating rules 19, 128
matrilineal descent 19
maximum cranial thickness 205
May River 123
McHenry, H. 24
measles 54
medullary cavity 217
megafauna 1, 140, 154, 174, 254, 258, 265, 266
megafauna collapse 154, 160
megafaunal extinctions 172, 267
megafaunal populations 268
megafaunal species 115
megalake phase 265
Megalania prisca 98, 116, 132, 142, 143, 145, 147
Melanesia 81, 110
melanisation 27
Meltzer, D. 275
menstrual cycle 51
metacarpal 167
micro-evolutionary mechanisms 110
Middle Ages 37, 54
Middle East 7, 19, 37, 39, 45, 59, 69, 76, 106, 237, 264
migrant gradient pressures 66
migrant populations 101
migrant settlement centres 65
migrants – ‘single line’ 19
migrating groups 238
migration 88, 239, 242
migration – ‘accidental’ 14
migration – ‘background’ 14
migration corridors 80, 123
migration – ‘illegal’ 14
migration – deliberate 15
migration – earliest 38
migration – human 14
migration – inter-island 39
migration – longitudinal 100
migration – natural barriers to 14
migration – oceanic 37
migration – purposeful 15
migration routes 80
migration routes – optimum 12
migrations 85
migration strategies 125
migration – slow 14
migration – trans-world 7
migratory bands 111
migratory gene pool 66, 104
migratory patterns 15
migratory pool 66
Mincopies 238
Mindanao 85
Mindel ice age 29, 37
Mindoro Strait 85
minimum numbers 48
Miocene 137
Mitchell Plateau 1
Mitchell River 123
mitochondrial DNA 59
mobile colonist 75
modern drainage system 139
modern fisherman 35
modern human crania 24
modern humans 50, 79
Modjokerto (see also Perning) 8, 20, 32
Momats River 119
Mongolia 9
Mongoloids 67, 68
monsoon – southerly incursion 139, 181, 253
monsoon 261, 263
Monte Verde 275
Moon 35
Mootwingee 226
Moroccan Neanderthal 94
Morocco 9
morphological change 76
morphological contrast 183, 186
morphological differences 235
morphological variation 38, 101, 187, 193, 236, 242, 244
mortality 6
mortality rates 41, 128
mosaic burning 175, 176
mosquitoes 1
Mossgiel 245
mountain chains 12
Mount St Helens 89
Moyle River 123
Multiregional Continuity hypothesis 58
Mulvaney, D. J. 125
Mungo Lady 185, 233
Murray–Darling Basin 187
Murray River 184, 247, 268
muscle markings 234
muscular attachment areas 240
musk ox 18
mutation events – random 66, 242
mutation rates – local 77
mutations – adaptive 80
Myanmar (Burma) 67, 83, 102
Namarrgon 113
Nandong 212
Nanwoon 230
Narmada Valley 17, 52
natality 6
natural catastrophe 157
natural disaster 15
navigation skills 82
navigators 94
Neanderthals 69, 78, 79, 94, 207, 218, 219
Negrito migration 239
Negritos 236, 238
Negros 238
net construction 230
net reproduction rate 51
nets 230
neural networks 57
neurological complexity 23
neurological organisation 23
New Guinea – see Papua New Guinea
New South Wales 186, 187, 252
new species 12
New World 72, 73
New Zealand 7, 48, 77
Ngandong 32, 53, 71, 241
Ngandong XI 202
Niah 236, 237
Nihewan Basin 8, 9, 29, 39, 79
Nitchie 245
nomadic littoralists 82
nomadism 74
North Africa 9, 69, 76
North America 32
northern Australia 147
northern Europe 10
northern palaeocoast 131
northern Sumatra 83
northern territory 122, 179
North Sunda River System 85
northwest Africa 10
Nototherium sp. 140
nuchal area 204
nuchal crest 240
nuclear winter 92
Nullarbor Plain 156, 158, 260
numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) 268
nutritional resources 12
occipital bone 231
occipital torus 256
occipitomastoid border 213
oceanic distance 34
oceanic tephra 89
oceanic ventures 36
oceanic water 18
oceanic water gaps 33
ochre 189, 225, 230, 234
ODP 820 core 172, 173
Old World 8, 39, 45, 72, 95
Ombai Strait 34
omnivorous diet 13
Onge 238
Oogeroo Nunuccal 112
open forest 11
open ocean 12
open sites 10
opportunistic breeders 154
Ord River 123, 257
origin of modern humans 41
osteoarthritis 43, 229
outer cranial table 198
outer tables 195
Out of Africa hypothesis 58, 59, 95, 184, 207, 237, 251
oxygen isotope stages 255
Pacific islands 48
Pacific voyages 7
Pacitanian 33
palaeoanthropologist 37, 38
palaeobeach 187
palaeobiology 24
palaeochannels 137, 142, 261
palaeocoasts 82, 117, 254
palaeodemographic trends 41
palaeodune cores 138
palaeoecological conditions 146
palaeoenvironmental change 128
palaeoenvironmental reconstruction 135
palaeolithic 51
palaeoshoreline 256
palaeovalleys 259
Palawan 36, 85, 238
Palimnarchos pollens 116, 131, 142
Palorchestes sp. 140
palynology 117, 172
Panaramitee art 115
Papua New Guinea 32, 85, 86, 96, 107, 110, 237, 238, 256, 257, 261
parallel evolution 79
parasites 157
parasitism 43
parietal boss 194
parietal notch 214
patchy populations 179
pathological revolution 43
pathology 198, 219
patrilineal descent 19
pebble tools 33
Penida 34
Pentecost River 257
people generator 59
people movement 180
Perak Valley 91
permafrost 10
Perning 8, 32
petroglyphic art 95
Phascolonus gigas 140
Phascolonus medius 140
phenotypic characteristics 237
Philippines 36, 85, 86, 102
photosynthesis 93
physical barriers to migration 64, 107
physiological adaptation 15, 49
phytoliths 228
Pienaar, U. de 146
pigs 116
pirates 2
Pitcairn Island 100
Pithecanthropus 212
plant fibre 230
playa lakes 141
Pleistocene 2, 54, 86
Pleistocene Australian populations 207
Pleistocene – Late 47, 58, 247
Pleistocene – Lower 6, 7, 8, 22, 56
Pleistocene – Middle 6, 10, 13, 22, 24, 37, 42, 48, 49, 56, 79, 80, 91, 95, 236, 271
Pleistocene migrations 80
Pleistocene – palaeodemography 1, 38
Pleistocene population growth 130
Pleistocene – populations 41
Pleistocene – Upper 24, 42, 48, 56, 67, 74, 78, 80, 87, 91, 97, 100, 183, 230, 241, 259, 271
Plio-Pleistocene 116
pneumatisation 212, 240
Poaceae 139
Poland 230
polymorphisms 199
poor nutrition 43
population ‘chain’ 21
population bottle neck 93
population boundaries 238
population centres 75
population chains 22
population decline 54
population doubling time 51, 52
population explosions 12
population generators 58, 111
population growth 39, 40, 48, 51, 53, 105, 131
population growth centres 79
population pressure 62, 74
populations – high latitude 29
population spread 22
population valves 76
population viability 51
possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) 139, 140
post-cranial measurements 49
post-partum 50
posture 26
pouch young 152
pre-adaptation 126
pre-agricultural 44
pre-arranged traps 30
precursor migratory population 21
pre-existing gene pool 107
prehistoric world population growth 41
pressure flaking 230
prey populations 145
primate populations 28
Prince Regent River 123
Procoptodon sp. 140, 152
progenitor populations 54
prominent muscle markings 256
protein biomass 22
protein diet 74
Protemnodon spp. 140, 152
proto-hominins 6
Proto-Malays 238
pseudo-opposable thumb 144
puberty 50
Pulau River 119
Puritjarra 269
pygmy elephant (see Stegodon)
pyroclastic flows 91
pyroclastic rock 89
Pyrophytes 117
Qafzeh 106, 237
quartz grains 228
Quaternary 12, 88, 93, 117
Quaternary sea levels 34
Queensland 252
raft-bands 128
raft building 99
raft flotillas 99
rafts 35
rainforest 12, 27
rainforest environments 238, 239
rainforest fauna 173
rainforest species 12
rapid movement 14
rate of natural increase 45
red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) 152, 153
refugees 267
regional continuity 183, 241
regional human evolution 273
regional morphological variability 81
regional Pleistocene migration 80
regional population growth 80
regional variation 40
reindeer 18
relative age 10
Renzidong 8, 79
replacement theory 59
reproductive biology 6, 41
reproductive cycle 50
reproductive life 50
reproductive potential of early people 41
reproductive span 50, 51, 52
resident group 17
retouched flakes 33
rhinoceros 30
rhizomorphs 139
rhyolytic ignumbrite 89
Rintja 34
rites of passage 227
ritual and ceremony 50, 227, 230,
riverine ecosystem 230
riverine environments 27, 70
riverine system 255
river refuges 160
robust groups 268
robusticity module 209
robust morphology 71, 183, 184, 191, 213, 239, 242, 247, 251, 268
robust origins 241
robust populations 235, 244
rock art sites 226
rock shelters 29, 231
rocky landscapes 29
Roe River 123
Roman Empire 47
Rufus Hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) 174
Russian Arctic 79
Sahara Desert 255
Sahul 35, 37, 81, 86, 95, 96, 107, 244, 252, 258, 263, 264
Sahul banks 98
Sahulian migrations 105
Sahul palaeodemography 109
Sahul rise 98
Sahul shelf 96, 122, 256
sailing skills 95
Sambungmacan 32
sand flies 1
Sangiran 32
Sangiran fossils 8
Santa Luca, A. P. 53
Santorini 89
Sarawak (Sabah) 236
satellite imagery 123
savanna 5, 119, 147, 254, 255
Scandinavian ice sheets 47
scavengers 27
scavenger targets 12
scavenging 29, 149
scrapers 13, 30
sea crossings 37
sea currents 34
sea levels 12, 70, 80, 87, 96, 122, 254
seasonal hunting 15
secondary burial 225
sedentism 78, 131
Selwyn Range 133
Semang 238
semi-arid environments 73
semi-arid regions 70
semi-permanent settlement 84
Senoi 238
Serengeti National Park 146
Sewing 230
sexual dimorphism 245
sharks 34
shellfish 140
shell middens 187, 191
shields 230
shortest route 85, 96, 97, 121
Siam Plain 85
Siam River System 85, 103
Siberia 18, 31, 39, 45, 68, 78
Siberian Far East 76
Sibutu Passage 85
sickle cell anaemia 28, 199
side scrapers 79
Sidi Abderrahman 9
sight 36
Simosthenurus spp. 140, 152
Simpson Desert 137, 169, 181, 255
Simpson Savanna 133, 146, 153, 154, 181, 259
Sinai 20
Sinai Peninsula 7, 9
Sinanthropus 212
site interpretation 10
size-length module 208, 209
skeletal biology 110
skeletal morphology 81, 107
skeletal record 66, 109
skills – behavioural 35, 99
skills – linguistic 35
skills – technological 35, 69, 94, 99
skin colouration 27
skins and fur 29
smallpox 54
smell 36
snake bite 28
social cohesion 234
social structure 230
societal development 70
socio-cultural change 80
socio-cultural development 78
Soleilhac 9
Solo 33, 53, 241
Solo River 22, 256
Somalia 70
sorcery 230
South Alligator River 257
South Australia 134, 259
South China Sea 82, 84, 89
south coast of Sumatra 83
Southeast Asia 264
southern hemisphere 252
Southern Ocean 7
Southern Siberia 79
Southern Sunda 84
south Javan coast 84
Southwest Tasmania 252
Southwestern Australia 252
space travel 81
Spain 9, 30
sparse populations 65
spears 57, 230
spear thrower 229, 230, 266
spheroid pounders 13
Spinifex (Triodia sp.) 175
spirit beings 112
spotting danger 36
Sri Lanka 45, 89, 236
stable population 17
starvation 50
stature – small 234, 236, 250
steerable craft 35
steering boards 96
Stegodon (Stegodon trigonocephalus florensis) 33, 34
steppe 10, 12
Sthenurus spp. 140, 152
stochasticity – demographic 157
stochasticity – environmental 157
stochasticity – genetic 157
stone artefacts 79
stone flakes 71
stone points 230
stone tools 91
stone tools 10
Straits of Hormuz 17
Straits of Malacca 83
strategy building 73
stratigraphic dating 37
stratospheric dust 92
string 230
sub-alpine 11
sub-arctic 78
subequatorial 12, 26
sub-glacial environments 10
Suez Canal 22
Sula 104
Sulawesi 85, 103
Sulawesi-Ceram corridor 118
sulphur 92
sulphuric acid 92
Sulu Archipelago 36, 85
Sulu Sea 85
Sumatra 22, 81, 84, 86, 89, 102, 238
Sumatran coast 84
Sumbawa 33, 34
sun 18
Sunda 76, 81, 83, 86,
Sunda archipelago 35
Sunda coastline 82
Sunda – eastern 86
Sunda shelf 11, 70, 85, 105
Sunda – south 85
Sunda subcontinent 18, 37
Sunda to Sahul 37
Sunda – west coast 83, 84
superciliary ridges 204
supernatural 91
supramastoid crest 214, 256
supraorbital development 193, 202
supraorbital module 202, 207
survival 61
survivorship 51, 145
swamps 122
Swan River 252
sweat glands 26, 27
sweating 27
sweat mechanism 26
swimming 34
synchondrosis – suboccipital 233
T. rex 98
taboos 50
Tadjikistan 78
Tampanian industry 91
Tanami Desert 123
Tanimbar 98, 119, 124
Tanzania 256
taphonomic processes 219, 223
Tapiro 238
target areas 64
target destinations 15
Tasmania 3, 48, 81, 116, 231, 252, 258
Tasmanian Aboriginal people 250
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus laniarius) 145
Tasman Sea 7
taste 36
technological change 43, 75
technological development 80
technological innovation 75
tectonic activity 54, 71, 84, 88
teeth – avulsion 227, 230
teeth – canine 226
teeth – molars 230
teeth – premolars 226
temporal lines 256
terrestrial biosphere 12
territoriality 21
Teshik Tash 78
Thai coast (peninsula) 83, 84
Thailand 11, 67,
thalassaemia 28, 199
the crowded planet 43
thermoregulation 272
Thomas' Quarry 9
Thorne A. G. 184
Thurrawah family 113
Thylacoleo carnifex 144
Tierra del Fuego 48
time 37
Timor 33, 34, 36, 95, 96, 98, 104, 105
Timor Sea 143
Tirari Formation 137, 162, 163
Toba Lake
Toba Mount 86, 88–93, 263, 264
tool kit 33
tool manufacturing 57
toral arch 204
Torralba 30
Torres Strait Bridge 124
tortoises 160
total fertility 51
trabecular bone 219
trading 76, 226
transcontinental crossings 266
transgressive events 97, 253, 257
transoceanic travel 80
transverse cracking 221
trans-world migration 7
treadmill 43, 44
trigonic area
tri-hybrid theory 184
Trinil 32
Tristan da Cunha 100
trophic pyramid 181
trophic ‘shape’ 145
tropical environments 18
tropical regions 12
tropical storms 54
Tsagaan Agui 9
tsunami 54, 84
tuff layer 89, 91
tundra 11, 12
Turkana ‘boy’ 26
Typha 120
Ubeidya 8
uninhabited landscapes 101
Unio sp. 229
univariate comparison 205
Upper Miocene 5
Upper Pleistocene 215
Upper Pleistocene migration 126
UV radiation 27
Vallonet Cave 9
varanid lizard 33
vasoconstriction 28
vault pathology 207
vault thickness 197
vegetation change 117
verbal communication 31
viability 109
viable population 51, 96, 110
Victoria 184
Victoria River 123
Victoria River (WA) 257
Vietnam 67
Vietnamese coast 84
Viking voyages 53
vitamin D
vocal coordination 31
volcanic activity 54, 88
volcanic eruption 91, 158
volcano 86
Vostok ice core 89
voyaging 80
Wallace Line 116
Wallacia 81, 85, 86, 96
Warburton River 135, 160
warfare 54, 75
water craft 9, 32–37,
water gaps 36
water intake 27
water lilies 120
weaning 50
weaponry 30, 234
weapons 230
weaving 230
Weber Deeps 96
Weidenreich, F. 52, 184, 199, 212, 240
Western Australia 121
Western Desert 158, 174
western Sumatra coast 84
West MacDonnell Ranges 269
West Papua 238
Wetar 35
wet-dry episodes 259
wetlands 122
wet periods 137
wet tropics 11
whirlpools 35
Willandra Creek 187
Willandra Lakes collection 184
Willandran robusticity 219
Willandra region 242, 247, 248, 265, 268
WLH1 170, 185, 186, 189, 195, 202, 204, 206, 217, 221, 225, 233, 234, 239, 245
WLH10 222, 234
WLH100 194, 206, 214, 239
WLH101 206, 214, 239
WLH102 195
WLH107 219, 239
WLH11 202, 204, 206, 217, 234, 235
WLH110 217, 239
WLH115 222, 234
WLH120 223
WLH121 219
WLH122 191, 222, 234
WLH123 222
WLH124 206, 214
WLH126 223
WLH130 234
WLH132 222
WLH134 206, 235
WLH135 225, 234
WLH152 202, 206, 229
WLH154 186, 225, 239
WLH16 239
WLH18 195, 202, 206, 210, 239, 245
WLH19 194, 198, 202, 206, 210, 216, 239, 245
WLH2 189, 195, 222, 225, 245
WLH20 217
WLH22 194, 217, 223, 227, 239
WLH23 191
WLH24 191, 223
WLH27 194, 210, 239
WLH28 194, 210, 239
WLH29 234
WLH3
WLH44 191, 214, 234
WLH45 194, 204, 217, 239, 245
WLH50 184, 194, 202, 206, 210, 239, 245
WLH51 202, 204, 206, 235
WLH52 191
WLH56 195, 222, 239
WLH6 223, 234
WLH63 195, 223, 239
WLH67 195, 206, 219
WLH68 195, 202, 204, 206, 222, 234, 235, 245
WLH69 202, 206, 239
WLH72 206, 214
WLH73 202, 206, 239
WLH9 191, 222, 234
WLH93 223
wolf 13
wombats (Vombatidae) 140
Wonambia naracoortensis 132, 144
world population 39, 46, 53, 54, 58, 81, 88
world population end-Holocene 44
Yali, 238
yams (Dioscorea sp.) 120
Yangtze River 74
Yuanmou 8
zero population growth 42, 61
Zhoukoutien 22, 28, 30, 32, 38, 52, 199, 212
Zhoukoutien – humerus II 218
Ziyang 247
zoonotic 43
zygomatic arch 212, 214
zygomatic trigones 234, 240
Zygomaturus trilobus 140
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