Group Rationality in Scientific Research

Name Index

Abraham, 232n54

Abraham, Max, 162n47

Aepinus, Franz, 84

Agamemnon, 51

Agardh, Jacob, 84

Agassiz, Louis, 84

Agricola, Georgius, 84

Ali, 85

Ampère, André-Marie, 84

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 87

Anaximander, 81

Anderson, Frank J., 200n40

Apel, Karl-Otto, 216

Appel, Tobby A., 72n3

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 85, 216

Archils, 87

Archimedes of Syracuse, 79

Aristarchus of Samos, 195

Aristotle, 79, 85, 87, 105, 261

Austin, John Langshaw, 83n22

Averroes (ibn-Rushd), 84

Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina), 79, 84

Axelrod, Robert M., 24, 27, 133n42

Bachofen, Johann Jacob, 85

Bacon, Francis, 101, 181, 256

Bakunin, Michael, 105

Beccaria, Giambattista, 84

Bellarmine, Saint Robert, 87

Bergson, Henri-Louis, 86

Bernard of Verdun, 87

Bernstein, Richard J., 214n8

Bicchieri, Cristina, 14n17, 15n19

Binmore, Ken, 41n34

al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 85

Blackburn, Simon, 33n19, 40, 41n34, 44n40, 46

Boas, Franz, 85

Bock, Hieronymus Tragus, 202

Bohr, Niels Henrik David, 189, 199

Born, Max, 233n60

Bothe, Walther, 189

Bradley, Francis Herbert, 85

Brahe, Tycho, 85

Brahmagupta, 85

Brooke, M. de L., 28n8

Browne, Janet, 1n2, 169n70, 205n49

Carnap, Rudolph, 225

Carneades, 96

Cartwright, Nancy, 197n37

Cat, Jordi, 197n37

Cavell, Stanley, 230n48

Cavendish, Henry, 84

Chandrashekhar, Subramaniam, 79

Chi-chou, Yang, 79

Churchland, Paul M., 92–3n44

Churchman, C. West, 234

Colbert, E. H., 126–7n31

Combe, George, 199

Comte, Auguste, 204

Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 79

Condorcet, Marquis de, 55n18, 58n25, 61n35, 63n40, 66n47

Conradt, L., 213

Constant, Benjamin, 55n18

Cope, Edward Drinker, 126n31

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 79, 85, 228

Coulomb, Charles, 84

Crateuas, 200

Cronin, Helena, 28, 28n6, 29

Cuvier, Georges, 79, 84

d’Abano, Pietro, 84, 87

Dalton, John, 203

Dante (Alighieri), 144n17

Darwin, Charles Robert, 1, 1n2, 2n4, 2n5, 3, 3n9, 3n10, 79, 84, 127n32, 191, 249

Darwin, Emma, 1n2

Davidson, Donald, 223, 241n85, 247

Davies, N. B., 28n8

Davis, Morton D., 41n34

Dawkins, Richard, 3n11, 30n11, 132, 132n41, 133, 133n42

Dee, John, 79

DeNault, L. K., 28n6

Descartes, Ren, 6, 85, 117n15, 204, 246, 256

Dewey, John, 87, 214, 215n10, 231, 232

Diocles of Carystus, 200

Dioscorides, Pedanius, 200, 201, 201n41, 202

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 188, 233n60

Dondo, Mathurin, 204n46, 204n47

Drake, Stillman, 144n17

Duhem, Pierre, 87, 139

Dupré, John, 196n35

Durkheim, David Émile, 79

Dyson, Freeman, 233n60

Earman, John, 139, 145, 145n19, 145–6n20, 147n25, 153n40

Einstein, Albert, 162, 162n47, 188, 195, 233, 233n60, 235, 236, 236n71, 237

Euclid, 79

Eudoxus of Cnidus, 79

Faraday, Michael, 84, 203

al-Faraghni, 79

Feyerabend, Paul, 4, 40, 45, 59, 69n1, 70n2, 77n13, 83–4n22, 100n59, 101n61, 103n67, 228, 228n43, 240, 263

Feynman, Richard, 233n60

Fisher, Ronald Aylmer, 132n41

Fleck, Lola, 197n37

Floridus, Macer, 201n41, 201n43

Fodor, Jerry, 238

Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob, 80, 246

Fresnel, Augustine Jean, 81

Freud, Sigmund, 79

Friedman, Michael, 137n3

Gaetano da Theine, 87

Galen (Claudius Galenus of Pergamum), 79

Galileo (Galilei), 141, 143, 144n17, 188, 195

Gall, Franz Joseph, 199

Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 79

Geertz, Clifford, 138n5

Geiger, Hans ( Johannes) Wilhelm, 189

Gellner, Ernest, 89n35

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, 71, 72n3

Géraud de Cordemoy, 86

Gershon, Levi Ben, 85

Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad, 85

Gilbert, William, 79

Gdel, Kurt, 79

Godwin, William, 105

Goodman, Nelson, 98, 224

Gould, Stephen Jay, 16n20, 79, 127n31

Gray, Asa, 203

Gray, John, 203

Grünbaum, Adolf, 198n38

Habermas, Jürgen, 216

Hacking, Ian, 77n13, 235n65

Hamilton, William, 27

Hare, Richard Mervyn, 242n88

Harsanyi, John C., 32, 33, 36

Harvey, William, 84

Hawthorn, Geoffrey, 56n20

Hayek, Friedrich August von, 205n48, 206n50, 207n51

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 85, 178

Heisenberg, Werner, 233n60

Hempel, Carl Gustav, 87, 167

Henrich, Dieter, 216n12

Herschel, Caroline, 85

Herschel, John Frederick William, 87

Hesse, Mary, 136n2

Hildegarde of Bingen, 201n43

Hillel, Rabbi, 232n54

Hippocrates of Cos, 87

Holton, Gerald, 233

Hooker, Joseph, 205n49

Horwich, Paul, 246n5

Hubbel, Edwin Powell, 85

Hume, David, 37–8, 98, 182, 260

Hutton, James, 203

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 3, 16n20, 79, 192n29, 205n49

ibn-Ishaq, Hunayn, 79

James, William, 232, 234, 234n64

Jeffrey, Richard C., 45n41

Just, Earnest Everett, 222, 222n27

Kanbur, Ravi, 54n17

Kant, Immanuel, 58n25, 106, 216n11, 217, 218n19, 219, 223, 225, 230, 241n88, 260n29, 262, 262n32, 263

Kepler, Johannes, 85, 149, 188, 195

Kessler, Karl F., 2, 3

Keynes, John Maynard, 79

al-Khawarizmi, Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Musa, 79

Kierkegaard, Sren, 179–80, 180n98, 232n54

Kitcher, Philip, 138, 178

Koyré, Alexandre, 140

Kramers, Hendrik Anthony, 189

Kroeber, Alfred Lewis, 85

Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, 3, 3n7, 4, 45, 105

Kuhn, Thomas Samuel, 16n20, 92n44, 135, 143n16, 146n22, 152n39, 153n40, 155n43, 157n44, 157n45, 166–7n62, 168n67, 184

Lakatos, Imre, 40, 87, 184, 191, 191n27, 193

Laurent, Philip, 25

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 152n39, 203

Lehmann, Johann Gottlob, 84

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 85, 117n15

Leidy, Joseph, 126n31

Lenin, Vladimir, 204

Lewontin, Richard C., 132n40

Linnaeus, Carl, 84, 203, 249

Locke, John, 204

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 162n47

Luther, Martin, 87

Lyell, Charles, 84, 203

Machiavelli, Niccol di Bernardo dei, , 107

MacIntyre, Alisdair, 216

MacLintock, Barbara, 222, 222n27

Maestlin, Michael, 79

Maimonides, Moses, 85

Malebranche, Nicolas, 86

Malpighi, Marcello, 79

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 1n3, 2, 2n4

Margolis, Howard, 141n9

Marsh, Othniel Charles, 126n31

Marx, Karl, 105, 204, 208

Mathew, Patrick, 84

Mathews, D. H., 84

Maxwell, James Clerk, 79, 84, 199

McFarlane, D. A., 28n6

Melanchthon, Philipp, 87

Mellor, David Hugh, 45n41

Menger, Carl, 207n51

Mill, John Stuart, 57n22, 72, 86, 224, 256

Millar, John, 85

Miller, Richard W., 139n6

Mirollo, Rennie, 25–6

Mivart, St. George Jackson, 192n28

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 87

Moore, George Edward, 246

Moses, 232n54

Nagarjuna, 79

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), 204

Neurath, Otto, 197n37

Newton, Isaac, 79, 81, 195, 204

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 217

Niger, Sextus (Petronius?), 200

Nilsson, Dan, 30n11

Nollet, Jean-Antoine, 84

Nozick, Robert, 7n13, 15, 30n11, 211n54

Nydegger, R. V., 32n13

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 136n2

Owen, G., 32n13

Owen, Richard, 203, 205n49

Paracelsus (Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim), 79

Parmenides of Elea, 87

Paul of Venice, 87

Pelger, Sussane, 30n11

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 87, 186n10, 214, 226, 227, 234

Pera, Marcello, 141n11

Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig, 79, 203, 233, 233n60, 234

Platearius, Matthaeus, 201n41

Plato, 181, 186n11

Pliny the Elder, 200, 201, 201n41, 201n42

Plutarch, Mestrius, 87

Polanyi, Michael, 21–2, 22n34, 73

Poliakov, I. S., 3

Popper, Karl, 40, 87, 96, 181, 184n4, 184n5, 186n12, 186–7n13, 193n30, 195–8, 206n50, 207n51, 235n69, 236n71, 246

Poundstone, William, 41n34

Priestley, Joseph, 152, 152n39

Ptolemy, Claudius, 85, 228

Putnam, Hilary, 11–12, 14, 20, 21, 23n37, 49n2, 60n30, 87, 95n51, 118, 171, 184, 184n5, 194, 196–7, 213n2, 218n19, 232n54, 236n71, 241n87, 242n91, 257, 263, 264n34

Putnam, Ruth Anna, 216n11

Quine, Willard Van Orman, 85, 235n69, 236, 236n71, 237

Qusta ibn Luqa, 79

Rahnema, Majid, 72n3

Ramanujan, Srinivasa Aiyangar, 79

Ramsey, Frank Plumpton, 40

Rapoport, Anatol, 41n34

Rawls, John, 16–18, 21, 22n36, 32, 32n14, 33, 33n16, 33n17, 33n18, 36, 53n14, 55n19, 66–7n47, 138n5, 155n43, 168–9, 240–1, 244, 248, 248n10, 250, 253, 254, 255–6, 257n23, 258, 259, 260n26, 261n31

Ray, John, 79

al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya, 79

Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 84

Reichenbach, Hans, 224, 226

Reuger, Alexander, 233n61

Ridley, Matt, 28n6, 30

Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 79

Roper, T. J., 213

Rorty, Richard, 78n15, 238n77, 261n31

Ross, William David, 251n15

Rothschild, Emma, 54n18, 55n18, 58n24, 58n25, 63n40

Rothschild, Robert, 136n2

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 3

Royce, Josiah, 133–4n43

Russell, Bertrand Arthur William, 85, 246

Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 79

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de, 203–4, 205

Salmon, Wesley, 139, 146, 153n40

Sand, George (Amandine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin), 72n3

Sarkar, Husain, 59n27, 69n1, 96n53, 180n98, 189n20, 190n22, 202n44, 217n13, 220n23, 232n54, 237n76, 245n3, 246n4, 249n12

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 231

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 86

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst, 86

Schneewind, Jerome, 78n15

Schoeffer, Peter, 200, 202

Schrodinger, Erwin, 233n60

Schwinger, Julian, 233n60

Sedley, David, 97n54

Sen, Amartya Kumar, 46, 58n23, 61, 62n36, 207n51, 220n21

Sextus Empiricus, 87

ibn al-Shatir, Ala al-din Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Ibrahim, 79

Shermer, Michael, 1n3, 24n2

Shils, Edward, 206n50

Sidgwick, Henry, 186n11

Siger of Brabant, 85

Singer, A. E., 234n64

Skinner, Quentin, 78n15, 107

Skyrms, Brian, 31–6, 36n24

Slater, John Clarke, 189

Smith, Adam, 15, 54–5n18, 58, 58n25, 63n40, 66n47, 105, 131

Smith, John Maynard, 132n41

Socrates, 87

Spinoza, Baruch, 85

Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar, 199

Stigler, George, 63n42

Strogatz, Steven, 25, 25n3, 26

Susiah, Rabbi, 232n54

Taylor, Charles, 55

Taylor, Keith, 203n45

Thales of Miletus, 79

Thierry, Augustin, 204, 205n48

Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 192n29

Thorndike, Lynn, 200n40

Todes, Daniel Philip, 3n10

Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 233n60

Trivers, Robert, 27n6

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacque, 85

Turner, William, 200

Uebel, Thomas E., 197n37

Ulrich of Strasbourg, 85

Veblen, Thorstein Bunde, 79

Vesalius, Andreas, 79, 84

Vine, Frederick J., 84

Volta, Alessandro, 84

Voltaire, Franois-Marie Arouet de, 86

Waichi, Sugiyama, 79

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1n3, 2n4, 127n32, 199

Walsh, Vivian, 236n72

Watkins, John, 81n18, 87, 89n35, 184

Weber, Maximilian, 224

Wells, William, 84

Westwood, John Obadiah, 250

Whewell, William, 87

Whitehead, Alfred North, 85, 235–7, 236n71

Wiggins, David, 231n52

Wilkinson, G. S., 27, 27n6

Williams, Bernard, 5n12, 12, 12n15, 13, 18–19, 19n27, 20, 20n29, 21, 21n32, 22n34, 23n37, 30n11, 46n42, 57n22, 60, 61, 62n36, 75n9, 150n33, 229, 232n54, 239, 241n88

Wilson, Edward Osborne, 250

Wilson, Tuzo, 84

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 85, 227, 229, 230, 230n48, 232, 238

Young, Thomas, 81

Yukawa, Hideki, 188

Zahavi, Amotz, 28n7

Zarlino, Gioseffo, 144n17

---

Subject Index

accuracy, 5n12, 137

Agreement

   Fifth, 252

   First, 252

   Fourth, 252

   Second, 252

   Third, 252

allegiance, 63–4n42, 65, 152, 177–8, 229, 263n33

antirealist, 87, 246

Arabian babbler, 28n7

arbitrary element, see individual rationality

argument from non-controversiality, 224

assumption

   cosmological, 98–100

   sociological, 98–100

authority

   in knowledge, 186–7

   of laymen, 72

autonomy, 217

basic group structure, see methodology

belief(s), 164n52

   change of, 165, 166

capability (capacity), 54, 220, 220n21

cohesive scientific group, see group unity

CO-IR discrepancy, 111, 114, 116

   degree of, 112

conceptual relativity, see group rationality

confidence, 18

consistency, 48, 48n1, 49–50, 52, 81, 81n18, 137, 157n44

cooperation, 30–1, 63, 126–7, 127n31, 133, 133n42, 214

co-realisable capabilities, 60

Council of Scientists (see also Scientists’ Original Position), 164n51, 252, 257n23

counterfactuals, 238–9

criticizability, 22

cuckoo, 28

decisions, 232n54, 233, 233n60, 234

   individualistic, 231–2

   universalistic, 232–3, 234

demarcation

   new problem of, 10, 172n78, 197, 198, 199–200, 202, 245

   old problem of, 10, 195, 198

     Putnam against, 196

democratization of inquiry, 214

distribution of cognitive attitudes, 111

division of epistemic labor, 5n12, 38, 52, 56, 63, 129, 150n33

dominance reasoning, 49n4

economic man or agent (homo economicus), 41, 48–9, 50–1, 58n25, 63n40

efficiency, 54–5n18

eligible agent, 42

empirical game, 43–5

Employer’s Gospel, 54–5n18

envy, 53n14

epistemic intention

   impersonal, 109

   personal, 108

epistemological anarchist, and the skeptic, 104–6

epistemological optimism, 185, 185n10

epistemological pessimism, 185, 186n11

epistemological pragmatism, 185, 185n9

epistemological relativism, 185, 185n8

equity, see justice

evolutionarily stable strategy, 34, 36, 132

explanation

   evolutionary, 29–30, 30n11

   invisible-hand, 15, 15n19, 118

fireflies, 25–6

fragmentation, problem of, 7, 63–4n42, 81, 106, 111, 127, 135, 223, 246, 247, 263n33

freedom, 55n18, 64n43

fruitfulness, 137

functioning, 54

genetic determinism, 29

global error minimum, 93n44

Grand Coincidence Hypothesis, 163

group (scientific)

   aim(s) or goal(s) of the, 7, 13, 111, 246, 247

   and legitimate authority, 61n32

   and loyalty, 133n43, 134n43

   and side constraints, 76n12

   heterodox, 148–9

   ideal normative, 161, 162, 163

   single, 149

   stable, 22, 259

   states of the, 112–13

   unity, 22, 51n10, 63–4n42, 259, 263n33

group rationality (see also individual rationality), 10, 60n30, 233

   and agreement solution, 66–7n47

   and conceptual relativity, 225–6

   and consensus, 63n40

   and co-realisable capabilities, 60

   and democracy, 215, 215n10, 216

   and end-state solution, 66–7n47

   and equity, efficiency, and liberty, 54–5n18

   and falsificationism, 187–8, 190

   and game theory, 16–18, 41

   and historiographic revolution, 142

   and just society, 74, 222

   and Kantianism, 58n25

   and metaphysics, 260, 261n31, 262n32

   and minimum requisite, 155n43

   and negotiations, 9, 15n19, 19, 66, 164, 178, 240

   and new problem of demarcation, 200, 203

   and nonepistemic interests, 121, 126, 132, 133

   and normative problem, 209

   and Paretian Liberal, 56

   and political philosophy, 211

   and problem of strategy, 209, 210

   and problem of understanding, 209, 210–11

   and significance of individual scientist, 178–80

   and single method, 199

   and utilitarianism, 57n22

   and values, 173–4

   and welfare economics, 56, 64–5n44

   evolutionary explanation of, 16, 16n20, 29, 37

   normative theory of, 15n19, 16, 17, 19, 29, 37, 46, 49

   problem of, 4–5, 36, 38, 39, 49n4, 51n10, 56, 66–7, 76–7, 109, 113, 114, 131, 150, 221, 244

     and content solution, 258

     and form solution, 258

     Bacon’s, 183

     dynamic, 9, 160, 245

     Group-to-Individual, 13–14, 15

     Individual-to-Group, 14–15, 118

     Popper’s, 183

     skeptic’s, 80

     static, 9, 160, 245

     subjective (I), 109–10, 113

   Sen-Problem of (S), 57

   Sen-Problem of (S ʹ), 65

   Sen-Problem of (S), 63

   Sen-Problem of (S ʹ), 66

   Utilitarian Problem of (UGR), 61, 64, 75, 101n62, 221, 261n30

Harsanyi–Rawls view, 32–3, 36

   criticism of, 33

heteronomy, 217

heuristic advice, 128–9, 131, 249

historical knowledge, 224

historiographic revolution, 141–2

history of science

   and backward-looking view, 96

   and forward-looking view, 96

   as arbitrator of methods, 95

   external, 139

   internal, 139

Hobbesian society of scientists, 4, 8, 108, 119–21, 129, 133n42

   criticism of, 122–3, 127n32, 133–4n43

holism, 235, 237

homo economicus, see economic man or agent

humanitarianism, 83–4n22, 91, 94–5, 95n51, 103

Hume’s Fork, 16

incommensurability, 146n20, 153n40, 240

individual rationality, 9, 11, 14, 15n19, 21, 60, 66n45, 115, 117, 122, 152n39, 212, 249

   and allegiance, 229

   and arbitrary element, 141, 142, 142n14, 143, 143n16

   and faith, 150

   and group rationality, 118–19, 121, 135, 146–7, 149, 171, 227–8, 229, 250, 251–2, 257–9

   and heuristic considerations, 144–6

inductive argument, and standards of justification, 98

informed rational self-interest, 32

   equilibrium in (see also Nash equilibrium), 32, 39

institutional public policy, 49, 50–1

intentional, 238

interests, see motivations

Invariance Hypothesis, 162, 163

justice, 36, 37–8, 39, 54–5n18, 103, 223, 248

   imperfect procedural, 255

   perfect procedural, 255

   pure procedural, 255–6

Kuhnian Circle, 159

logical empiricist, 246

logical spaces, 145–6n20

maximal performance, see global error minimum

maximization of self-interest, 48, 49n2, 52, 58, 62n39

maximizing efficiency (precision), 166–7n62

meta-conjecture, 1, 190, 191

meta-conjecture, 2, 193

meta-conjecture, 3, 194

meta-methodology, 10, 11, 94, 185, 245, 254

   Popper’s, 185n6, 190

methodological individualism, 14

methodology, 11, 73, 224–5

   and time limit, 97–8, 125n29, 193n30

   as algorithmic, 59, 234

   as defining basic group structure, 4–5, 8, 19, 20, 22, 70–1, 102n66, 131, 161, 172, 249, 250

   constraints on, 254

   growth in, 135, 184, 245

   Lakatos’s, 191–3

   multiple, 131, 173, 195

   Popper’s, 188–9

   single, 114, 128, 131, 134, 171, 173, 184, 194

   skeptic’s, 88

moral image(s), 218, 218n19, 219

   and virtues and ideals, 219

moral skeptic, 7n13

motivations

   baser, 178

   nonscientific (nonepistemic), 62n38, 144, 149

   plurality of, 58, 62

multiplicity of paradigms, see heterodox group

Nash equilibrium, 32

   strict, 32, 36, 39

natural duty, 250–1

negotiation(s), 9–10, 19, 168, 168n68, 169n70

neurocomputational arguments, 92–3n44

Nozickian population, 37

ordering

   complete, 49, 52

   partial, 49, 52

Origin of Species, 1–3

original position, 9, 16, 22, 257n23

   Scientists’ (see also Council of Scientists), 169–71

     and the Putnamian idea, 240–1

paradox, 134

Peirce’s puzzle, 11

   and anarchism, 228

   and individual rationality, 227

   and Wittgenstein, 229, 230–2

   Peirce’s solution to, 226

   Putnam’s solution to, 227, 229–34

philosopher-monarch, 129

pluralistic methodology, see proliferation

plurality

   competitive, 51n10

   constitutive, 51n10

political opinions, 224

polymorphic pitfall, 36

polymorphism, 34–5

positivism, 204

power of reason, 19

principle(s)

   of anything goes, 7, 59, 71, 77, 88, 89, 102n66, 134, 245

     and the rationalist method, 89–90

   of autonomy, 88, 91

   of efficiency, 32n14

   of equality, 17

   of logic, 184, 184n4

   of proliferation, 8, 77, 88n32, 90–2, 92–3n44, 135, 254–5

   of toleration, 218n18

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 17, 24

problem of politics, 19

proliferation

   of aims, 79–83

   of metaphysics, 85–6

   of methods, 86–7, 115

   of theories, 84–5

protective structure, 102–3

publicity condition, 21–3

rationalism, 102, 103, 104

rationality, 61–2n36, 242n90, 242n91

   altruistic ideal of, 116, 117

   and freedom, 59

   correspondence, 52, 53

   instrumental, 52, 53

   procedural

     imperfect, 256, 257

     perfect, 256

     pure, 256–7

   reflection, 52, 53

   sense of, 259

realist, 239, 246

reasonable, primitive (underived) obligation to be, 240, 241–2n88, 242

reason(s), 146n20, 241n87

   aesthetic, 225, 235

   altruistic, 227

   ethical, 225, 235

   general, 258

   juridical, 225, 235

   meta-scientific (methodological, general), 170

   minimal resources of, 241n85

   scientific, 170, 225, 235

   types of, 169

reciprocity, see cooperation

relativism, 177, 185n8, 218n19, 234, 238, 239, 242n90

   democratic, 101n61

respect

   achievement, 220

   scientific, 220

return functions, 114

risks, 98

   calculation of, 153–4

   distribution of, 150–2

Rousseauean society of scientists, 4, 8, 108, 118, 121, 124, 134n43

science

   and freedom, 46n42

   and happiness, 221

   and human flourishing, 7, 71, 75–7, 94, 179n96, 232

   and secondary criteria, 168

   as zero-sum game, 24n2

   Kuhnian goal of, 168, 170

   moral worth of, 19, 263

   skeptic’s aim of, 78, 79, 81, 82–3

   success of, 20, 63–4n42, 92–3, 150, 160, 161, 162, 163, 189, 233n60

scientific image(s), 219, 223

   and theories, methods, and ideals, 219

scientific knowledge, growth of, 5n12, 92, 93–4, 95

   and evolutionary analogy, 16n20, 165

scientific progress, see scientific knowledge, growth of

scope, 137

self-centered scientific welfare, 53, 54, 56, 65

self-scientific-goal choice, 53, 65

self-scientific welfare goal, 53, 65

simplicity, 137, 235

social engineering, 204–5, 206, 206n50

   piecemeal, 206–8

   skeptic against, 205, 208–9

social planning, see social engineering

sociological thesis, 141n11, 157, 157n45, 160, 163, 165, 169, 171

spontaneous order, 26, 26n4

stable bilaterally, 119

stable downward, 119

stable upward, 119

state

   and church, 74

   and science, 74

strategies

   extreme, 35

   fair-minded, 35, 35n22, 36

   maximin, 33, 33n17

   mixed, 34

   pure, 34

strictly dominating, 49n4

sum ranking, 61

sympathy, 18

synchronicity, 25–6

testability, 49, 86, 235, 236n71

theoretical advice, 128–9, 131

theoretical game, 43–5

totality condition, 42

tradition(s), 72, 100n59, 102, 103

   critical, 184, 198, 201, 202–3, 222

   historical, 175

   Jewish, 232n54

   methodological, 200, 202

   multiplicity of, 104

   of rationalism, 73, 74, 104

   of science, 73, 74

   primary, 103n67

   second-order, see critical traditions(s)

   secondary, 103n67

   single, 103

   textbook, 174

transitivity condition, 42

transparency condition, see publicity condition

truth, 51, 61, 61n36, 62, 164–5, 167, 167n62, 167n64, 168n67, 246–7

   and basic structure, 247–9

   and creationism, 168n67

unintended consequences, 14, 207, 207n51, 208

Utopia(s)

   and individual rights (liberties), 100, 101

     and multiplicity of aims, 66n47

   Scientific, 12, 12n15, 13, 19, 76n12, 100–1, 154, 161, 174, 178, 208n52, 209, 263, 264–5

   Social, 12, 12n15, 19, 76n12, 154, 158, 161, 174, 177–8, 208n52, 209, 260, 264–5

value(s) (scientific), 137, 154–5, 157, 167, 170, 172–3, 173n80, 235, 236, 237–8, 240

   and ethical values, 235, 237–8

   and facts, 235–7

   and methods, 234

   as a religious notion, 216

   as a secular notion, 217

   catalytic, 155, 160

   inimical, 158, 160

   minimal requisite of, 158

   of equality, 216–17

   plurality of, 238

   thick theory of, 138–9, 147–8, 152

   thin theory of, 138

vampire bats, 27, 31

veil of ignorance, 32–3, 253–4

   Darwinian, 34

verisimilitude, see truth

weakly dominating, 49n4

Williams problem, 19, 100, 154, 174, 208, 209, 265

zone of attraction, 120