Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-11T22:51:07.293Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Poro on Trial: The 1913 Special Commission Court case of Rex v. Fino, Bofio and Kalfalla

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2018

Abstract:

In 1913, a Special Commission Court in Sierra Leone saw a series of trials concerning members of the Human Leopard Society, and conflated this society with the regional Poro Society. This article examines one of those trials and unearths motivations for murder and questions of bias. With the reinvention of identity in the shadow of slavery, a nuanced and complicated picture emerges of the situation. Though more questions than answers are offered by the details of the case, this article problematizes Sierra Leone under British authority, and shows a nuanced snapshot of power struggles playing out in a murder trial.

Résumé:

En 1913, un tribunal de Commission Spéciale en Sierra Leone a vu une série de procès concernant des membres appartenant à la société humaine de Léopard et a confondu cette société avec la société régionale de Poro. Cet article examine l’un de ces procès et met en évidence des questions de partialité et de motivations de meurtre. Avec la réinvention d’une identité dans l’ombre de l’esclavage, émerge de cette situation une image nuancée et complexe. Bien que les détails de l’affaire offrent plus de questions que de réponses, cet article examine la Sierra Leone sous l’autorité britannique et offre un aperçu reconsidéré des luttes de pouvoir qui se déroulent durant un procès pour meurtre.

Type
Forum on Crime and Punishment
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, Arthur. 1974. “Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 7 (1): 99106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, K. J. 1915. Human Leopards: an Account of the Trials of Human Leopards before the Special Commission Court; with a note on Sierra Leone, Past and Present. reprint, Kessinger Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Butt-Thompson, F. W. 1929. West African Secret Societies, Their Organisation, Officials and Teaching. London: H. F. &G. Witherby.Google Scholar
Casswell, J. D. 1914. “West Africa.” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation New Series, 14 (1): 185192.Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin. 1995. “Criminological Science and the Criminal Law on the Colonial Periphery: Perception, Fantasy, and Realities in South Africa, 1900–1930.” Law & Social Inquiry 20 (4): 911939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanock, Martin. 1985. Law, Custom and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L. 2001. “Colonialism, Culture and the Law: A Foreword.” Law and Social Inquiry 26: 306316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, T. Olawale. 1956. The Nature of African Customary Law. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ferme, Mariane C. 2001. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley: The University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, Richard M. 1972. “The Political Structures and Functions of Poro in Kpelle Society.” American Anthropologist 74 (5): 12181233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fyfe, Christopher. 1962. A History of Sierra Leone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gaibazzi, Paolo. 2016. “Post Slavery Refractions: Subjectivity and Slave Descent in a Gambian Life Story” Africa 86 (3): 405424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grace, John. 1975. Domestic Slavery in West Africa, with Particular Reference to the Sierra Leone Protectorate, 1896–1927. London: Muller.Google Scholar
Gray, Albert. 1916. “The Human Leopards of Sierra Leone.” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation 16 (2): 195198.Google Scholar
Gray, Albert. 1896-1897. “West Africa.” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation Vol. 1: 99101.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, J. D. 1956. “The Establishment of the Sierra Leone Protectorate and the Insurrection of 1898.” The Cambridge Historical Journal 12 (1): 5680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, George. 1941. Notes on the Poro in Liberia. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.Google Scholar
Howard, Allen M. 1994. “Pawning in Coastal Northwest Sierra Leone, 1870–1910” in Pawnship In Africa: Debt Bondage In Historical Perspective, edited by Falola, Toyin and Lovejoy, Paul E. 267282. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Jearey, J. H. 1960. “Trial by Jury and Trial with the Aid of Assessors in the Superior Courts of British African Territories: I.” Journal of African Law 4 (3): 133146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jearey, J. H. 1960. “The Structure, Composition and Jurisdiction of Courts and Authorities Enforcing the Criminal Law in British African Territories.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 9 (3): 396414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalous, Milan. 1974. Cannibal and Tongo Players of Sierra Leone. Auckland: Wright & Carman Ltd.Google Scholar
Law, Robin. 1985. “Human Sacrifice in Pre-Colonial West Africa.” African Affairs 84 (334): 5387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrance, Benjamin. 2014. Amistad’s Orphans: An Atlantic Story of Children, Slavery and Smuggling. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
League of Nations Notes. 1927. Bulletin of International News 4 (4/5): 118.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1948. “Social Change and Social Class in the Sierra Leone Protectorate.” American Journal of Sociology 54 (1): 1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1955. “Structural Change in the Sierra Leone Protectorate.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 25 (3): 217234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1965. “The Political Function of the Poro Part I.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 35 (4): 349365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1966. “The Political Function of the Poro Part II.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 36 (1): 6272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCormack, Carol P. 1983. “Human Leopards and Crocodiles” in The Ethnography of Cannibalism. edited by Brown, Paula and Tuzin, Donald, 5160. New Hampshire: The Society for Psychological Anthropology.Google Scholar
Migeod, F. W. H. 1916. “The Poro Society: The Building of the Poro House and Making of the Image.” Man 16: 102108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newland, H. Osman. 1916. Sierra Leone; its People, Products, and Secret Societies. A journey by canoe, rail, and hammock, through a land of kernels, coconuts, and cacao, with instructions for planting and development. London: J. Bale, Sons and Danielsson Ltd.Google Scholar
Ollennu, N. M. 1961. “The Influence of English Law on West Africa.” Journal of African Law 5 (1): 2135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratten, David. 2007. The Man-Leopard Murders: History and Society in Colonial Nigeria. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rex v. Fino, Bofio and Kalfalla. 1913. Special Commission Court. Gbangbama, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone Public Archives, Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone.Google Scholar
Rich, Jeremy. 2001. “‘Leopard Men,’ Slaves, and Social Conflict in Libreville (Gabon), c.1860–1879.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies 34 (3): 619638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Paul. 1996. “Chimpanzees, Diamonds and War: The Discourses of Global Environmental Change and Local Violence on the Liberia-Sierra Leone Border.” in The Future of Anthropological Knowledge. edited by Moore, Henrietta L., 139156. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Richards, Paul. 2013. “Land Grabs in Africa and the Sherbro Leopard Murders,” paper presented at the Ethnology Seminar, Zürich Colloquium, Zürich, 11 November 2013.Google Scholar
Richards, Paul, 2000. “Chimpanzees as Political Animals in Sierra Leone.” in Natural Enemies: People-Wildlife Conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. edited by Knight, John, 78104. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shaw, Rosalind. 2002. Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spear, Thomas. 2003. “Neo-Traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa.” The Journal of African History 44 (1): 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, Braithwaite. 1905. “The ‘Poro’ of the Mendi.” Journal of the Royal African Society 4 (14): 183189.Google Scholar
Wright, A. R. 1907. “Secret Societies and Fetishism in Sierra Leone.” Folklore 18 (4): 423427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zehnle, Stephanie. 2015. “Of Leopards and Lesser Animals.” in The Historical Animal. edited by Nance, Susan, 221240. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar