Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T18:42:13.551Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Resource requirements for draught animal power

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

R. A. Pearson
R. A. Pearson*
Affiliation:
Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
Get access

Abstract

The place of draught animal power on farms in tropical agriculture is discussed. In some areas of the world draught animal power is traditional, in others it is a relatively new technology. There are situations which fall between the two, but when thinking about resolving technical and more particularly socio-economic constraints it is often useful to be aware of these two categories. While some of the problems encountered are universal, other problems can be more specific to a particular situation or country.

In this paper some of the issues are discussed. These include the energy requirements for work, the provision of food, particularly in ‘new’ draught animal areas, the consequences of using draught cows in traditional systems, disease treatment and two examples of country specific problems. In some cases strategies to cope with these issues are available, largely as a result of research, in others it is apparent that more information is required.

Type
Research Article
Information
BSAP Occasional Publication , Volume 16: Animal Production in Developing Countries , 1993 , pp. 57 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bamualim, A. and Ffoulkes, D. 1988. Effect of work and level of feed intake on nutritional parameters and body weight change of swamp buffalo cows. DAP Project Bulletin 7:2–8.Google Scholar
Bamualim, A., Ffoulkes, D. and Fletcher, I. C. 1987. Preliminary observations on the effect of work on intake, digestibility, growth and various activities of swamp buffalo cows. DAP Project Bulletin 3:6–10.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, P. 1988. Feeding strategies for draught animals — effect of body weight and condition of oxen on their work capacity. Annual report, International Livestock Centre for Africa, pp. 67–68.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, P. 1989. Feeding strategies for draught animals — feed supplementation and work output of oxen. Annual report. International Livestock Centre for Africa, pp. 69–70.Google Scholar
Bliss, D. H., Svendsen, E. D., Georgoulakis, I. E., Grossmanidis, S., Taylor, F. and Jordan, W. J. 1985. Strategic use of anthelmintics in working donkeys in Mediterranean climatic conditions. Veterinary Record 117: 613–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, S. 1945. Energetic efficiency of muscular work and indices of work — reserve capacity. In Bioenergetics and growth, pp. 898–958. Reinhold, New York. Reprinted 1974 by Hefner Press, New York and Collier Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. S. F. 1989. Draught animal power to 2020. In Draught animals in rural development (ed. Hoffmann, D., Nari, J. and Petheram, R. J.), ACIAR proceedings series no. 27, pp. 18–23. ACIAR, Canberra.Google Scholar
Dijkman, J. T. 1991. A note on the influence of negative gradients on the energy expenditure of donkeys walking, carrying and pulling loads. In Donkeys, mules and horses in tropical agricultural development (ed. Fielding, D. and Pearson, R. A.), pp. 221–222. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Franceschini, R. 1991. In Cow traction — what about milk and calves? (ed. Zerbini, E.). International Livestock Centre for Africa Newsletter 10: (1), 5.Google Scholar
Gatenby, R. M., Pearson, R. A. and Limbu, T. B. 1990. A survey of local and Jersey crossbred draught oxen in the hills of East Nepal. PAC technical paper no. 128. Pakhribas Agricultural Centre, Nepal.Google Scholar
Goe, M. R. 1983. Current status of research on animal traction. World Animal Review 45:2–17.Google Scholar
Gurung, H. B., Gatenby, R. M., Neopane, S. P., Shrestha, N. P. and Chemjong, P. B. 1989. Numbers of animals on farms in the Koshi Hills. Pakhribas technical paper no. 109. Pakhribas Agricultural Centre, Nepal.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. and Dalgliesh, R. J. 1985. A multidisciplinary approach to health and disease in draught ruminants. In Draught animal power for production (ed. Copland, J. W.), ACIAR proceedings series no. 10, pp. 134–139.Google Scholar
International Livestock Centre for Africa. 1988. Alternative sources of draught power — economic analysis of animal traction innovators in highland Ethiopia. Annual report. International Livestock Centre for Africa, pp. 68–70.Google Scholar
Jabbar, M. A. 1983. Effect of draught use of cows on fertility, milk production and consumption. In Maximum livestock production from minimum land, (ed. Davis, C. H., Preston, T. R., Haque, M. and Soadullah, M.), proceedings of the fourth seminar, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, pp. 71–85.Google Scholar
Kartiarso, , Martin, D. and Teleni, E. 1989. The pattern of utilisation of body fat reserves by working cattle and buffalo. DAP Project Bulletin 8:7–8.Google Scholar
Khallaayoune, K. 1991. Benefit of a strategic deworming programme in working donkeys in Morocco. In Donkeys, mules and horses in tropical agricultural development (ed. Fielding, D. and Pearson, R. A.), pp. 174–180. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. R. 1985. A review of the nutrient requirements of draught oxen. In Draught animal power for production (ed. Copland, J. W.), ACIAR proceedings, series no. 10, pp. 59–68. Canberra, ACIAR.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. R. 1990. Food energy requirements of draught oxen. Proceedings of the first meeting of World Association for Transport Animal Welfare Studies (TAWS), 1989, pp. 7–27.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. R. and Pearson, R. A. 1989. Measurement of energy expenditure in working animals — methods for different conditions. In Draught animals in rural development (ed. Hoffmann, D., Nari, J. and Petheram, R. J.), ACIAR proceedings, series no. 27, pp. 155–165. ACIAR, Canberra.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. R., Pearson, R. A. and Dijkman, J. T. 1991. Techniques for measuring whole body energy expenditure of working animals — a critical review. In Isotopes and related techniques in animal production and health: proceedings of a symposium, pp. 211–232. International Atomic Energy Authority, Vienna.Google Scholar
Lawrence, P. R. and Stibbards, R. J. 1990. The energy costs of walking, carrying and pulling loads on flat surfaces by Brahman cattle and Swamp buffalo. Animal Production 50: 29–39.Google Scholar
Matthewman, R. W. 1989. The effects of exercise on lactational performance. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1984. Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants. Reference book 433. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Orton, R. K., Hume, I. D. and Leng, R. A. 1985. Effects of dietary protein and exercise on growth rates of horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 17:381–385.Google Scholar
Payne, R. C., Djauhari, D., Partoutomo, S., Jones, T. W. and Pearson, R. A. 1991. Trypanosoma evansi infection in worked and unworked buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Indonesia. Veterinary Parasitology 40:197–206.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A. 1989a. A comparison of draught cattle (Bos indicus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) carting loads in hot conditions. Animal Production 49:355–363.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A. 1989b. Reduced work output of well fed buffaloes pulling carts on the terai in East Nepal. Tropical Animal Health and Production 21:273–276.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A. 1990. A note on live weight and intake and digestibility of food by draught cattle after supplementation of rice straw with the fodder tree Ficus auriculata . Animal Production 51:635–638.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A. 1991. A comparison of Jersey crossbred and local oxen as draught animals in the Eastern hills of Nepal. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 4:31–40.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A., Lawrence, P. R. and Ghimire, C. 1989. Factors influencing the work done by draught oxen: a study in the eastern hills of Nepal. Animal Production 49:345–353.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A., Lawrence, P. R. and Jansen, H. G. P. 1990. Animal traction in Niger — prospects for the future. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Niamey, Niger.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. A. and Merritt, J. B. 1991. Intake, digestion and gastrointestinal transit time in resting donkeys and ponies and exercised donkeys given ad libitum hay and straw diets. Equine Veterinary Journal 23:339–343.Google Scholar
Petheram, R. J., Liem, C., Yayat Priyatna and Mathuridi. 1982. Village buffalo fertility study. Serang District of West Java report no. 1. Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Riquelme, J., Ruiz, C. and Aliaga, C. 1991. Arado cincel de tiro animal. Investigacion y Progresso Agropecuaria Quillamapu 47:22–26.Google Scholar
Rizwan-ul-Maqtadir, R. A. G., Ahmad, M. and Ahmad, Z. 1975. Draught power and its effect on milk yield and milk composition in lactating buffaloes during winter season. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 12:93–98.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. W. 1977. Preliminary observations on the productivity of working buffalo in Indonesia. Centre Report No. 2. Centre for Animal Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Samui, K. L. and Hugh-Jones, M. E. 1990. The financial and production impacts of bovine dermatophilosis in Zambia. Veterinary Research Communications 14:357–365.Google Scholar
Santoso, Sumanto, Perkins, J. and Petheram, R. J. 1987. An agroeconomic profile of Tanjungwangi village, Subang — with emphasis on draught animal rearing. DAP Project Bulletin 2:4–28.Google Scholar
Siriweera, W. I. 1989. Role of draught buffalo in rural Sri Lanka. In Draught animals in rural development (ed. Hoffmann, D., Nari, J. and Petheram, R. J.), ACIAR proceedings, series, no. 27, pp. 46–52. ACIAR, Canberra.Google Scholar
Teleni, E. and Hogan, J. P. 1989. Nutrition of draught animals. In Draught animals in rural development (ed. Hoffmann, D., Nari, J. and Petheram, R. J.), ACIAR proceedings, series, no. 27, pp. 118–133. ACIAR, Canberra.Google Scholar
Tembo, S. 1989. Draught animal power research in Zimbabwe: current constraints and research opportunities. In Draught animals in rural development (ed. Hoffmann, D., Nari, J. and Petheram, R. J.), ACIAR proceedings, series no. 27, pp. 61–68. ACIAR, Canberra.Google Scholar
Tennakoon, M. U. A. 1986. Drought hazard and rural development. Dissertation, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka.Google Scholar
Wanapat, M. and Wachirapakorn, C. 1987. Effect of walking on feed intake and digestibility of rice straw by water buffaloes. Proceedings of the fourth Australasian Association for Animal Production animal science congress, pp. 332.Google Scholar
Watanabe, S., Muramatsu, S. and Oishi, I. 1985. Swamp buffalo resources in south-east Asia with special reference to Far East countries. Proceedings of the second world buffalo congress, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Wells, E. A. 1986. Health in working animals. In An introduction to working animals (ed. Falvey, J. L.), pp. 50–60. MPW, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Winugroho, M., Juwarini, E. and Teleni, E. 1989. The effect of work on liveweight losses in buffaloes of different body conditions. DAP Project Bulletin 8:9.Google Scholar
Yousef, M. K., Dill, D. B. and Freeland, D. V. 1972. Energetic cost of grade walking in man and burro, Equus asinus: desert and mountain. Journal of Applied Physiology 33: 337–339.Google Scholar
Yousef, M. K., Webster, M. E. D. and Yousef, O. M. 1989. Energy costs of walking in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Physiological Zoology 62:1080–1088.Google Scholar
Zerbini, E. 1991. Cow traction — what about milk and calves? International Livestock Centre for Africa Newsletter 10: (1),5.Google Scholar