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Phylogeny of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) based on molecular and morphological analyses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 September 2019

Christine Jewel C. Uy ,
Ji Hyoun Kang ,
John C. Morse  and
Yeon Jae Bae Open the ORCID record for Yeon Jae Bae [Opens in a new window]
Christine Jewel C. Uy
Affiliation:
Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
Ji Hyoun Kang
Affiliation:
Korean Entomological Institute, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
John C. Morse
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, South Carolina, 29670, United States of America
Yeon Jae Bae*
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: yjbae@korea.ac.kr)
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Abstract

The phylogenetic relationships among the members of Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) have long been debated and often revised. Our study based on a large subunit (28S) nuclear ribosomal DNA (D2 expansion fragment; 464 base pairs) of gene sequences found all genera to be monophyletic except for the genus Polymorphanisus Walker, which produced two clades in accordance with its species groups established using morphological characters. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (658 base pairs) found the same monophyletic relationships, however, except for the genera Polymorphanisus and Macrostemum Kolenati. The placement of the genus Leptonema Guérin-Méneville as the basal clade in the subfamily was also ruled out, which is consistent with previous morphological findings. The monophyly of two previously recognised tribes (Macronematini and Polymorphanisini) was not supported. We also found that the genera Centromacronema Ulmer, Baliomorpha Neboiss, and Macronema Pictet are most closely related, having three head setal warts on the vertex of the head and unsegmented inferior appendages of male genitalia as their synapomorphies. Our study supported the hypothesis of close relationship of the genera Amphipsyche McLachlan and Protomacronema Ulmer with the morphological synapomorphies: absence of a forewing discoidal cell and the presence of elevated head carinae on the larvae. Some notable evolutionary novelties in the structure of adults in various lineages of this subfamily include reduction of maxillae and labium, reduction and loss of a discoidal cell and evolution of a c-sc crossvein in each forewing, fusion of segments in each male inferior appendage, and evolution of dark colour patterns in the forewings. Also, the head setal warts, which are unique organs in Trichoptera, evolved towards a decreasing number in the subfamily. This first molecular phylogenetic study, covering most genera in Macronematinae and including an interpretation of 12 key evolutionary novelties, provides an important basis for resolving long-standing questions regarding phylogenetic relationships and classification of genera and species and helps lay a stronger foundation for inference of testable hypotheses about functional traits for species of this common and widespread subfamily.

Type
Systematics and Morphology
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 151 , Issue 6 , December 2019 , pp. 696 - 716
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2019 

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Footnotes

Subject editor: Chris Schmidt

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