Three genera of Odonata, Epitheca, Tetragoneuria and Epicordulia, have previously been regarded as distinct. Analysis of adult characters, especially the venation and habit of oviposition, shows them to be congeneric, the name Epitheca being appropriate for the resulting combination. Larval morphology is consistent with this grouping.

Pansy spot, a discoloration of the skin of McIntosh and Spartan apples, was shown to be a reaction of the apples to the egg punctures of thrips. Periodic sampling of apple blossoms and native hosts associated with apple orchards showed that Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was the dominant species. The adult thrips moved from host to host as each came into flower, and apples were but one of several hosts attacked during the early spring.

The thrips were most numerous in apple blossoms during the bloom period, and oviposited in the flower parts. The adult thrips left the apples after the bloom period, and the nymphs that hatched from the eggs developed in the calyx end of the young fruit. When the nymphs matured they oviposited in the young apple before leaving for other hosts. The area of apple skin surrounding the thrips egg developed the typical pansy spot symptoms. Other apple varieties were also attacked, but did not develop pansy spots.

It was evident that the best time to apply control measures was at the petal fall period, when nymphal thrips were present but before damage was caused to the young apples.

Of the five new species herein described, one is a member of the obtusus group, three belong to the santiago group and the fifth to the thilus group. The discovery of these species extends the known range of the santiago and thilus groups into South America and adds a third member to a small monophyletic cluster restricted to Chile.

Radioactive phosphorus was used as a tracer in assessing the number of red-legged grasshoppers (Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer)) eaten by the European praying mantis (Mantis religiosa L.) under seminatural conditions. The predator showed a functional response to changing prey densities with a continuously decreasing increase in the number of prey removed from the population.

Feeding tests with the adults of Exeristes comstockii (Cress.) on chemically defined diets showed that, of ten B-vitamins omitted singly, only three, panthothenic acid, folic acid and thiamine, were needed for maximal egg production and maximal numbers of eggs contained in ovaries. Egg production on a diet with only these three vitamins was similar to that on a control with all B-vitamins, but egg viability was significantly lower. Addition of α-tocopherol did not increase fecundity or egg viability. Vitamin-starved females partly recovered ovarian function when fed tissues of Galleria mellonella L.

The painted leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), occurs in grasslands in southern Canada and the northern states of the U.S.A. It is the only known vector of wheat striate mosaic virus (WSMV) in North America. In Manitoba the insect is not abundant. It does not migrate into the province, and overwinters in the egg stage only. There are two generations per year, the first completing development on grasses about 1 July and the second developing mainly on cereals in summer. E. inimica has a high rate of development at 90° F.; the lower limit is near 60° F. At 80 ± 5° F. the life cycle was completed in 45.8 days. In the field, in summer, the life cycle was completed in 42 days. A description of the life stages of the insect is presented.

WSMV has occurred only in trace amounts in Manitoba. Leafhoppers collected in the field showed a low frequency of virus transmission and the source of overwintered virus appeared to be small. The disease does not appear to constitute a serious problem in Manitoba.

Pupae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), did not complete their development when irradiated with 3.0 kiloroentgens within five days of pupal formation. Older pupae were not adversely affected. Females from treated pupae were sterile and laid no eggs when caged with normal males. The males from treated pupae were sterilized to a high degree, yet normal females mated with them and laid normal complements of eggs. Less than 0.2% of 10,616 eggs laid by normal females caged with sterile males hatched. A 6:1 ratio of sterile to normal flies reduced egg hatch to 1.7%.

DDT, parathion, and carbaryl experimentally applied in peach orchards were highly toxic to most insect and arachnid predators, including those most effective in controlling orchard mites. Azinphos-methyl appeared to be as toxic as parathion to predators in grower-sprayed orchards. Larvae of the chrysopid Chrysopa carnea Stephens and the syrphid Toxomerus geminatus (Say) were remarkably tolerant of DDT. The phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster appeared to have developed a high degree of resistance to DDT in one orchard. Sulphur was appreciably toxic only to phytoseiids and the erythraeid Balaustium sp., and captan had little or no effect on any predator. Chemical and biological control of phytophagous mites in peach orchards cannot be integrated while the presently used insecticides are needed for the control of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck).

Structures of the female genitalia of four species in the genus Cicindela are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. The presence of a spermatophore in C. flavopunctata is discussed.

The behaviour of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. in different physiological states was studied in relation to temperature, light, and host.

Newly emerged beetles preferred temperatures near the threshold for flight. When conditioned in dry air at room temperature for 16 hours they preferred cooler temperatures.

At room temperature, most newly emerged beetles settled in the brightest zone of a light gradient (55 foot-candles), although some settled in dimmer zones. If the beetles' emergence was delayed or if they were stored after emergence, more remained in the zone between 0.5 and 10 foot-candles.

In light-dark tests at room temperature most newly emerged beetles were photopositive, but some were indifferent and a few were photonegative. Increasing the temperature and humidity increased the proportion of photonegative individuals. Newly emerged females oriented more directly to a single source of light than males, bur after conditioning or aging both reacted similarly.

Females were separated into three behavioural types based on their reactions. Photopositive individuals flew more readily than indifferent or photonegative beetles; some photonegative females showed no inclination to fly.

Photopositive females were usually host negative but photonegative females were host positive. The proportion of these behavioural types within different samples varied. A group that emerged early contained a higher incidence of photopositive host-negative individuals than a group that emerged late, or was stored for 10 days after emergence. But host-negative beetles would attack logs after starvation, flight exercise, or exposure to more attractive hosts.

Host-positive females contained less fat than host-negative siblings. The decline in lipids during aging, starvation or flight thus may induce behavioural changes.

There is a co-ordination of successive activities in the Douglas-fir beetle similar to that reported for aphids. The initial urge to disperse outweighs responses to host stimuli, but this balance changes as the beetles fly or as host stimuli increase. The balance between thresholds for dispersal and attack also varies in relation to the conditions under which the emerging beetles developed. Consequently, each individual behaves differently when it emerges. The behaviour of a population changes as the season progresses and from year to year owing to changes in the state of individuals and in the attractiveness of hosts.

In the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.

To determine the dispersal of coccinellids in corn fields, two methods were used: sticky traps were placed at different elevations to catch the beetles in flight, and a sucrose solution was sprayed on the upper or lower portions of plants to concentrate beetles.

The results show that the distribution on the plants is closely related to the manner of dispersal of the species, the Hippodamia species fly at a greater height than C. maculata, and H. convergens and H. 13-punctata are, respectively, about 15 and 9 times as mobile as C. maculata. The results generally support the idea that entomophagous coccinellids are more nomadic than their phytophagous relatives.

In August, 1963, silver poplar trees in St. John's West, Newfoundland, were severely attacked by small leaf-rolling caterpillars. Larvae were taken from a poplar tree during mid-August, 1963, and reared in the laboraeory. Moths that emerged were identified as of Anacampsis populella Clerck by Dr. T. N. Freeman, Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, who also noted (in litt.) that this was apparently tlie first record of the species in Canada. Dr. K. Sattler (in litt.), Munich, Germany, confirmed the identification in 1964. Dr. Kelvin Dorward (in litt.), Chief Staff Officer, Survey and Detection Operations, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., stated that the only record of A. populella for North America was for Washington State by Clarke (1942). Clarke stated that E. I. Smith of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Seattle, Washington, reared moths from larvae collected on a species of Salix, and this appeared to be the first record of the occurrence of this species in North America.

N,N′-Hexamethylene bisaziridinyl carboxamide and apholate interfered with the growth of Anatis mali Auct. and prevented it from reaching the adult stage. Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake was unable to grow with hexamethylene bisaziridinyl carboxamide in the drinking water but was able to tolerate a 0.01% solution of apholate.