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ΠAn-Compounds in Plato

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

R. S. W. Hawtrey
Affiliation:
Univeristy of Auckland

Extract

Plato's fondness for words compounded with παν- (nearly all adjectives and adverbs) is obvious at the most cursory reading of his works; this characteristic of his style becomes even more striking when his use of these words is compared with their frequency in earlier authors. An investigation of Platonic usage in this respect, relatively easy since the publication of Leonard Brandwood's Word Index to Plato (Leeds, 1976), yields interesting results. Whether the effect of the παν-prefix is intensive or determinative (see below, §I), Plato has a tendency to associate these words with some sort of disapproval; this disapproval is sometimes explicit enough and can sometimes be inferred from the use of the word, or of a word related to it, in other contexts. The words may be used ironically, as π⋯γκαλος often is and π⋯σσοϕος always. Another sort of disapproval springs from what may be called Plato's general dislike of (promiscuous plurality, excess and variety; for a philosopher who believes in single, unchanging Forms there is something intrinsically objectionable in such words as π⋯μπολυς and παντοδαπ⋯ς. It also transpires that Plato may have coined a number, of these words and that he was probably the first prose writer to import others from poetry; in the face of the fragmentary nature of surviving Greek literature it would be unwise to be more dogmatic. The following, somewhat dry, survey will, it is hoped, throw some light on the usage of these interesting words

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Classical Association 1983

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References

1 See Thesleff, H., Studies on Intensification in Early and Classical Greek (Helsinki, 1954), pp. 139–41Google Scholar.

2 παν⋯γυρις is a borderline case, and its association with complicated emotions and with παντοδαπ⋯ς at Rep. 604e 4 comes near to justifying its inclusion on the same grounds as παγκρ⋯τιον

3 A Word Index to Plato, xvi ff.

4 With παντοδαπ⋯ς (43/39) and π⋯σσοϕος (5/5) the split is approximately equal.

5 Listed at the end of the paper.

6 Approximate figures are: Homer 25, Hesiodic Corpus 8, Aeschylus nearly 50, Sophocles 45, Euripides 22, Herodotus 6, Thucydides 2, Aristophanes 24, Xenophon 2, Isocrates none.

7 At Phil. 28a 1 Burnet, probably correctly, reads π⋯ν κακ⋯ν; cf. παν⋯γαθος below.

8 Studies in the Styles of Plato (Helsinki, 1967), p. 137Google Scholar.

9 cf. π⋯μμαϰος, , π⋯σσοϕος, and my Commentary (Philadelphia, 1981), ad locGoogle Scholar.

10 For levels of style see below §III.

11 If this sentence is ironical (and I believe it is), there are definite implications for the closing pages of the Meno, strengthening the view that we should there infer not that ⋯ρετ⋯ really comes θε⋯ᾳ μο⋯ρᾳ ⋯νεὺ νο⋯ but that no-one in Athenian public life has yet possessed it.

12 At Phil. 27e 8 the manuscripts' π⋯ν ⋯γαθ⋯ν should probably be preferred; cf. note 7.

13 Studies in the Styles of Plato, esp. pp. 77 ff. and 91.