¹ I suggest very tentatively that the word in § 12 a to be taken concessively and that the point is this; litigants from such a distance as Macedon were likely to suffer much more severely owing to delays in the Athenian courts than those from, say, Aegina or Euboea. States at a distance therefore were more likely than neighbouring states to arrange for smooth and speedy litigation in each other&s courts by means of a treaty; but at Athens the institution of by providing for this smooth and speedy litigation, rendered treaties unnecessary even with the most distant states.

² Naturally I have not attempted to exhaust the possibilities. I only suggest those which either have been or might be plausibly connected with this passage.