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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 July 2021
Frank Herbert's influential science fiction novel Dune (1965) is usually understood as a prescient work of environmentalism. Yet it is also concerned with empire, and not merely in an abstract way. Herbert worked in politics with the men who oversaw the United States’ overseas territories, and he took an unusually strong interest in Indigenous communities in the Pacific Northwest, particularly the Quileute Nation. Conversations with Quileute interlocutors both inspired Dune and help explain Herbert's turn toward environmentalism. This article recovers the neglected imperial context for Herbert's writing, reinterpreting Dune in light of that context.
1 Herbert, Brian, Dreamer of Dune: The Biography of Frank Herbert (New York: Tor, 2003), 176Google Scholar. Dreamer of Dune, by Frank Herbert's son, is easily the most precise and detailed reconstruction of the author's life. I have relied also for biographical information on O'Reilly, Timothy, Frank Herbert (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1981)Google Scholar; Touponce, William F., Frank Herbert (Boston: Twayne, 1988)Google Scholar; and Herbert's papers at California State University, Fullerton.
2 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 209.
3 Bill Rabe, “Books and More Books,” Detroit Free Press, 3 Oct. 1965, 5D.
4 Derek Norcross, “Youth Notes,” Boston Globe, 6 April 1969, A15.
5 “Milestones,” Time, 24 Feb. 1986.
6 “‘Dune’ Is One of the Most Influential Sci-Fi Books Ever,” Wired, 6 June 2020, at www.wired.com/2020/06/geeks-guide-dune-influence; “Explore the List of 100 Novels That Shaped Our World,” BBC Arts, 5 Nov. 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/494P41NCbVYHlY319VwGbxp.
7 On Dune's influence see Jordan S. Carroll, “Race Consciousness: Fascism and Frank Herbert's Dune,” Los Angeles Review of Books, 19 Nov. 2020; and Daniel Immerwahr, “Heresies of Dune,” Los Angeles Review of Books, 19 Nov. 2020.
8 Scigaj, Leonard M., “Prana and the Presbyterian Fixation: Ecology and Technology in Frank Herbert's Dune Tetralogy,” Extrapolation, 24, 4 (Winter 1983), 340–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Touponce; Ellis, R. J., “Frank Herbert's Dune and the Discourse of Apocalyptic Ecologism in the United States,” in Garnett, Rhys and Ellis, R. J., eds., Science Fiction Roots and Branches: Contemporary Critical Approaches (London: Macmillan, 1990), 104–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barbara Ann Silliman, “Conserving the Balance: Frank Herbert's Dune as Propaganda,” PhD dissertation, University of Rhode Island, 1996; Palumbo, Donald, “The Monomyth as Fractal Pattern in Frank Herbert's Dune Novels,” Science Fiction Studies 25, 3 (Nov. 1998), 433–58Google Scholar; Timothy Morton, “Imperial Measures: Dune, Ecology and Romantic Consumerism,” Romanticism on the Net, 21 (Feb. 2001), at doi.org/10.7202/005966ar; Stratton, Susan, “The Messiah and the Greens: The Shape of Environmental Action in Dune and Pacific Edge,” Extrapolation, 42, 4 (2001), 303–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Parkerson, Ronny, “Semantics, General Semantics, and Ecology in Frank Herbert's Dune,” ETC, 67, 4 (Oct. 2010), 403–11Google Scholar; Russell Terence Sloan, “Evolution, the Messianic Hero, and Ecology in Frank Herbert's Dune Sequence,” PhD dissertation, University of Ulster, 2010; Otto, Eric C., Green Speculations: Science Fiction and Transformative Environmentalism (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2012), chapter 1Google Scholar; Willow Wilson DiPasquale, “Myth-Making and Sacred Nature: J. R. R. Tolkien's and Frank Herbert's Mythopoeic Fiction,” PhD dissertation, Drew University, 2018; Pearson, Joshua, “Frank Herbert's Dune and the Financialization of Heroic Masculinity,” CR, 19, 1 (Spring 2019), 155–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Veronika Kratz, “Frank Herbert's Ecology, Oregon's Dunes, and the Postwar Science of Desert Reclamation,” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, forthcoming.
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13 Helpful readings of Dune and empire are Morton; Gerald Gaylard, “Postcolonial Science Fiction: The Desert Planet,” in Ericka Hoagland and Reema Sarwal, eds., Science Fiction, Imperialism and the Third World: Essays on Postcolonial Literature and Film (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2010), 21–36; and Higgins, David M., “Psychic Decolonization and 1960s Science Fiction,” Science Fiction Studies, 40, 2 (July 2013), 228–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
14 Though this dimension of Herbert has gone almost entirely unappreciated, the historian Megan Black notes Herbert's involvement with the US empire briefly in The Global Interior: Mineral Frontiers and American Power (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 188; and at greater length in “The Global Interior: Imagining and Extracting Minerals in the Postwar Expansion of American Capitalism,” PhD dissertation, George Washington University, 2015, 192–97.
15 Recent exemplary works on how imperial encounters shaped metropolitan politics and culture in the twentieth-century United States include Kaplan, Amy, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)Google Scholar; Klein, Christina, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945–1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McAlister, Melani, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945, updated edn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005)Google Scholar; McCoy, Alfred W., Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009)Google Scholar; McCoy, Alfred W. and Scarano, Francisco A., eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009)Google Scholar; Rosier, Paul C., Serving Their Country: American Indian Politics and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wesling, Meg, Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines (New York: New York University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Goldstein, Alyosha, Poverty in Common: The Politics of Community Action during the American Century (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Imada, Adria L., Aloha America: Hula Circuits through the U.S. Empire (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Smith, Sherry L., Hippies, Indians, and the Fight for Red Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar; Friedman, Andrew, Covert Capital: Landscapes of Denial and the Making of U.S. Empire in the Suburbs of Northern Virginia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mandler, Peter, Return from the Natives: How Margaret Mead Won the Second World War and Lost the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Goldstein, Alyosha, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014)Google Scholar; Appy, Christian G., American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity (New York: Viking, 2015)Google Scholar; Needham, Andrew, Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015)Google Scholar; Troutman, John W., Kīkā Kila: How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed the Sound of Modern Music (Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hollinger, David A., Protestants Abroad: How Missionaries Tried to Change the World but Changed America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Black, Global Interior; Honeck, Mischa, Our Frontier Is the World: The Boy Scouts in the Age of American Ascendancy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018)Google Scholar; Grandin, Greg, The End of the Myth: From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2019)Google Scholar; Hoganson, Kristin L., The Heartland: An American History (New York: Penguin, 2019)Google Scholar; Immerwahr, Daniel, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019)Google Scholar; Offner, Amy C., Sorting Out the Mixed Economy: The Rise and Fall of Welfare and Developmental States in the Americas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019)Google Scholar; Schrader, Stuart, Badges without Borders: How Global Counterinsurgency Transformed American Policing (Oakland: University of California Press, 2019)Google Scholar; Borstelmann, Thomas, Just Like Us: The American Struggle to Understand Foreigners (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020)Google Scholar; and Rouleau, Brian, Empire's Nursery: Children's Literature and the Origins of the American Century (New York: New York University Press, 2021)Google Scholar.
16 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 52.
17 Ibid., 22.
18 Honeck; Rouleau.
19 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 31–32.
20 Deloria, Philip, Playing Indian (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 174Google Scholar.
21 See US Indian Census Rolls for Neah Bay, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1912 and for Taholah, 1919; Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Quinault Reservation, Grays Harbor, Washington, Enumeration District 14–79, sheet 4B.
22 Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Quillayute, Clallam, Washington, Enumeration District 8, sheet 3B. Bolíłaks, Tqlakas, and Bolítsa are listed in the census as Jenny, Talcas, and Edith. I'm grateful to Jay Powell for providing their correct names and backgrounds.
23 Jay Powell, correspondence with the author, 7 Dec. 2020.
24 Pettitt, George A., The Quileute of La Push, 1775–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950), 27Google Scholar.
25 Ibid., 76.
26 Ibid., 76.
27 Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Quinault Reservation, Grays Harbor, Washington, Enumeration District 14–79, sheet 4B.
28 Frank Herbert, “Survival of the Cunning,” Esquire, March 1945, 56–57. Another example is Frank Herbert, Heretics of Dune (New York: Ace, 2019; first published 1984), 527–39.
29 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 31; Herbert, Frank, Soul Catcher (New York: Berkley Books, 1979; first published 1972), 62, 79Google Scholar.
30 “Frank Herbert Contemplates a Motion Picture and the Matter of Genocide,” Santa Rosa Press Democrat, 27 March 1951.
31 Jeff LaLande, “Oregon's Last Conservative U.S. Senator: Some Light upon the Little-Known Career of Guy Cordon,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 110, 2 (Summer 2009), 228–61, 230.
32 Ibid., 248.
33 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 87.
34 Frank Herbert, “Undersea Riches for Everybody,” c. 1954, in Frank Herbert, The Maker of Dune: Insights of a Master of Science Fiction, ed. Tim O'Reilly (New York: Berkley Books, 1987), 129. On seabed claims see Black, Global Interior, chapter 5; and Margolies, Daniel, “Jurisdiction in Offshore Submerged Lands and the Significance of the Truman Proclamation in U.S. Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History, 44, 3 (June 2020), 447–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
35 See bibliography in “Undersea Riches for Everybody” folder, Box 56, Science Fiction Manuscript Collection: Frank Herbert, SC.6, Archives and Special Collections, California State University, Fullerton.
36 Herbert, “Undersea Riches,” 129, 136.
37 Herbert, Frank, Dragon in the Sea (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), 12Google Scholar. The novel has also appeared as Under Pressure and 21st Century Sub.
38 Herbert, “Survival of the Cunning”; Frank Herbert, “Yellow Fire,” Alaska Life, June 1947, 12, 54–55.
39 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 94.
40 Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1994; first published 1978)Google Scholar. For “paradise” as an imperial discourse in the US Pacific see Gonzalez, Vernadette Vicuña, Securing Paradise: Tourism and Militarism in Hawai‘i and the Philippines (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.
41 Myth-puncturing accounts of American Samoa include Freeman, Derek, Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983)Google Scholar; and Droessler, Holger, Coconut Colonialism: Workers and the Globalization of Samoa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021)Google Scholar.
42 O'Reilly, Frank Herbert, 13; Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 99. O'Reilly writes that Herbert sought the position of colonial governor of American Samoa, but Brian Herbert's more precise account in Dreamer of Dune does not include that detail (Herbert would have needed presidential approval).
43 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 112.
44 Herbert also drafted a novel set in Mexico in which one hero disparages Indigenous people for their backward agriculture. Herbert, Frank, A Game of Authors (Monument, CO: WordFire Press, 2013), 103–4Google Scholar.
45 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 122.
46 Sackley, Nicole, “The Village as Cold War Site: Experts, Development, and the History of Rural Reconstruction,” Journal of Global History, 6, 3 (2011), 481–504CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Daniel Immerwahr, “The Ugly American: Peeling the Onion of an Iconic Cold War Text,” Journal of American–East Asian Relations, 26, 1 (Feb. 2019), 7–20.
47 Asimov, Isaac, Foundation (New York: Gnome, 1951)Google Scholar; Asimov, Foundation and Empire (New York: Gnome, 1952); Asimov, Second Foundation (New York: Gnome, 1953).
48 Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 80.
49 An excellent comparison is John L. Grigsby, “Asimov's Foundation Trilogy and Herbert's Dune Trilogy: A Vision Reversed,” Science Fiction Studies, 8, 2 (July 1981), 149–55. See also Don Riggs, “Future and ‘Progress’ in Foundation and Dune,” in Donald Palumbo, ed., Spectrum of the Fantastic: Selected Essays from the Sixth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988), 113–17.
50 “They Stopped the Moving Sands” outline, “Shifting Sand Dunes” folder, Box 60, Herbert Papers. Brian Herbert writes that his father visited the Florence project only in 1957 (Dreamer of Dune, 136). But Frank Herbert and McNelly repeatedly discuss the 1953 chronology, with Herbert adding that he “had the idea with me in Mexico,” i.e. in 1955–56, in Willis McNelly, interview with Frank Herbert, 3 Feb. 1969, “Donations by Willis McNelly” folder, Box A-201, Herbert Papers. See also O'Reilly, 39; and Kratz, “Frank Herbert's Ecology.” On deserts in strategic and developmentalist thought see Heefner, Gretchen, “‘A Fighter Pilot's Heaven’: Finding Cold War Utility in the North African Desert,” Environmental History, 22 (2017), 50–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Selcer, Perrin, The Postwar Origins of the Global Environment: How the United Nations Built Spaceship Earth (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018), chapter 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
51 “Bryce Kynes”: Dune manuscript, Folder 1, Box 13, 23; “dry land biology”: Dune manuscript, Folder 2, Box 13, G-7 – both in Herbert Papers. The Dune drafts are undated, unordered, and inconsistently paginated. Touponce, Frank Herbert, 13, writes that Kynes was originally the “story's hero,” which is plausible, though no extant manuscript in the Herbert Papers casts him so centrally.
52 Dune manuscript, Folder 2, Box 14, Appendix, 2, 8.
53 Dune manuscript, Folder 1, Box 13, 1-1.
54 Dune manuscript, Folder 2, Box 13, notes on Kynes.
55 Dune manuscript, Folder 3, Box 14, 2-D-16. Herbert's ecological interests can also be seen in Dragon in the Sea, where submarine appears as “an enveloped world with its own special ecology” (185). Yet there's a difference between engaging with ecology as a science and adopting a science-skeptical form of environmentalism. Dragon in the Sea's protagonist, the psychologist John Ramsey, is a science hero in the mold of Dr. Bryce Kynes.
56 Herbert, Dune, 106, 314.
57 McNelly, Herbert interview.
58 Herbert, Dune, 272. Peter Herman offers a sympathetic reading of in, Liet-Kynes “The Blackness of Liet-Kynes: Reading Frank Herbert's Dune through James Cone,” Religions, 9, 9 (2018), 281–90Google Scholar.
59 Jay Powell, interview with the author, 6 Aug. 2020.
60 Hansen, Howard, Twilight on the Thunderbird: A Memoir of Quileute Indian Life (Seattle: Howard Hansen, 2018; first published 2013), 13Google Scholar.
61 Ibid., original emphasis. My understanding of Hansen's apprenticeship relies also on my interview with his widow, Joanne Hansen, 7 Aug. 2020.
62 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 54.
63 Ibid., 145.
64 Hansen, Twilight on the Thunderbird, 103, 41, 104,
65 Estes, Nick, Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance (New York: Verso, 2019), chapter 4Google Scholar.
66 On the Indians and environmentalism see Deloria, Playing Indian, chapter 6; Finis Dunaway, “Gas Masks, Pogo, and the Ecological Indian: Earth Day and the Visual Politics of American Environmentalism,” American Quarterly, 60, 1 (March 2008), 67–99; Smith, Hippies, Indians, and Red Power; Paul C. Rosier, “‘Modern America Desperately Needs to Listen’: The Emerging Indian in an Age of Environmental Crisis,” Journal of American History, 100, 3 (Dec. 2013), 711–35; and Dina Gilio-Whitaker, As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock (Boston: Beacon Press, 2019), chapter 5.
67 Tacoma firm: Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 103.
68 Joanne Hansen interview.
69 Account from Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 147; and Brian Herbert, introduction to Hansen, Twilight, 2.
70 Herbert, New World, 5.
71 Herbert, introduction to Hansen, Twilight, 2.
72 Joanne Hansen interview.
73 The Fremen language also includes Hebrew, Old English, and Western Asian words. Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 189; Kennedy, Kara, “Epic World-Building: Names and Cultures in Dune,” Names, 64, 2 (2016), 99–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On Dune and the Qur'an see Haris Durrani, “Reading Children of Dune, Entry 1,” 3 June 2021, at https://hdernity.medium.com/reading-children-of-dune-entry-1-quranic-references-race-fremen-customs-tradition-change-b677bdd2ea1b.
74 Gaylard, “Postcolonial Science Fiction”; and Higgins, “Psychic Decolonization.”
75 Herbert would eventually report on the war and land reform efforts in Vietnam, yet his understanding of Vietnamese society was cartoonish. See Herbert, “The Tillers,” in Herbert, The Maker of Dune.
76 On the egalitarian animus in decolonization see Getachew, Adom, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019)Google Scholar.
77 Herbert, Heretics of Dune, 630, 484.
78 Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 100. See “Dangers of the Superhero” and “Conversations in Port Townsend” in that volume.
79 George Manuel and Michael Posluns, The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019; first published 1974), 5. See also Vine Deloria Jr.'s Foreword, sharply distinguishing the “pernicious doctrine” of Third Worldism (and the “fanatic ideology of the American New Left”) from Fourth World concerns (xxvii–xxviii).
80 Simpson, Audra, Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life across the Borders of Settler States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014), 17–18Google Scholar.
81 An astute philosophical analysis of Indigenous activism like Manuel's – and its divergence from Third World nationalism – is Coulthard, Glen Sean, Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), chapter 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
82 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 239.
83 Ibid., 240.
84 Frank Herbert, “Indians” typescript, “Indians” folder, Box R3, Herbert Papers. On Fort Lawton see Smith, Hippies, Indians, and Red Power, chapter 5.
85 Frank Herbert, “How Indians Would Use Fort,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 22 March 1970, 25; Frank Herbert, “Indian Rights to Alaska Land Emphasized at Land Law Meet,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 8 Dec. 1970, 11.
86 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 240.
87 Herbert, Soul Catcher, 143.
88 Joanne Hansen interview.
89 Herbert, Soul Catcher, 164. Herbert fits a 1960s and 1970s pattern of non-Native thinkers, such as Stewart Brand (a Dune champion), Dee Brown (a blurber for Soul Catcher), Ken Kesey, and Gary Snyder, incorporating Indigenous perspectives into their work. See Rosier, “Modern America Needs to Listen.”
90 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 257.
91 Herbert, Dune, 5.
92 On Indian Shakerism in La Push see Powell, Jay and Jensen, Vickie, Quileute: An Introduction to the Indians of La Push (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 41–43Google Scholar.
93 Ibid., 15. Thanks to Casey Hoekstra for this point.
94 Frank Herbert, Children of Dune (New York: Ace, 2019; first published 1976), 172–80; Frank Herbert, God Emperor of Dune (New York: Ace, 2018; first published 1981), 106.
95 The abundance (or absence) of rain was a long-standing theme in Pacific Northwest writing. Richard Maxwell Brown, “Rainfall and History: Perspectives on the Pacific Northwest,” in G. Thomas Edwards and Carlos A. Schwantes, eds., Experiences in the Promised Land: Essays in Pacific Northwest History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986), 13–27.
96 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 185.
97 Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 100.
98 Herbert, Dune, 269.
99 Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 167, 86.
100 Kirschenbaum, Matthew G., Track Changes: A Literary History of Word Processing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 103–08CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
101 Herbert, Children of Dune, 156.
102 Herbert, Dune, 422.
103 Ibid., 302.
104 Ibid., 496.
105 Quoted in O'Reilly, Dune, 189.
106 Frank Herbert, Dune Messiah (New York: Ace, 2019; first published 1969), 138–39.
107 Frank Herbert, interview with Bryant Gumbel, Today, NBC, 1982, available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=26GPaMoeiu4. Similarly see Herbert, “Dangers of the Superhero,” in The Maker of Dune.
108 Pat Stone, “Frank Herbert: Science Fiction Author,” Mother Earth News, May/June 1981.
109 Silliman, “Conserving the Balance,” 103–04.
110 Herbert, Children of Dune, 176.
111 Ibid., 320.
112 Herbert, Dune Messiah, 44.
113 Herbert, Children of Dune, 518, 516.
114 Herbert, God Emperor, 166.
115 Ibid., 166.
116 Ibid., 55.
117 Ibid., 173.
118 Ibid., 255.
119 Stone, “Herbert.”
120 Herbert, interview with Gumbel. Herbert, a Nixon ally from the Cordon days, also believed Nixon would have “won the support” of Vietnam's peasants had the State Department's “bureaucrats” not interfered. Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 244–45.
121 Herbert here resembles the Indian-sympathizing, anti-growth, white environmentalists of the US West. See Woodhouse, Keith Makoto, The Ecocentrists: A History of Radical Environmentalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
122 Herbert, Dreamer of Dune, 422.
123 Herbert, Heretics of Dune, 439.
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125 Herbert, The Maker of Dune, 101.
126 Helen Pidd, “Stephenie Meyer Turns Rainy Little Forks – and the World – into a Twilight Zone,” Guardian, 13 Nov. 2009.
127 Stephenie Meyer, Twilight (New York: Hachette, 2005), 6.
128 Stephenie Meyer, “The Story behind the Writing of New Moon,” at stepheniemeyer.com/the-books/new-moon/new-moon-the-story; Rae Elizabeth Harlow, “Misrepresenting the Quileute Nation: An Anti-imperialist Critique of Stephenie Meyer's Twilight Saga,” BA thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 2012.
129 Deana Dartt-Newton and Tasia Endo, “Truth versus Twilight,” Burke Museum, at www.burkemuseum.org/static/truth_vs_twilight; Angela R. Riley, “Sucking the Quileute Dry,” New York Times, 7 Feb. 2010, A21.
130 Chris Eyre, interview with the author, 18 Aug. 2020.
131 Christina Rose, “To Bring Frank Herbert's ‘Soul Catcher’ to Screen, Hollywood Enlists Tribal Elder,” Indian Country Today, 27 Oct. 2014, at www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/to-bring-frank-herbert-s-soul-catcher-to-screen-hollywood-enlists-tribal-elde-mE6hA4mWMEudxlKbQjjwfg.
132 Eyre interview.
133 Papiez, Chelsie, “Climate Change in the Quileute and Hoh Nations of Coastal Washington,” in Parker, Alan and Grossman, Zoltan, eds., Asserting Native Resilience: Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations Face the Climate Change (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2012), 68–89, 74, 71Google Scholar.
