Introduction
A brilliant work in science generally comes of age and has a long lasting effect. But technical errors in it may confound the actual truth and mislead generations after. This is exactly what happened when a pioneering worker in the science of taxonomy of the nineteenth century, Waagen (Reference Waagen1875), described his ammonite species Perisphinctes aberrans from the Jurassic of Kutch. The Jurassic of Kutch is famous worldwide for its extraordinary diversity of ammonites. Waagen (Reference Waagen1875) was the first to produce a comprehensive taxonomic work on Kutch ammonites. Subsequently, Spath (Reference Spath1924, 1927–Reference Spath1933), another expert on ammonite taxonomy, revised and expanded Waagen’s work on Kutch ammonites. Waagen (Reference Waagen1875, p. 175) described the upper Callovian species P. aberrans, but inadvertently mentioned the wrong number on his plate (Waagen, Reference Waagen1875, pl. 40, fig. 1a–c instead of pl. 41, figs. 1a–c). In plate no. 40, figs. 1 and 2, another species, Perisphinctes spirorbis Neumayr, Reference Neumayr1870, was illustrated. This apparent little error had far-reaching taxonomic consequences. Spath (Reference Spath1924), on the basis of Waagen’s Perisphinctes aberrans, introduced a new genus Subgrossouvria, with Subgrossouvria aberrans designated as the type species. Spath (Reference Spath1924) was aware of the wrong numbering of plates made by Waagen (Reference Waagen1875), but was not always explicit to mention it. Spath (Reference Spath1924, p. 13) introduced the genus Subgrossouvria “For P. aberrans, Waagen, pl. XL, fig. 1, non. 2 (=? Perisph jupiter, Loczy, non A. jupiter, Steinmann) represented by specimen 339 (genoholotype) which shows extremely evolute inner whorls, the new genus Subgrossouvria, gen. nov. is proposed. Another specimen (351), between S. morley-daviesi, n. n. (=P. aberrans, Waagen, pl. XLI, fig. 2 only) and S. coronaeformis, Loczy sp. (50b), and only a little stouter than S. villanoides, Till sp. (95), also belongs to this genus.” While referring the type specimen of Subgrossouvria, Spath (Reference Spath1924) retained Waagen’s wrong numbering of plate and figure (i.e., pl. 40, fig. 1), but for S. morley-daviesi, he correctly mentioned Waagen’s true plate and figure number (i.e., pl. 41, fig. 2). These created further confusion. Curiously, Spath (1931, p. 374) maintained this stand, even though he was aware of the misplacement of Waagen’s figure, and while systematically describing Subgrossouvria aberrans, he categorically mentioned, “This striking form was sufficiently well figured by Waagen to be recognized; but owing to the wrong numbering of his plate, writers like Noetling (Reference Noetling1895, p. 21, pl. xxiii, fig. 5) have applied the name to species of quite different affinity.” Again, Spath (1931, p. 376) retained Waagen’s wrong number of plate and figure in the synonymy list, but inserted the correct number in the same for S. morley-daviesi.
Many later workers were not aware of this technical lapse and compared their ammonite species with the figure illustrated by Waagen (pl. 40, fig. 1), which was not Perisphinctes aberrans. For example, Siemiradzki (Reference Siemiradzki1899) grouped Waagen’s P. aberrans with an entirely unrelated and older genus, Procerites (Spath, 1931, p. 286). The greatest mistake took place when Arkell et al. (Reference Arkell, Kummel and Wright1957) made the robust ammonite compendium in the Treatise. They were perhaps not aware about the wrong numbering of Waagen’s plate, and illustrated (p. L319, fig. 406) the specimen of Waagen’s plate no. 40, fig. 1 as the holotype of Subgrossouvria aberrans. This specimen is actually the holotype of Waagen’s Perisphinctes spirorbis (non Neumayr), which Spath (1931) described as Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki, Reference Siemiradzki1899). Arkell et al. (Reference Arkell, Kummel and Wright1957, p. L319) were so influenced that they provided the generic diagnosis of Subgrossouvria (Spath, Reference Spath1924) based on the holotype of Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki, Reference Siemiradzki1899).
Subsequently many workers of the twentieth century and recent, reported Subgrossouvria from other regions, and they perhaps compared their forms with the incorrect figure of the holotype of P. aberrans Waagen, Reference Waagen1875. For example, Gerard and Contaut (Reference Gerard and Contaut1936), Callomon (Reference Callomon1963), and Bonnot et al. (Reference Bonnot, Boursicot and Ferchaud2014) treated Subgrossouvria as a distinct genus. Elmi (Reference Elmi1962) considered Subgrossouvria as a macroconch subgenus within Choffatia (Siemiradzki, Reference Siemiradzki1898). Mangold (Reference Mangold1971) also included Subgrossouvria as a subgenus of Choffatia and described several species from the late Bathonian and early Callovian of France. Both Elmi (Reference Elmi1962) and Mangold (Reference Mangold1971) included the Bathonian genus Loboplanulites Buckman, Reference Buckman1925 as a junior synonym of Subgrossouvria. In Kutch, species of Subgrossouvria come only from the Callovian (Spath, 1931). Cox (Reference Cox1988) synonymized Subgrossouvria with Choffatia. The different taxonomic assignments of Subgrossouvria may be attributed to confusing ideas based on the incorrect figures of Waagen (Reference Waagen1875) and Arkell et al. (Reference Arkell, Kummel and Wright1957).
Materials and methods
We have recently revisited Waagen’s original specimens of both true Subgrossouvria aberrans and Indosphinctes indicus, which are archived in Geological Survey of India (GSI), Kolkata, India. These are illustrated here (Fig. 1). Waagen’s figures were actually drawings made by an artist, and Spath (1931), while introducing the new genus Subgrossouvria, did not illustrate the holotype of the type species. Therefore, this is the first time the photographs of the holotype of Waagen’s P. aberrans have been made available (Fig. 1.1–1.3). We have also provided the original photographs of Indosphinctes indicus for comparison (Fig. 1.4–1.6). The descriptions of the type specimens and diagnoses for the two genera are also given below. We are aware that the Treatise of Jurassic ammonites is undergoing revision by the coordinating editor M.K. Howarth and his colleagues. We bring to their attention this historical error.
Figure 1 (1–3) Lectotype of Perisphinctes aberrans Waagen, Reference Waagen1875. GSI type no. 2045. Adult phragmocone from the ‘Athleta beds’ (=upper Callovian); (1) lateral, (2) apertural, (3) ventral views. (4–6) Holotype of Perisphinctes spirorbis Waagen Reference Waagen1875. GSI type no. 2043. Adult body chamber with missing peristome from the ‘Golden Oolite’ (=lower Callovian); (4) lateral, (5) apertural, (6) ventral views. X=Beginning of body chamber. All×0.5.
Systematic paleontology
Phylum Mollusca Linnaeus, Reference Linnaeus1758
Class Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1795
Order Ammonoidea Zittel, Reference Zittel1884
Family Perisphinctidae Steinmenn, Reference Steinmann1890
Genus Subgrossouvria Spath, Reference Spath1924
Type species
Perisphinctes aberrans Waagen, Reference Waagen1875.
Diagnosis
Macroconch large (maximum adult phragmocone diameter 165 mm); strongly evolute and generally depressed. Inner whorls with rounded flanks, which are finely and densely ribbed and have constrictions; ribs later become coarser and distant; mostly bifurcating secondaries with furcation taking place at the outer flank; ribs prorsiradiate, may be rursiradiate; secondaries unlike Choffatia are stronger than primaries. Species mostly represented by phragmocones; in adult phragmocone, secondaries may disappear and primaries are present as bullae-like ridges. Microconchs replicate inner whorls of macroconchs in degree of involution, inflation, and style of ornamentation and lappeted.
Occurrence
England, France, Poland, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, Iran, Kutch (India), and Mexico.
Subgrossouvria aberrans (Waagen, Reference Waagen1875)
Figure 2 (1) Septal sutures of Subgrossouvria aberrans Waagen, Reference Waagen1875 at diameter ~156 mm, redrawn from Waagen (Reference Waagen1875, pl. 40, fig. 1c). (2) Septal sutures of Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki) at diameter ~162 mm, redrawn from Waagen (Reference Waagen1875, pl. 41, fig. 1c). E=external lobe; L=lateral lobe; U=umbilical lobe. All×2.
1875 Perisphinctes aberrans Reference WaagenWaagen, pars, p. 175, pl. 41, figs. 1a–c.
1899 Perisphinctes aberrans Waagen; Reference SiemiradzkiSiemiradzki, p. 305.
1924 Subgrossouvria aberrans (Waagen); Reference SpathSpath, p. 13.
1930 Subgrossouvria aberrans (Waagen); Spath, p. 40.
1931 Subgrossouvria aberrans (Waagen); Spath, p. 374, pl. 64, fig. 8.
Lectotype
Geological Survey of India (GSI) type no. 2045. The genotype is the species S. aberrans, to be interpreted by its syntype, which were the examples figured by Waagen (Reference Waagen1875, pl. 41, figs. 1 and 2), from which the larger specimen (Fig. 1.1–1.3) has been chosen as the lectotype.
Occurrence
Upper Callovian; Keera in the mainland of Kutch.
Description
The lectotype is represented by mostly internal mold. Specimen is large, septate (maximum preserved diameter is 165 mm), strongly evolute (the ratio between the umbilical diameter and the shell diameter of the specimen, U/D, is 0.58) and depressed (the ratio between the whorl width and the whorl height, W/H, is 1.1). Inner whorls are missing. In the middle whorls, flanks are curved with numerous strong and dense primary ribs (P=19 per half whorl at ~83 mm diameter), which are prorsiradiate in nature. At this stage, primaries are long and secondary ribs are not visible. Shell is characterized by deep, prorsiradiate constriction at ~91 mm diameter. Primaries become strong with sharp crest and distant after the constriction.
At 137 mm diameter, primaries are 11 per half whorl and reduce to 9 at the outer half whorl at diameter 165 mm. Secondary ribs, which are first exposed at ~140 mm diameter, are short, two in number, and originate from the outer flank. There are short intercalatory ribs between two primary ribs. Both secondary and intercalatory ribs are feeble on the internal mold and disappear soon, rendering the venter smooth. Primary ribs become stronger during ontogeny and are present throughout the preserved end. Towards the end, primary ribs become obsolete near the umbilical margin and form elongated bullae-like ridges at the mid-flank. Body chamber missing, but from the trace of the umbilical seam, it appears to be short and occupies less than half of the outer whorl.
Waagen (Reference Waagen1875) vividly described the suture from this lectotype at diameter of ~156 mm (pl. 41, fig. 1c), which is refigured here (Fig. 2.1). The lobes are fine, delicate, and highly ramified; the siphonal lobe is broad, long with terminal branches; external saddle not very broad, bifid; first lateral lobe narrow, but longer than the siphonal lobe, highly incised, having asymmetrical trifid lobes; first lateral saddle narrower than the external saddle with long secondary lobe; second lateral lobe indistinct, four auxiliary lobes decreasing in size, hanging down to form a deep sutural lobe.
Genus Indosphinctes Spath, 1930
Type species
Ammonites calvus Sowerby, Reference Sowerby1840.
Diagnosis
Macroconchiate shell large, diameter may exceed 250 mm, evolute, and compressed; inner whorls characterized by strong ribs, primary ribs furcate at the middle or slightly higher flanks; primary ribs often bundled or confined to a blunt node; ribs continue or may weaken or disappear completely with the beginning of adult body chamber. Adult body chamber occupies more or less half of the last whorl; peristome unknown. Suture is complex and highly frilled. Microconchs thoroughly ribbed and lappeted.
Occurrence
France, Germany, England, Poland, Portugal, Hungary, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagascar, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Kutch, Baluchistan (Pakistan), Tibet, and Japan.
Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki, Reference Siemiradzki1899)
1875 Perisphinctes spirorbis, Neumayr; Reference WaagenWaagen, pars, p. 154, pl. 40, figs. 1a–c.
1895 Perisphinctes aberrans Waagen; Reference NoetlingNoetling, p. 22 (pars).
1899 Perisphinctes indicus, Reference SiemiradzkiSiemiradzki; p. 323 (non pl. 23, fig. 33).
1911 Perisphinctes indicus, Siemiradzki; Reference TillTill, p. 36.
1924 Grossouvria indica (Siemiradzki) Reference SpathSpath, p. 13.
1930 Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki) Spath, p. 36.
1931 Indosphinctes indicus (Siemiradzki); Spath, p. 333.
Holotype
GSI type no. 2043.
Occurrence
Lower Callovian, Keera in the mainland of Kutch.
Description
The holotype is represented by mostly internal mold. Specimen with body chamber preserved (maximum diameter=232 mm). It is strongly evolute (ratio between umbilical diameter and the shell diameter, U/D,=0.52) and highly compressed (ratio between whorl width and the whorl height, W/H,=0.7). Inner whorl at ~63 mm diameter is evolute (U/D=0.39), umbilicus wide and shallow, umbilical margin is rounded with steep wall. Flanks are curved with long, numerous, slightly prorsiradiate primary ribs (number of primaries per half whorl is 15). Secondary ribs are not visible.
At 132 mm diameter, specimen is relatively more evolute (U/D=0.42) and compressed (W/H=0.6). The primary ribs become thick and gradually start fading at ~182 mm in diameter, which marks the beginning of the body chamber. The body chamber appears to be smooth on the internal mold, but presence of traces of three bullae-like ridges at the preserved end indicates that the apparent smoothness of the body chamber is a preservational artefact. The length of the preserved body chamber is about three-fourths of the outer whorl. Peristome is missing.
Waagen (Reference Waagen1875) described in detail the septal sutural patterns of the holotype at ~162 mm in diameter (pl. 40, fig.1c), which is refigured here (Fig. 2.2). The lobes are fine and highly frilled; the siphonal lobe longer than broad with deeply incised branches; the external saddle broad, symmetrical with a well-developed secondary lobe; the first lateral lobe narrow, longer than the external lobe, deeply incised and trifid; the first lateral saddle narrow with asymmetrical lobes; the second lateral and four auxiliary lobes are small and hang down rapidly to form a large sutural lobe.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Director of the Curatorial Division of the Geological Survey of India, Kolkata for granting access to the type materials. We also thank A. Roy and S. Mondal for critically reading the manuscript. We thank two anonymous reviewers, the editor (B. Hunda), and the associate editor (M. Yacobucci) for critically reviewing the manuscript and providing valuable suggestions. Partial aid from the DST (SERB - SR/S4/ES-638/2012) was received by SB; RD received aid from the UGC-BSR Scheme, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
