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Diversity Specialists: Coastal Resource Management and Historical Contingency in the Osmore Desert of Southern Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gregory Zaro
Gregory Zaro*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and the Climate Change Institute, 5773 S. Stevens Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5773 (Gregory.Zaro@umit.maine.edu)
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Abstract

Prehispanic socioeconomic organization along the Andean coast is often understood with the “horizontality” model. In this scenario, coastal communities engaged in specialized economic activities and exchanged for products of other specialized communities. Throughout the lower reaches of the Osmore drainage on the south coast of Peru, settlement distribution and both residential and mortuary assemblages of Late Intermediate period Chiribaya partially reflect this pattern. However, investigations at the site of Wawakiki do not support a strict pattern of specialization, demonstrating that some communities along the intervalley coast emphasized a diversified production strategy. This practice appears late in the Chiribaya cultural sequence established for the Ilo valley, and it appears to have constituted part of a socioeconomic response to increasing hardships between about A.D. 1200-1400. Late Chiribaya populations responded to the combined effects of demographic growth and diminishing agricultural potential by (1) expanding into the relatively unpopulated intervalley coast, and (2) placing greater emphasis on diversified community level production along the coast. These results indicate that the variation observed in socio-economic organization should be interpreted within a more historically contingent and dynamic framework than that offered by a general model alone.

Resumen

Resumen

La organización socio-económica de la época prehispánica en la costa andina generalmente se entiende dentro del modelo horizontalidad. Según este argumento, las comunidades costeras participaron en actividades económicas especializadas e intercambiaron productos con otras también especializadas. Este patrón se evidencia en la distribución de las comunidades del cuenca costero del Osmore, sur del Perú, al igual que en los contextos domésticos y mortuorios de Chiribaya del período Intermedio Tardío. Sin embargo, investigaciones en el sitio Wawakiki demuestran que algunas comunidades en la costa entre los valles Ilo y Tambo practicaron una estrategia de producción diversificada. Esta aparece muy tarde en la secuencia cultural de Chiribaya del valle de Ilo, y habría constituido parte de una reacción socio-económica a las mayores dificultades experimentadas hacia 1200-1400 d.C. por las poblaciones del valle principal. Las poblaciones respondieron a los efectos combinados de crecimiento demográfico y la disminución del potencial agrícola (1) esparciéndose a los intervalles poco poblados, y (2) diversificando la producción al nivel de las comunidades costeras. Estos resultados indican que la variación en la organización económica se debe entender dentro de un contexto más dinámico e históricamente contingente del que ofrece el modelo de horizontalidad.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , June 2007 , pp. 161 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2007

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