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El Indígeno and High-Altitude Human Occupation in the Southern Andes, Mendoza (Argentina)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gustavo Neme
Gustavo Neme*
Affiliation:
CONICET-Departamento de Antropología, Museo de Historia Natural, Natural, Parque Mariano Moreno s/n (5600) San Rafael City, Mendoza, Argentina, gneme@mendoza-conicet.gob.ar
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Abstract

The site El Indígeno contains the greatest known concentration of hunter-gatherer residential features in the southern Andes. Located at 3,300 m asl in a meadow in the Cordillera of west-central Argentina, the site is notable for its 133 habitation structures, that—when considered along with the other characteristics of the site—represent an anomalous but perhaps not entirely unexpected adaptation to the highest altitude environment in the region. Based on radiocarbon dating and artifact typologies, the site was occupied between ca. 800 and 1500 B.P. It consequently represents the latest step in the indigenous colonization of what is arguably the most marginal environment in the region. This chronology suggests that the site was occupied when nearby lowland regions were under their most intensive use and during a time when new resources were incorporated into the high-altitude hunter-gatherer diet. In this article I report on research conducted at El Indigeno and compare the results of these studies to the regional record, ultimately concluding that regional population increase affiliated with the spread of increasingly complex socioeconomic systems most parsimoniously explains the intensive occupation of this large, high-altitude hunter-gatherer site.

Resumen

Resumen

El sitio arqueolόgico conocido como El Indígeno contiene la mayor concentraciόn de estructuras habitacionales de cazadores-recolectores en los Andes del sur. Localizado a 3300 msnm en una vega cordillerana del Centro Oeste Argentino, se destaca no solo por sus 133 estructuras sino por otros elementos, los cuales representan una anόmala pero quizás no del todo inesperada adaptacion al entorno de mayor altitud en la region. Sobre la base de dataciones radiocarbόnicas se estableciό su cronología entre ca. 1500 y 800 años A.P., por lo que representa uno de los liltimos pasos en la colonization prehispánica del sur de Mendoza. Esta cronologia sugiere además que el sitio fue ocupado cuando todas las regiones proximas estaban siendo utilizadas intensivamente, y durante un tiempo en el que nuevos recursos fueron incorporados en la dieta de los cazadoresrecolectores. Aquí se presentan los resultados de los trabajos llevados a cabo en El Indígeno, los cuales son comparados con el registro arqueolόgico regional. Finalmente se concluye que el incremento en la poblaciόn a nivel regional, asociado con la dispersiόn de una creciente complejidad del sistema socioecónomico, puede explicar de forma mas parsimoniosa la ocupacion intensiva de este sitio de altura.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , March 2016 , pp. 96 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2016

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