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Reassessing San Estevan's Role in the Late Formative Political Geography of Northern Belize

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Robert M. Rosenswig  and
Douglas J. Kennett
Robert M. Rosenswig
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, The University at Albany - SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, New York, 12222 (email: rrosenswig@albany.edu)
Douglas J. Kennett
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon. Eugene, OR. 97403
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Abstract

We reassess San Estevan's role within the Late Formative period political geography of northern Belize. This medium-sized site has been interpreted as a subsidiary center to Nohmul that ruled the area along with Cerros, Lamanai, and Colha (Scarborough 1991). It has also been suggested that scores of autonomous polities existed in the region at this time (McAnany 1995). We examine these contrasting models in light of our recent excavations in the central precinct of San Estevan. These excavations reveal a stratigraphic sequence of Middle through Late Formative period deposits. Excavations document that the central part of the site was plastered over after 50 cal. B.C.—at roughly the same time as monumental construction projects were also started at Cerros, Nohmul, and Lamanai. San Estevan's central Mound XV was built on these plaster surfaces during the Late Formative period as was the adjacent ballcourt. Based on our new excavation data we suggest that San Estevan was an independent polity during the Late Formative period. Further, we propose that San Estevan competed, and engaged in warfare, with other medium and large regional centers and was one of ~12 independent polities forming a political patchwork across northern Belize.

Resumen

Resumen

Redefinimos el rol de San Estevan dentro del período Formativo Tardío en el norte de Belice. Este sitio ha sido interpretado como un centro subsidiario en la esfera política de Nohmul que gobernó el norte de Belice junto a Cerros, Lamanai y Colha (Scarborough 1991). Se ha sugerido también que unas veintenas de unidades políticas existieron en la región (McAnany 1995). Examinamos estos modelos contrastantes a luz de nueva evidencia de San Estevan. Nuestras excavaciones revelan una secuencia estratigráfica que se extiende a través de depósitos del Formativo Medio y Tardío. Y documentan que su sector central fue repellado luego de 50 cal. a.C.—dentro del lapso general en el cual dieron inicio las edificaciones monumentales en Cerros, Nohmul y Lamanai. El Montículo XV de San Estevan, se construyó sobre estos repellos durante el Formativo Tardío al igual que el cancha de pelota adyacente. Con base en nuestros nuevos datos de excavación sugerimos que San Estevan fue una unidad política independiente durante el Formativo Tardío. Asimismo, proponemos que San Estevan compitió y guerreó con otros centros regionales medianos y grandes, y fue una de aproximadamente 12 unidades políticas independientes en el norte de Belice.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , June 2008 , pp. 123 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

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