Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T21:43:59.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Constructing “The Same Rights with the Same Names”: The Impact of Spanish Norm Diffusion on Marriage Equality in Argentina

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Abstract

This article argues that Spain has been the driving external force in the advancement of LGBT rights in Latin America, from marriage in Argentina to the regional recognition of “sexual diversity rights” as human rights. Acting as “norm entrepreneurs,” Spanish activists and organizations, relying on development aid, have promoted their perspectives through two approaches: strategic consulting and resource transfer. Their diffusion is illustrated primarily by the Argentine case. There, activists underwritten by Spanish resources have borrowed Spanish strategies to achieve “the same rights with the same names.” Besides broadening our understanding of the struggle for LGBT equality in Latin America, this article deepens the explanation of norm diffusion, focusing on emergence. In this stage, specific individuals and organizations deliberately select appropriate “targets” for and moments of intervention. But norm “receptors” must also be ready for action.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, Barry D., Duyvendak, Jan Willem, and Krouwel, André. 1999. Gay and Lesbian Movements Beyond Borders? National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement. In The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement, ed. Adam, Duyvendak, and Krouwel, . Philadelphia : Temple University Press. 344–71.Google Scholar
Argentina. Cámara de Diputados. 2007. Proyecto de ley sobre matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Trámite Parlamentario no. 40, April 30. http://www.scribd.com/doc/3813871/PROYECTO-DE-LEY-SOBRE-MATRIMONIO-diputados. Accessed August 26, 2012.Google Scholar
Argentina. Código Civil. 2010. Matrimonio Civil. Ley 26.618. Modificación. Boletin Oficial de la Republica Argentina, año 107, no. 31.949 (July 22).Google Scholar
Aviel, Jo Ann Fagot. 1997. Spanish Aid Policies. In Roy and Galinsoga Jordá 1997. 173–86.Google Scholar
Babb, Florence E. 2003. Out in Nicaragua: Local and Transnational Desires after the Revolution. Cultural Anthropology 18, 3: 304–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedford, Kate. 2009. Developing Partnerships: Gender, Sexuality, and the Reformed World Bank. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Stephen. 2002. “Con discriminación y represión no hay democracia”: the Lesbian and Gay Movement in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives 29, 2: 119–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brysk, Alison, Parsons, Craig, and Sandholtz, Wayne. 2002. After Empire: National Identity and Post-Colonial Families of Nations. European Journal of International Relations 8, 2: 267305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantero Garlito, Pablo. 2008. Member, Triangle Foundation-Extremadura. Author interview. Via email, September 5.Google Scholar
Chabot, Sean, and Duyvendak, Jan Willem. 2002. Globalization and Transnational Diffusion between Social Movements: Reconceptualizing the Dissemination of the Gandhian Repertoire and the “Coming out” Routine. Theory and Society 31, 6: 697740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis. 2010. U.N. Restores Gay Reference to Violence Measure. Reuters.com , December 21. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/22/us-un-gays-idUSTRE6BK6UW20101222. Accessed June 3, 2011.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2010. Latin American Gays: the Post-Left Leftists. Americas Quarterly, online. http://www.americasquarterly.org/gay-rights-Latin-America. Accessed January 18, 2012.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier, and Pecheny, Mario. 2010. Six Reasons Why Argentina Legalized Gay Marriage First. Americas Quarterly, online. http://www.americasquarterly.org/node/1753. Accessed November 4, 2010.Google Scholar
De la Dehesa, Rafael. 2010. Queering the Public Sphere in Mexico and Brazil. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
De los Reyes-Heredia, José Guillermo. 2005. Gay Rights and Movements. In Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, ed. Francis, J. Michael. Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO. 512–18.Google Scholar
Di Pollina, Eduardo. 2007. Congressional Deputy. Author interview. Buenos Aires, August 7.Google Scholar
Díez, Jordi. 2011. Argentina's Queer Tango: Close Embraces of the LGBT Movement and the State. In The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State: Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship, ed. Tremblay, Manon, Paternotte, David, and Johnson, Carol. London : Ashgate Press. 1326.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar. 2011. Latin America's Gay Rights Revolution. Journal of Democracy 22, 2: 104–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federación Argentina Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, y Trans (FALGBT). nd. Matrimonio para todas y todos: el largo camino a la igualdad, desarrollo y documentacion. http://www.lgbt.org.ar/home.php. Accessed July 29, 2011.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization 52 (Autumn): 887917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. 2009. Re(gion)alizing Women's Human Rights in Latin America. Politics & Gender 5, 3 (September): 349–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triángulo, Fundación. 2007. Amor por la igualdad: la Fundación Triángulo y la cooperación internacional con población Lgbt en América Latina. http://www.fundaciontriangulo.org/documentacion/medios/revista_cooperacion_-_Calidad_Baja.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2011.Google Scholar
Triángulo, Fundación. 2010. Matrimonia para todas y todos: Fundación Triángulo apoya a la Federación Argentina Lgbt en un momento histórico. July 9. Press release. http://www.fundaciontriangulo.org/noticias/134-matrimonio-para-todas-y-todos-fundacion-triangulo-apoya-a-la-federacion-argentina-lgbt-en-un-momento-historico. Accessed January 15, 2012.Google Scholar
Triángulo, Fundación. 2011. Amor por la igualdad: la Fundación Triángulo y la cooperación internacional con población Lgbt en Africa y América Latina. http://www.fundaciontriangulo.org/areas/cooperacion. Accessed January 15, 2012.Google Scholar
Gimeno, Beatriz. 2008. Former President, Spanish State Federation of Gays, Lesbians, Trans and Bisexuals. Author interview. Madrid, June 30.Google Scholar
González, M. Alfredo. 2008. Latinos Act up: Transnational Aids Activism in the 1990s. NACLA Report on the Americas 41, 4: 3541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, James N. 1999. “More Love and More Desire”: The Building of a Brazilian Movement. In The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement, ed. Adam, Barry D., Duyvendak, Jan Willem, and Krouwel, André. Philadelphia : Temple University Press. 91109.Google Scholar
Grugel, Jean. 1997. Spain and Latin America: the Special Relationship in Democracy. In Roy and Galinsoga Jordá 1997. 137–56.Google Scholar
Grugel, Jean. 2000. Romancing Civil Society: European Ngos in Latin America. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, 2 (Summer): 87107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grugel, Jean, and Peruzzotti, Enrique. 2010. Grounding Global Norms in Domestic Politics: Advocacy Coalitions and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies 42, 1: 2957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrera, Catalina. 2008. Triángulo: la fundación española que contribuye a revatilizar el movimiento Lgbt en América Latina. OpusGai, July 7. http://www.opusgay.cl/1315/article-82766.html. Accessed May 24, 2009.Google Scholar
Howe, Cymene. 2006. Gender, Sexuality, and Revolution: Making Histories and Cultural Politics in Nicaragua, 1979–2001. In Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Latin America Since Independence, ed. French, William E. and Bliss, Katherine Elaine. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield. 230–60.Google Scholar
Jordans, Frank. 2011. U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed as “Historic Moment.” Huffington Post, June 17. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/17/un-gay-rights-protection-resolution-passes-_n_879032.html. Accessed June 24, 2011.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics: Introduction. In Activists Beyond Borders, by Keck, and Sikkink, . Ithaca : Cornell University Press. 139.Google Scholar
Kollman, Kelly. 2009. European Institutions, Transnational Networks and National Same-Sex Unions Policy: When Soft Law Hits Harder. Contemporary Politics 15, 1 (March): 3753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kollman, Kelly, and Waites, Matthew. 2009. The Global Politics of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Human Rights: an Introduction. Contemporary Politics 15, 1 (March): 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York : Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovagnini, Guillermo. 2007. President, Vox Civil Association. Author interview. Rosario, Argentina, August 8.Google Scholar
Lovagnini, Guillermo. 2009. Author interview. Rosario, Argentina, June 3.Google Scholar
Lubertino, María José. 2003. Pioneering Quotas: the Argentine Experience and beyond. Quota Project Global Database of Quotas for Women. November 27. http://www.quotaproject.org/CS/CS_Lubertino_27-11-2003.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2011.Google Scholar
Medina, Graciela. 2006. Appellate Judge. Author interview. Buenos Aires, July 11.Google Scholar
Merin, Yuval. 2002. Equality for Same-Sex Couples. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittelstaedt, Emma. 2008. Safeguarding the Rights of Sexual Minorities: the Incremental and Legal Approaches to Enforcing International Human Rights Obligations. Chicago Journal of International Law 9, 1: 353–86.Google Scholar
Moreno, Aluminé. 2008. La invisibilidad como injusticia. Estrategias del movimiento de la diversidad sexual. In Todo sexo es político: estudios sobre sexualidades in Argentina, ed. Pecheny, Mario, Figari, Carlos, and Jones, Daniel. Buenos Aires : Libros del Zorzal. 217–43.Google Scholar
Moreno, Aluminé. 2010. “The Gay Pride March? They're Not Talking About Me”: The Politicization of Differences in the Argentine GLTTTB Movement. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America: A Reader on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights, ed. Corrales, Javier and Pecheny, Mario. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press. 387400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulligan, Mark, and Warn, Ken. 1999. Return of the Conquistador. Financial Times, June 29, 19.Google Scholar
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Development Assistance Committee (DAC). 2007. Spain: DAC Peer Review. Paris : OECD.Google Scholar
Osojnik, Andrés. 2007. Llega el turno del matrimonio homosexual. Pagina 12 (Buenos Aires), February 14.Google Scholar
Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service. 2010. Spain/Portugal: Latin American Investment Pays off. October 8. http://0-search.proquest.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/docview/756967828?accountid=14674.Google Scholar
Paternotte, David, and Kollman, Kelly. 2010. Regulating Intimate Relationships in the European Polity: Same-Sex Unions and Policy Convergence. Paper presented at the 17th International Conference of Europeanists/Council for European Studies, Montréal, April 17.Google Scholar
Pecheny, Mario, and Petracci, Mónica. 2006. Derechos humanos y sexualidad en la Argentina. Horizontes Antropológicos (Porto Alegre) 12, 26: 4369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piatti-Crocker, Adriana. 2010. Constructing Policy Innovation in Argentina: From Gender Quotas to Same-Sex Marriage. In Same-Sex Marriage in the Americas: Policy Innovation for Same-Sex Relationships, ed. Pierce, Jason, Piatti-Crocker, Adriana, and Schulenberg, Shawn. Lanham : Lexington Books. 3772.Google Scholar
Rachid, María. 2007a. Presentation at First Iberoamerican Summit of Latin American LGTB Leaders. Video. June.Google Scholar
Rachid, María. 2007b. President, Argentine Federation of Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Trans. Author interview. Buenos Aires, August 6.Google Scholar
Raupp Rios, Roger. 2010. Sexual Rights of Gays, Lesbians, and Transgender Persons in Latin America: A Judge's View. In The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America: A Reader on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights, ed. Corrales, Javier and Pecheny, Mario. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press. 251–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revista Criterio (Buenos Aires). 2010. Debate legislativo por proyecto de matrimonio civil entre personas del mismo sexo: exposición de Vilma Ibarra. July. http://www.revistacriterio.com.ar/documentos/debate-legislativo-porproyecto-de-matrimonio-civil-entre-personas-del-mismo-sexo-exposicion-de-vilma-ibarra/comment-page-1. Accessed August 26, 2012.Google Scholar
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. 1995. Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Introduction. In Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, ed. Risse-Kappen, . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zapatero, Rodríguez, Luis, José. 2008. In Spain's Interest: a Committed Foreign Policy. Análisis del Real Instituto Elcano (Madrid), February. 114.Google Scholar
Romero, Marcela. 2007. President of Transvestite, Transexual, Transgender Association of Argentina. Author interview. Buenos Aires, August 7.Google Scholar
Roy, Joaquín, and Jordá, Albert Galinsoga. 1997. The Ibero-American Space: Dimensions and Perceptions of the Special Relationship Between Spain and Latin America. Coral Gables : Iberian Studies Institute, University of Miami.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Miguel Angel. 2008. President, Triangle Foundation. Author interview. Madrid, July 1.Google Scholar
Seminar on Sexual Diversity, Identity, and Gender of the High Authorities on Human Rights of Mercosur. 2007. MERCOSUR Declaration on the Rights of Sexual Minorities. http://www.unsam.edu.ar. Accessed August 15, 2011.Google Scholar
Sentido G (Buenos Aires). 2006. Organizaciones Lgtb argentinas se reunieron con Beatriz Gimeno. September 18. http://www.sentidog.com/lat/.Google Scholar
Serbin, Andrés. 1997. Beyond the Quincentennial: Foreign Policy and Ethnohistorical Perceptions in Relations between Latin America and Spain. In Roy and Galinsoga Jordá 1997. 119–36.Google Scholar
Sheill, Kate. 2009. Losing out in the Intersections: Lesbians, Human Rights, Law and Activism. Contemporary Politics 15, 1 (March): 5571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sikkink, Kathryn. 2008. From Pariah State to Global Human Rights Protagonist: Argentina and the Struggle for International Human Rights. Latin American Politics and Society 50, 1 (Spring): 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, Beth A., Dobbin, Frank, and Garrett, Geoffrey. 2008. Introduction: The Diffusion of Liberalization. In The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy, ed. Simmons, Dobbin, and Garrett, . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Matt. 2011. Court Gives Colombia Congress 2 years to Pass Gay Marriage Bill. Colombia Reports, July 27. http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/17896-colombian-supreme-court-calls-on-congress-to-pass-gay-marriage-bill-in-two-years.html. Accessed July 31, 2011.Google Scholar
Spain. Cámara de Diputados. 2010. Sesión de la Cámara de Diputados del 4-5-2010 (período 128º—Reunión 7º—4º Sesión Ordinaria [Especial]). http://www.lgbt.org.ar/blog/Matrimonio/archivos/VT_Diputados/VT_04-05-2010_Diputados.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2010.Google Scholar
Spain. Coordinadora de Ong para el Desarrollo España. nd. Quienes Somos. http://www.congde.org/index.php/vercontenido/4142. Accessed May 24, 2009.Google Scholar
Spain. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. 2005. The Master Plan for Spanish Cooperation, 2005–2008. http://www.aecid.es/export/sites/default/web/galerias/publicaciones/descargas/Plan_Director0508_Ing.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2008.Google Scholar
Spain. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. 2009. Plan Director de la Cooperación Española, 2009–2012. http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/CooperacionInternacional/Paginas/Cooperacionespanola.aspx;2009-12plandirector.zip. Accessed December 10, 2010.Google Scholar
Spain. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación nd. Ongd y Cooperantes. http://www.aecid.es/web/es/ongd. Accessed May 24, 2009.Google Scholar
State Federation of Gays, Lesbians, Trans and Bisexuals (FELGTB). 2010. La Felgtb celebra el “Sí, Quiero” al matrimonio en Argentina. FELGBT.org. http://www.felgtb.org/es/notas-de-prensa/la-felgtb-celebra-el-si-quiero-al-matrimonio-en-argentina. Accessed July 22, 2011.Google Scholar
Suntheim, Marcelo. 2006. Secretary, Argentine Homosexual Community. Author interview. Buenos Aires, July 5.Google Scholar
Thayer, Millie. 2010. Making Transnational Feminism. New York : Routledge.Google Scholar
Ungar, Mark. 2001. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered International Alliances: The Perils of Success. In Forging Radical Alliances Across Difference: Coalition Politics for the New Millennium, ed. Bystydzienski, Jill M. and Schacht, Steven P.. London : Rowman and Littlefield. 235–48.Google Scholar
United Nations. nd. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml. Accessed August 26, 2012.Google Scholar
Vaggione, Juan Marco. 2011. Sexual Rights and Religion: Same-Sex Marriage and Lawmakers' Catholic Identity in Argentina. University of Miami Law Review 65, 935: 935–54.Google Scholar
Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia. 2012. LGBT Rights by Country or Territory. August 27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory. Accessed August 27, 2012.Google Scholar
Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia. 2011. Same-Sex Marriage in Spain. nd. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain. Accessed July 29, 2011.Google Scholar
World Values Survey. 1990. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org. Accessed July 31, 2009.Google Scholar
Wotipka, Christine Min, and Ramírez, Francisco O.. 2008. World Society and Human Rights: An Event History Analysis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. In The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy, ed. Simmons, Beth A., Dobbin, Frank, and Garrett, Geoffrey. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 303–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yogyakarta Principles. 2006. http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/index.html. Accessed June 3, 2011.Google Scholar
Zerolo, Pedro. 2009. Pedro Zerolo en el orgullo Lgbt, Buenos Aires 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzd9PP6qhOA. Accessed June 16, 2010.Google Scholar
Zulueta Fülscher, Kimana. 2008. Democracy Promotion During Zapatero's Government, 2004–2008. February. FRIDE Democracy Backgrounder. Madrid : FRIDE.Google Scholar