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Class Jurisprudes: Free Labor Ideology and For-Profit Penal Labor in Gilded Age Courts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Aaron R. Hall
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Abstract

For-profit penal servitude flourished in Gilded Age America. Prisoners produced consumer goods inside factory-penitentiaries for private enterprise. Regulations protecting free labor encountered litigation by businesses invested in carceral capitalism. Judges who defended “liberty of contract,” maintained “state neutrality,” and condemned “class legislation” exhibited a different approach when evaluating labeling laws. Such statutes were seemingly consonant with the free labor ideology that dominated appellate benches—they remediated markets distorted by state-created privileges. Yet courts routinely struck them down. This article argues that judges were motivated by a class-infused framework structuring interpretation of facts and aliening lower-class Americans. Judges perceived workingmen who sought remedial assistance as seeking class legislation; they saw prison inmates and products as ordinary workers and goods, not as captive manpower and state-subsidized wares. Jurisprudence bent and bowed from judges’ values and associations. This article thus reintroduces the explanatory power of class to the Lochner era through judicial subjectivity.

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Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , Summer 2018 , pp. 678 - 705
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2018 

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