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THE SQUARE TERMS IN GENERALIZED LUCAS SEQUENCES

Part of: Sequences and sets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2013

Zafer Şi̇ar  and
Refi̇k Keski̇n
Zafer Şi̇ar
Affiliation:
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Bilecik/TURKEY email zafer.siar@bilecik.edu.tr
Refi̇k Keski̇n*
Affiliation:
Sakarya University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Mathematics, Sakarya/TURKEY
*
rkeskin@sakarya.edu.tr
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Abstract

Let $P$ and $Q$ be non-zero integers. The generalized Fibonacci sequence $\{ {U}_{n} \} $ and Lucas sequence $\{ {V}_{n} \} $ are defined by ${U}_{0} = 0$, ${U}_{1} = 1$ and ${U}_{n+ 1} = P{U}_{n} + Q{U}_{n- 1} $ for $n\geq 1$ and ${V}_{0} = 2, {V}_{1} = P$ and ${V}_{n+ 1} = P{V}_{n} + Q{V}_{n- 1} $ for $n\geq 1$, respectively. In this paper, we assume that $Q= 1$. Firstly, we determine indices $n$ such that ${V}_{n} = k{x}^{2} $ when $k\vert P$ and $P$ is odd. Then, when $P$ is odd, we show that there are no solutions of the equation ${V}_{n} = 3\square $ for $n\gt 2$. Moreover, we show that the equation ${V}_{n} = 6\square $ has no solution when $P$ is odd. Lastly, we consider the equations ${V}_{n} = 3{V}_{m} \square $ and ${V}_{n} = 6{V}_{m} \square $. It has been shown that the equation ${V}_{n} = 3{V}_{m} \square $ has a solution when $n= 3, m= 1$, and $P$ is odd. It has also been shown that the equation ${V}_{n} = 6{V}_{m} \square $ has a solution only when $n= 6$. We also solve the equations ${V}_{n} = 3\square $ and ${V}_{n} = 3{V}_{m} \square $ under some assumptions when $P$ is even.

MSC classification

Secondary: 11B37: Recurrences 11B39: Fibonacci and Lucas numbers and polynomials and generalizations
Type
Research Article
Information
Mathematika , Volume 60 , Issue 1 , January 2014 , pp. 85 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © University College London 2013 

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