Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-30T12:32:25.466Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From socialist to post-socialist cities: Narrating the nation through urban space

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Alexander C. Diener  and
Joshua Hagen
Alexander C. Diener
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, Email: diener@ku.edu
Joshua Hagen
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The development of post-socialist cities has emerged as a major field of study among critical theorists from across the social sciences. Originally constructed under the dictates of central planners and designed to serve the demands of command economies, post-socialist urban centers currently develop at the nexus of varied and often competing economic, cultural, and political forces. Among these, nationalist aspirations, previously simmering beneath the official rhetoric of communist fraternity and veneer of architectural conformity, have emerged as dominant factors shaping the urban landscape. This article examines patterns, processes, and practices concerning the cultural politics of architecture, urban planning, and identity in the post-socialist city. In addition to assessing the main contours of this burgeoning field of research, this article highlights how this special issue of Nationalities Papers contributes to a broader understanding of contemporary cultural and political change in post-socialist urban settings.

Keywords

architectureCaucasusCentral AsiaEastern Europeidentitymemorymonumentsnationalismpost-socialismpost-SovietRussiaurban planningurban space
Type
Research Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 41 , Issue 4: Special Issue: From Socialist to Post-Socialist Cities Guest Editors: Alexander C. Diener and Joshua Hagen , July 2013 , pp. 487 - 514
Copyright
Copyright © 2013 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“A New and Modern and City Centre Instead of the Black City to Be Established.” 2010. APA (Azeri-Press Agency), June 24 2010. Accessed May 12, 2011. http://www.apa.az/en/news.php?id=125011.Google Scholar
Adams, John S. 2008. “Monumentality in Urban Design: The Case of Russia.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 49 (3): 280–303.Google Scholar
Aleksandravičius, Egidijus. 2006. “Post-Communist Transition: The Case of Two Lithuanian Capital Cities.” International Review of Sociology 16 (2): 347–360.Google Scholar
Alexander, Catherine. 2007. “Soviet and Post-Soviet Planning in Almaty, Kazakhstan.” Critique of Anthropology 27 (2): 165–181.Google Scholar
Åman, Anders. 1992. Architecture and Ideology in Eastern Europe During the Staling Era: An Aspect of Cold War History. New York: The Architectural History Foundation.Google Scholar
Anacker, Shonin. 2004. “Geographies of Power in Nazarbayev's Astana.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 45 (7): 515–533.Google Scholar
Asadzade, Ulviyya, Ismayilova, Khadija, and Rivkin, Amanda. 2012. “Azerbaijan: Baku is Bulldozing its Past.” Eurasianet.org, April 27 2012. Accessed July 8, 2012. http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65323 Google Scholar
Azaryahu, Maoz, and Foote, Kenneth E. 2008. “Historical Space as Narrative Medium: On the Configuration of Spatial Narratives of Time at Historical Sites.” GeoJournal 73 (3): 179–194.Google Scholar
Azaryahu, Maoz, and Kook, Rebecca. 2002. “Mapping the Nation: Street Names and Arab-Palestinian Identity: Three Case Studies.” Nations & Nationalism 8 (2): 195–213.Google Scholar
Bartetzky, Arnold. 2006. “Changes in the Political Iconography of East Central European Capitals after 1989 (Berlin, Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava).” International Review of Sociology 16 (2): 451–469.Google Scholar
Bater, James H. 1980. The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Bell, James. 1999. “Redefining National Identity in Uzbekistan: Symbolic Tensions in Tashkent's Official Public Landscape.” Ecumene 6 (2): 183–213.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, Christoph. 2005. “Planning Urbanization and Urban Growth in the Socialist Period: The Case of East German New Towns, 1945-1989.” Journal of Urban History 32 (1): 104–119.Google Scholar
Bodnar, Judit. 2001. Fin De Millenaire Budapest: Lessons from a Post Socialist City, Metamorphoses of Urban Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Borén, Thomas, and Gentile, Michael. 2007. “Metropolitan Processes in Post-Communist States: An Introduction.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 89 (2): 95–110.Google Scholar
Brandenberger, David. 2002. National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian Identity, 1931-1956. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Burch, Stuart, and Smith, David J. 2007. “Empty Spaces and the Value of Symbols: Estonia's ‘War of Monuments’ from Another Angle.” Europe-Asia Studies 59 (6): 913–936.Google Scholar
Butler, Sara A. 2007. “The Monument as Manifesto: The Pierre Charles L'Enfant Memorial, 1909-1911.” Journal of Planning History 6 (4): 283–310.Google Scholar
Castillo, Greg. 2003. “Stalinist Modern: Constructivism and the Soviet Company Town.” In Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 to the Present, edited by Cracraft, James and Rowland, Daniel, 135–149. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cavalcanti, Maria de Betănia Uchòa. 1997. “Urban Reconstruction and Autocratic Regimes: Ceausescu's Bucharest in its Historic Context.” Planning Perspectives 12 (1): 71–109.Google Scholar
Church, Gordon. 1979. “Bucharest: Revolution in the Townscape Art.” In The Socialist City, edited by French, R. A. and Hamilton, Ian, 493–506. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Cinis, Andia, Drėmaitė, Marija, and Kalm, Mart. 2008. “Perfect Representations of Soviet Planned Space: Mono-industrial Towns in the Soviet Baltic Republics in the 1950s-1980s.” Scandinavian Journal of History 33 (3): 226–246.Google Scholar
Colomb, C. 2007. “Requiem for a Lost Palast: ‘Revanchist Urban Planning’ and ‘Burdened Landscapes’ of the German Democratic Republic in the New Berlin.” Planning Perspectives 22 (3): 283–323.Google Scholar
Cummings, Sally N., eds. 2010. Symbolism and Power in Central Asia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Czaplicka, John. 2005. “The Vernacular in Place and Time: Relocating History in Post-Soviet Cities.” In Vernacular Modernism: Heimat, Globalization, and the Built Environment, edited by Umbach, Maiken and Hüppauf, Bernd, 172–192. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Czaplicka, John, Gelazis, Nida, and Ruble, Blair A., eds. 2009. Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Czepczyński, Mariusz. 2008. Cultural Landscapes of Post-Socialist Cities: Representation of Power and Needs. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Danzer, Alexander M. 2009. “Battlefields of Ethnic Symbols: Public Space and Post-Soviet Identity Formation from a Minority Perspective.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (9): 1557–1577.Google Scholar
Day, Andrew. 2003. “The Rise and Fall of Stalinist Architecture.” In Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 to the Present, edited by Cracraft, James and Rowland, Daniel, 172–190. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Degen, Monica, Rose, Gillian, and Basdas, Begum. 2010. “Bodies and Everyday Practices in Designed Urban Environments.” Science Studies 23 (2): 60–76.Google Scholar
Denison, Michael. 2009. “The Art of the Impossible: Political Symbolism, and the Creation of National Identity and Collective Memory in Post-Soviet Turkmenistan.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1167–1187.Google Scholar
Diener, Alexander C., and Hagen, Joshua. 2011. “Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad Exclave and Enclave: Russian and EU Perspectives.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 (4): 567–592.Google Scholar
Dobrenko, Evengy, and Naiman, Eric, eds. 2003. The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Owen J., and Alderman, Derek H. 2008. “Memorial Landscapes: Analytic Questions and Metaphors.” GeoJournal 73 (3): 165–178.Google Scholar
Edgar, Adrienne Lynn. 2004. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Faraldo, José M. 2001. “Medieval Socialist Artefacts: Architecture and Discourses of National Identity in Provincial Poland, 1945-1960.” Nationalities Papers 29 (4): 605–632.Google Scholar
Foote, Kenneth E., Tóth, Attila, and Árvay, Anett. 2000. “Hungary after 1989: Inscribing a New Past on Place.” Geographical Review 90 (3): 301–334.Google Scholar
Forest, Benjamin, and Johnson, Juliet. 2002. “Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet-Era Monuments and Post-Soviet Identity in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (3): 524–547.Google Scholar
French, R. Anthony 1995. Plans, Pragmatism and People: The Legacy of Soviet Planning for Today's Cities. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
French, R. A., and Hamilton, F. E. Ian. 1979. The Socialist City: Spatial Structure and Urban Policy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Frunchak, Svetlana. 2010. “Commemorating the Future in Post-War Chernivtsi.” East European Politics & Societies 24 (3): 435–463.Google Scholar
Fujita, Mari Anna. 2010. “Forays into Building Identity: Kampung to Kampong in the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Area.” Journal of Architectural Education 63 (2): 8–24.Google Scholar
Gentile, Michael, and Sjöberg, Örjan. 2006. “Intra-Urban Landscapes of Priority: The Soviet Legacy.” Europe-Asia Studies 58 (5): 701–729.Google Scholar
Golubchikov, Oleg. 2010. “World-City-Entrepreneurialism: Globalist Imaginaries, Neoliberal Geographies, and the Production of New St. Petersburg.” Environment and Planning A 42 (3): 626–643.Google Scholar
Gordon, David L. A., and Osborne, Brian S. 2004. “Constructing National Identity in Canada's Capital, 1900-2000: Confederation Square and the National War Memorial.” Journal of Historical Geography 30 (4): 618–642.Google Scholar
Gutnov, A., Baburov, A., Djumenton, G., Kharitonova, S., Lezava, I., and Sadovskij, S. 1971. The Ideal Communist City. Translated by Renee Neu Watkins. New York: George Braziller.Google Scholar
Hackmann, Jörg. 2009. “Mapping Tallinn after Communism: Modernist Architecture as Representation of a Small Nation.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 105–136. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Hagen, Joshua. 2009. “Historic Preservation in Nazi Germany: Place, Memory, and Nationalism.” Journal of Historical Geography 35 (4): 690–715.Google Scholar
Hagen, Joshua. 2010. “Architecture, Symbolism, and Function: The Nazi Party's ‘Forum of the Movement'.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (3): 397–424.Google Scholar
Hagen, Joshua, and Ostergren, Robert C. 2014. Building Nazi Germany: Place, Space, Architecture, and Ideology. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Hamilton, F. E. Ian, Dimitrovska Andrews, Kaliopa, and Pichler-Milanovic, Nataa, eds. 2005. Transformation of Cities in Central and Eastern Europe: Towards Globalization. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Haque Khondker, Habibul. 2009. “Dhaka and the Contestation over the Public Space.” City 13 (1): 129–136.Google Scholar
Harding, Luke. 2010. “In Joseph Stalin's Birthplace, Tyrant is Finally Toppled.” Guardian, June 25 2010. Accessed October 26, 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/25/georgia-gori-topples-joseph-stalin-statue Google Scholar
Harris, Steven E. 2005. “In Search of ‘Ordinary’ Russia: Everyday Life in the NEP, the Thaw, and the Communal Apartment.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6 (3): 583–614.Google Scholar
Haskins, Ekaterina V. 2009. “Russia's Postcommunist Past: The Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Reimagining of National Identity.” History & Memory 21 (1): 25–62.Google Scholar
Heckart, Beverly. 2006. “The Battle of Jena: Opposition to ‘Socialist’ Urban Planning in the German Democratic Republic.” Journal of Urban History 32 (4): 546–581.Google Scholar
Hentosh, Liliana, and Tscherkes, Bohdan. 2009. “L'viv in Search of Its Identity: Transformations of the City's Public Space.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 255–279. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Herrschel, Tassilo. 2007. Global Geographies of Post-Socialist Transition: Geographies, Societies, Policies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hill, Fiona, and Gaddy, Clifford G. 2003. The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, Francine. 2005. Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Holden, Stacy E. 2006. “When It Pays to be Medieval: Historical Preservation as a Colonial Policy in the Medina of Fez, 1912-1932.” Journal of the Historical Society 6 (2): 297–316.Google Scholar
Houston, Christopher. 2005. “Provocations of the Built Environment: Animating Cities in Turkey as Kemalist.” Political Geography 24 (1): 101–119.Google Scholar
Immerwahr, Daniel. 2007. “The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos, 1960-1986.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 19 (2): 165–186.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Jane M., and Merriman, Peter. 2011. “Practicing Architectures.” Social & Cultural Geography 12 (3): 211–222.Google Scholar
Johnson, David A. 2010. “Land Acquisition, Landlessness, and the Building of New Delhi.” Radical History Review 108: 91–116.Google Scholar
Jones, R., and Fowler, C. 2007. “Placing and Scaling the Nation.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25 (2): 332–354.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Robert. 1994. The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Robert, and Nikiforova, Elena. 2008. “The Performativity of Scale: The Social Construction of Scale Effects in Narva, Estonia.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26 (3): 537–562.Google Scholar
Khalid, Adeeb. 2007. Islam After Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
King, Ross. 2007. “Re-writing the City: Putrajaya as Representation.” Journal of Urban Design 12 (1): 117–138.Google Scholar
Kirchick, James. 2010. “Statue of Limitations: A Russia-Georgian War Over Stalin.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 12 2010. Accessed November 2, 2011. http://www.rferl.org/content/RFERL_In_The_News_James_Kirchick_in_The_New_Republic_On_Russia_Georgia_Stalin_War/2126177.html Google Scholar
Kirk, Terry. 2006. “Framing St. Peter's: Urban Planning in Fascist Rome.” Art Bulletin 88 (4): 756–776.Google Scholar
Kolbe, Laura. 2007. “Central and Eastern European Capital Cities: Interpreting WWW-Pages - History, Symbols and Identity.” Planning Perspectives 22 (1): 79–111.Google Scholar
Kravchenko, Volodymyr. 2009. “Kharkiv: A Borderland City.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 219–253. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Lane, Christel. 1981. The Rites of Rulers: Rituals in Industrial Society - The Soviet Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leib, J. 2002. “Separate Times, Shared Spaces: Arthur Ashe, Monument Avenue and the Politics of Richmond, Virginia's Symbolic Landscape.” Cultural Geographies 9 (3): 286–312.Google Scholar
Marcus, Sarah, and Barry, Ellen. 2010. “Georgia Knocks Stalin off His Pedestal.” New York Times, June 25. Accessed October 26, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/26/world/europe/26georgia.html.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
May, Ruth. 2003. “Planned City Stalinstadt: A Manifesto of the Early German Democratic Republic.” Planning Perspectives 18 (1): 47–78.Google Scholar
Mevius, Martin. 2009. “Reappraising Communism and Nationalism.” Nationalities Papers 37 (4): 377–400.Google Scholar
Molnar, Virag. 2010. “The Cultural Production of Locality: Reclaiming the ‘European City’ in Post-Wall Berlin.” International Journal of Urban & Regional Research 34 (2): 281–309.Google Scholar
Moore, Adam. 2008. “Rethinking Scale as a Geographical Category: From Analysis to Practice.” Progress in Human Geography 32 (2): 203–225.Google Scholar
Murzyn-Kupisz, Monika, and Gwosdz, Krzysztof. 2011. “The Changing Identity of the Central European City: The Case of Katowice.” Journal of Historical Geography 37 (1): 113–126.Google Scholar
Musil, Jiri. 1980. Urbanization in Socialist Countries. White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc.Google Scholar
Njoh, Ambe J. 2009. “Urban Planning as a Tool of Power and Social Control in Colonial Africa.” Planning Perspectives 24 (3): 301–317.Google Scholar
Ochman, Ewa. 2010. “Soviet War Memorials and the Re-construction of National and Local Identities in Post-Communist Poland.” Nationalities Papers 38 (4): 509–530.Google Scholar
Olwig, Kenneth E. 2011. “Performance, iEtherial Space and the Practice of Landscape/Architecture: The Case of the Missing Mask.” Social and Cultural Geography 12 (3): 305–318.Google Scholar
Palmer, Scott W. 2009. “How Memory was Made: The Construction of the Memorial to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad.” The Russian Review 68 (3): 373–407.Google Scholar
Perera, Nihal. 2005. “The Making of a National Capitol: Conflicts, Contradictions, and Contestations in Sri Jayawardhanapura.” In National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative, edited by Geisler, Michael E., 241–272. Middlebury: Middlebury College Press.Google Scholar
Petrone, Karen. 2000. Life has Become More Joyous, Comrades: Celebrations in the Time of Stalin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Qualls, Karl D. 2009. “Traveling Today through Sevastopol's Past: Postcommunist Continuity in a ‘Ukrainian’ Cityscape.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 167–193. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Ratz, Tamara, Smith, Melanie, and Michalko, Gabor. 2008. “New Places in Old Spaces: Mapping Tourism and Regeneration in Budapest.” Tourism Geographies 10 (4): 429–451.Google Scholar
Ribera-Fumaz, Ramon. 2009. “From Urban Political Economy to Cultural Political Economy: Rethinking Culture and Economy in and beyond the Urban.” Progress in Human Geography 33 (4): 447–465.Google Scholar
Ruble, Blair A. 2003a. “Architecture, Urban Space, and Post-Soviet Russian Identity.” In Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 to the Present, edited by Cracraft, James and Rowland, Daniel, 204–214. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ruble, Blair A. 2003b. “From Khrushcheby to Korobki.” In Russian Housing in the Modern Age: Design and Social History, edited by Craft Brumfield, William and Ruble, Blair A., 232–270. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Scriver, Peter. 2006. “Placing In-between: Thinking through Architecture in the Construction of Colonial-Modern Identities.” National Identities 8 (3): 207–223.Google Scholar
Sidorov, Dmitri. 2000. “National Monumentalization and the Politics of Scale: The Resurrections of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (3): 548–572.Google Scholar
Sioh, Maureen. 2010. “Anxious Enactments: Postcolonial Anxieties and the Performance of Territorialization.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (3): 467–486.Google Scholar
Smith, David M. 1996. “The Socialist City.” In Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-socialist Societies, edited by Gregory D. Andrusz, Michael Harloe and Szelenyi, Ivan, 70–99. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stan, Lavinia, and Turcescu, Lucian. 2006. “Politics, National Symbols and the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral.” Europe-Asia Studies 58 (7): 1119–1139.Google Scholar
Stangl, Paul. 2003. “The Soviet War Memorial in Treptow, Berlin.” The Geographical Review 93 (2): 213–236.Google Scholar
Stangl, Paul. 2006. “Restoring Berlin's Unter den Linden: Ideology, World View, Place and Space.” Journal of Historical Geography 32 (2): 352–376.Google Scholar
Stanilov, Kiril, eds. 2007. The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Stenning, Alison. 2000. “Placing (Post-)Socialism: The Making and Remaking of Nowa Huta, Poland.” European Urban and Regional Studies 7 (2): 99–118.Google Scholar
Stenning, Alison. 2005. “Post-Socialism and the Changing Geographies of the Everyday in Poland.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30 (1): 113–127.Google Scholar
Stenning, Alison, and Hörschelmann, Kathrin. 2008. “History, Geography and Difference in the Post-Socialist World: Or, Do We Still Need Post-Socialism?” Antipode 40 (2): 312–335.Google Scholar
Stoicheva, Tatyana. 2009. “'Giving Everybody Their Due': Religious Building in Sofia and the Conceptualization of National Identity, 1878-1912.” National Identities 11 (2): 187–207.Google Scholar
Stronski, Paul. 2010. Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930-1966. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Szelényi, Ivan. 1983. Urban Social Inequalities Under State Socialism. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thum, Gregor. 2009. “Wroclaw's Search for a New Historical Narrative: From Polnocentrism to Postmodernism.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 75–101. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Turkun, Asuman. 2011. “Urban Regeneration and Hegemonic Power Relationships.” International Planning Studies 16 (1): 61–72.Google Scholar
Urban, F. 2008. “Friedrichstraße, 1987: Neo-Historical Urban Design in the German Democratic Republic.” Planning Perspectives 23 (1): 1–28.Google Scholar
Vaisvilaite, Irena. 2009. “The Changing Face of Vilnius: From Capital to Administrative Center and Back.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis and Ruble, Blair A., 17–52. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Vovina, Olessia. 2006. “Islam and the Creation of Sacred Space: The Mishar Tartars in Chuvashia.” Religion, State & Society 34 (3): 255–269.Google Scholar
Wertsch, James V. 2008. “Collective Memory and Narrative Templates.” Social Research 75 (1): 133–156.Google Scholar
Williams, Paul. 2008. “The Afterlife of Communist Statuary: Hungary's Szoborpark and Lithuania's Grutas Park.” Forum for Modern Language Studies 44 (2): 185–198.Google Scholar
Williams, Richard J. 2005. “Modernist Civic Space and the Case of Brasilia.” Journal of Urban History 32 (1): 120–137.Google Scholar
Yekelchyk, Serhy. 2006. “The Leader, the Victory, and the Nation: Public Celebrations in Soviet Ukraine under Stalin (Kiev, 1943-1953).” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54 (1): 3–19.Google Scholar
Young, Craig, and Kaczmarek, Sylvia. 2008. “The Socialist Past and Postsocialist Urban Identity in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Lodz, Poland.” European Urban and Regional Studies 15 (1): 53–70.Google Scholar
Zérah, Marie-Hélène. 2009. “Participatory Governance in Urban Management and the Shifting Geometry of Power in Mumbai.” Development & Change 40 (5): 853–877.Google Scholar