Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T06:39:23.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction to the Special Issue on the Soviet Famines of 1930–1933

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2020

Andrea Graziosi*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
*
*Corresponding author. Email: andrea.graziosi@unina.it

Extract

The 20th century has been a century of political famines, that is, famines directly—and at times willfully—caused by human policies, in war1 and in peacetime. Scores of millions starved to death in times during which there was enough food to feed everyone and the means to transport it where needed.

Type
Special Issue Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Applebaum, Anne. 2017. Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
BiancoLucien. 2014. La Récidive. Révolution russe, Révolution chinoise [The relapse. Russian revolution, Chinese revolution]. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Cameron, Sarah I. 2018. The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Caşu, Igor. 2014. “Foametea din 1946–1947: cauze şi consecinţe [The famine of 1946–1947 in the Moldavian SSR: Its causes and consequences]. Chap. 4. in Dușmanul de clasă. Represiuni politice, violență și rezistență în R(A)SS Moldovenească [The class enemy: Political repressions, violence and resistance in the Moldovan SSR]. Chișinău: Cartier.Google Scholar
Danilov, Viktor P., and Berelowitch, Alexis, eds., 2001. Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK-OGPU-NKVD [The Soviet countryside in the eyes of the secret police], vol. 3: 1930–1933. Moscow: Rosspen.Google Scholar
Danilov, Viktor P., and Shanin, Theodore, eds. 1994Krest’ianskoe vosstanie v Tambovskoi gubernii v 1919–1921 gg. “Antonovshchina” [The peasant insurrection in the Tambov region in 1919-1921. “Antonovshchina”]. Tambov: Intertsentr.Google Scholar
Davies, Robert W., and Oleg Khlevniuk, E. A. Rees, Kosheleva, Liudmila P., and Larisa, A. Rogovaya, eds., and Shabad, Steven, trans. 2003. The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Robert W., and Wheatcroft, Stephen G.. 2004. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dawit, Wolde Giorgis. 1989. Red Tears: War, Famine, and Revolution in Ethiopia. Trenton: Red Sea Press.Google Scholar
Dikötter, Frank. 2011. Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
The Contemporary European History Editorial Team, ed. 2018. “Roundtable on Soviet Famines,” European Contemporary History 27 (3): 432481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellman, Michael. 2000. “The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 24 (5) 603630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esikova, Milana. n.d. “Hunger in the Tsentral’no-chernozemnaia Region, 1932–33” (unpublished paper).Google Scholar
Felshtinsky, Yuri G. 1991. “Konfidentsial’nye besedy Bukharina” [Bukharin’s confidential discussions]. Voprosy istorii (2/3):182203.Google Scholar
Fisher, Harold H. 1927. The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–1923. The Operations of the American Relief Administration. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Fonzi, Paolo. 2020. “Non-Soviet Perspectives on the Great Famine: A Comparative Analysis of British, Italian, Polish, and German Sources.” Nationalities Papers 48: 444459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnaut, Anthony. 2014. “The Geography of the Great Leap Famine.” Modern China 40 (3): 315348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Getty, J. Arch. 2018. “New Sources and Old Narratives.” Contemporary European History 27 (3): 450455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 1996. The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1917–1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2009. “The Soviet 1931–33 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, What Would Its Consequences Be?” In Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine and Its Soviet Context, edited by Hryn, Halyna. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1–19.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2015a. “The Impact of Holodomor Studies on the Understanding of the USSR.” East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 2 (1): 5379.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2015b. “The Uses of Hunger: Stalin’s Solution of the Peasant and National Questions in Soviet Ukraine, 1932–1933.” In Famines in European Economic History, edited by Curran, Declan, Luciuk, Lubomyr, and Newby, Andrew G.. London: Routledge, 223260.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2017a. “Communism, Nations, and Nationalism.” In The Cambridge History of Communism, Vol. 1: World Revolution and Socialism in One Country,1917–1941, edited by Pons, Silvio and Smith, Stephen A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 449474.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2017b. “Political Famines in the USSR and China. A Comparative Analysis,” Journal of Cold War Studies 19 (3): 42103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea. 2018. “The Kazakh Famine, the Holodomor, and the Soviet 1930-33 Famine: Starvation and National Un-building in the Soviet Union,” Paper presented at the conference “Genocide in Twentieth-Century History. The Power and the Problems of an Interpretive, Ethical-Political, and Legal Concept,” University of Toronto, October 19–20. https://www.umass.edu/ihgms/sites/default/files/assets/ihgms/program_genocide_conference.pdf.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea, Hajda, Lubomyr, and Hryn, Halyna, eds., 2013. After the Holodomor: The Enduring Impact of the Great Famine in Ukraine, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.Google Scholar
Graziosi, Andrea, and Sysyn, Frank E., eds. 2016. Communism and Hunger: The Ukrainian, Chinese, Kazakh, and Soviet Famines in Comparative Perspective. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.Google Scholar
Heerten, Lasse, and Moses, A. Dirk. 2014. “The Nigeria–Biafra War, 1967–1970: Postcolonial Conflicts and the Question of Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 16 (2/3): 169–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holodomor Research and Education Consortium. 2017. “Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in Comparative Historical Perspective.” International Symposium, June 5–7, Kiev. https://holodomor.ca/empire-colonialism-and-famine-kyiv-conference/; https://holodomor.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Final-Kyiv-Conference-Program-English.pdf.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch [Alex de Waal]. 1991. Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Hutter, Simone. 2015. Starvation as a Weapon: Domestic Policies of Deliberate Starvation as a Means to an End under International Law. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khiterer, Victoria. 2020. “The Holodomor and Jews in Kyiv and Ukraine: An Introduction and Observations on a Neglected Topic.” Nationalities Papers 48: 460475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, Ben. 1996. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kindler, Robert. 2018. Stalin’s Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan. Translated by Klohr, Cynthia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondrashin, Viktor V. 2008. Golod 1932–1933 godov: tragediia rossiiskoi derevni [The 1932–1933 famine: The tragedy of the Soviet countryside]. Moscow: Rosspen.Google Scholar
Kondrashin, Viktor V., and Penner, D’Ann. 2002. Golod: 1932–33 v sovetskoi derevne (na materiale Povolzhia, Dona i Kubani) [Hunger: 1932–1933 in the Soviet countryside (materials from the Volga, Don and Kuban regions)]. Samara-Penza: [n.p.].Google Scholar
Krinko, Evgeny, Skorik, Alexander, and Shadrina, Alla. 2020. “The Don and Kuban Regions During Famine: The Authorities, the Cossacks, and the Church in the 1921–1922 and 1932–1933.” Nationalities Papers 48: 569584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulchytsky, Stanislav V. 2018. The Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: An Anatomy of the Holodomor. Translated by Kinsella, Ali. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press.Google Scholar
Levchuk, Nataliia, Wolowyna, Oleh, Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Kovbasiuk, Alla, and Kulyk, Natalia. 2020. “Regional 1932–1933 Famine Losses: A Comparative Analysis of Ukraine and Russia.” Nationalities Papers 48: 492512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, David. 2003. “Famine Crimes in International Law.” American Journal of International Law 97 (2): 245281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Terry. 1998. “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic CleansingJournal of Modern History 70 (4): 813861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MartinTerry. 2001. An Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meslé, France, and Vallin, Jacques. 2003. Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle [Mortality and causes of death in 20th-century Ukraine] Paris: Institut national d'études démographiques.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Janam. 2015. Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Osokina, Elena A. 1993. Ierarkhiia potrebleniia: o zhizni liudei v usloviiakh stalinskogo snabzheniia, 1928–1935 gg [Hierarchy of consumption: on the life of people under the Stalinist food policies, 1928–1935]. Moscow: Izd-vo MGOU.Google Scholar
Osokina, Elena A. 2001. Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin’s Russia, 1927–1941, edited by Transchel, Kate; translated by Transchel, Kate and Bucher, Greta. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Patenaude, Bertrand M. 2002. The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Pianciola, Niccolò. 2004. “Famine in the Steppe. The Collectivization of Agriculture and the Kazak Herdsmen, 1928–1934.” Cahiers du monde russe 45 (1/2): 137192.Google Scholar
Pianciola, Niccolò. 2014. “Sacrificing the Kazakhs: The Stalinist Hierarchy of Consumption and the Great Famine in Kazakhstan of 1931–33.” Paper presented at the Slavic-Eurasian Research Center 2014 Summer International Symposium, “Thirty Years of Crisis: Empire, Violence, and Ideology in Eurasia from the First to the Second World War,” Sapporo, July 10–11. http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/14summer/2014summer.html.Google Scholar
Pianciola, Niccolò. 2020. “The Benefits of Marginality: The Great Famine around the Aral Sea, 1930–1934.” Nationalities Papers 48 (3): 513529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pipes, Richard, ed. 1996. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Translated by Fitzpatrick, Catherine A.. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Richter, James. 2020. “Famine, Memory, and Politics in the Post-Soviet Space: Contrasting Echoes of Collectivization in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.” Nationalities Papers 48 (3): 476491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Levchuk, Nataliia, Wolowyna, Oleh, Shevchuk, Pavlo, and Kovbasiuk, Alla. 2015. “Demography of a Man-Made Human Catastrophe. The Case of Massive Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933.” Canadian Studies in Population 42(1/2): 5380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Kulchytskyi, Stanislav, Gladun, Oleksandr, and Kulyk, Natalia. 2020. “The 1921–1923 Famine and the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine: Common and Distinctive Features.” Nationalities Papers 48 (3): 549568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmaltz, Eric J., and Sinner, Samuel D.. 2002. “‘You Will Die under Ruins and Snow’: The Soviet Repression of Russian Germans as a Case Study of Successful Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 4(3): 327356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapoval, Yuri. 2017. “The Ukrainian Language under Totalitarianism and Total War.” In The Battle for Ukrainian: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Flier, Michael S. and Graziosi, Andrea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 215246.Google Scholar
Yuri Shapoval, Yuri, and Vasil’ev, Valery, eds. 2001. Komandiry velykoho holodu: poïzdky V. Molotova i L. Kahanovycha v Ukraïnu ta na Pivnichnyĭ Kavkaz, 1932–33 rr [Leaders of the great famine: Molotov’s and Kaganovich’ travels in Ukraine and in the Northern Caucasus in 1932–1933]. Kiev: Heneza.Google Scholar
Shirinian, George N. 2017. “Starvation and Its Political Use in the Armenian Genocide.” Genocide Studies International 11 (1): 837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinner, Samuel D. 2000. The Open Wound: The Genocide of German Ethnic Minorities in Russia and the Soviet Union, 1915–1949 and Beyond. Fargo: North Dakota State University Libraries.Google Scholar
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1975. Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs. Edited by Smith, T. Lynn; translated by Sorokin, Elena P.. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida.Google Scholar
Tiner, James A., and Rice, Stian. 2016. “To Live and Let Die: Food, Famine, and Administrative Violence in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975–1979.” Political Geography 52: 4756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. 1955. The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book. Vol. 2: The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–33. Translated by Oreletsky, Alexander and Prychodko, Olga. Detroit: Democratic Organization of Ukrainians Formerly Persecuted by the Soviet Regime in U.S.A.Google Scholar
Veselova, Oleksandra M.Marochko, Vasyl, and Ol’ha, Movchan, eds. 2000. Holodomory v Ukraїni 1921–23, 1932–33, 1946–47 [Famines in Ukraine 1921–23, 1932–33, 1946–47], Kiev: IIU NAN.Google Scholar
Vincent, Paul C. 1985. The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919, Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Viola, Lynne. 2007. The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin’s Special Settlements, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vossler, Ronald J., ed. and trans. 2001. We’ll Meet Again in Heaven: Germans in the Soviet Union Write Their American Relatives. Fargo: North Dakota State University Libraries.Google Scholar
de Waal, Alex. 2018. Mass Starvation. The History and Future of Famine. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Wemheuer, Felix. 2014. Famine Politics in Maoist China and in the Soviet Union. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolowyna, Oleh, Plokhy, Serhii, Levchuk, Nataliia, Rudnytskyi, Omelian, Shevchuk, Pavlo, and Kovbasiuk, Alla. 2016. “Regional Variations of 1932–1934 Famine Losses in Ukraine.” Canadian Studies in Population 43 (3/4): 175202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolowyna, Oleh, Levchuk, Nataliia, and Kovbasiuk, Alla. 2020. “Monthly Distribution of 1933 Famine Losses in Soviet Ukraine and Russian Soviet Republic at the Regional Level.” Nationalities Papers 48 (3): 530548.Google Scholar
Yefimenko, Hennadii. 2017. “Bolshevik Language Policy as a Reflection of the Ideas and Practice of Communist Construction, 1919–1933.” In The Battle for Ukrainian: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Flier, Michael S. and Graziosi, Andrea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 167194.Google Scholar
Zima, Veniamin F. 1990. Golod v SSSR 1946-1947 godov: proiskhodzhenie i posledstviia [The 1946–1947 famine in the USSR: causes and consequences]. Moscow: Institut rossiiskoi istorii Rossiiskaiia akademiia nauk.Google Scholar