Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:09:56.114Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Making or Breaking Kosovo: Applications of Dispersed State Control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2008

Sherrill Stroschein
Sherrill Stroschein
Affiliation:
University College London. E-mail: s.stroschein@ucl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this article, I make a case for a dispersed state control model as an alternative to the territorial and hierarchical principles of the Weberian state. Rather than allocating governance powers in terms of territory, dispersed state controls are based on a functional principle, in which governance is allocated to various subunits by issue area or function. This examination is informed by recent debates in international relations theory on contractual and imperial network models of control, as well as work on non-territorial autonomy in the fields of nationalism and ethnic conflict. I examine the practical application of a dispersed control model in the context of the governance structure proposed for Kosovo, which declared independence from Serbia in February 2008. I conclude with an overview of the advantages of creative designs for states that move beyond territory and hierarchy, to deal with complex demographic and governing realities in regions such as the Balkans.

Type
Research Article
Information
Perspectives on Politics , Volume 6 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 655 - 674
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aalberts, Tanja. 2004. The future of soversignty in multilevel governance Europe: A constructivist reading. Journal of Common Market Studies 42 (1): 23–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adamson, Fiona B. 2006. Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security 31 (1): 165–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, John. 2005. Sovereignty Regimes: Territoriality and State Authority in Contemporary World Politics. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95 (2): 437–61.Google Scholar
Alexandris, Yannis. 2004. The UN as government in Kosovo. Global Governance 10 (1): 67–81.Google Scholar
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMSz). 1999. Draft Agreement on the Political and Legal Frameworks of the Self-government of Voivodina and the National Communities of Voivodina. Totovo Selo: Graphic Studio. Available at: http://www.vmsz.org.yu/english/agreement.php.Google Scholar
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians (VMSz). 2002. Törvény a nemzeti kisebbségek jogainak és szabadságainak védelméről. Available at: http://www.vmsz.org.yu/hu_new/dokumentumok/nemz_kiss.htm.Google Scholar
Anderson, Paul. 2001. Tension Mounts in Presevo Valley. BBC News Online, February 23.Google Scholar
Andeweg, Rudy B. 2000. Consociational Democracy. Annual Review of Political Science 3: 509–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Christopher. 2004. Restructuring Authority and Territoriality. In Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared, ed. Ansell, Christopher and Di Palma, Giuseppe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Christopher, and Di Palma, Giuseppe, eds. 2004. Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated Press/New York Times. 2001a. “Concern Mounts in Macedonia.” May 31.Google Scholar
Associated Press/New York Times. 2001b. “Macedonian Forces Attack Rebels.” June 11.Google Scholar
Associated Press/New York Times. 2008. “Serb Police Deserting Kosovo Force.” February 28.Google Scholar
Austin, Robert. 2007. “The Ahtisaari Plans—What's Inside?” Southeast European Times, May 21.Google Scholar
Bardos, Gordon. 2005. Containing Kosovo. Mediterranean Quarterly 16 (3): 17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardos, Gordon. 2006. Timetable for Kosovo. Wilson Quarterly 30 (2): 10.Google Scholar
Baubock, Rainer. 2001. Multinational Federalism: Territorial or Cultural Autonomy? Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 2. Available at: http://dspace.mah.se/dspace/handle/2043/690Google Scholar
Baubock, Rainer. 2005. Political Autonomy or cultural minority rights? A conceptual critique of Renner's model. In National Cultural Autonomy and Its Contemporary Critics, ed. Nimni, Ephraim. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Tom, Buckley, Walter, and Burns, Tom. 1975. Relational control: The human structuring of cooperation and conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 19 (3): 417–40.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2004a. “Kosovo Rioters Burn Serb Churches.” March 18.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2004b. “Q & A: Kosovo Violence.” March 18.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2004c. “Kosovo Clashes ‘Ethnic Cleansing.’” March 20.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2004d. “Kosovo Mourns Violence Victims.” March 22.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2004e. “Q & A: Kosovo's Election.” October 25.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2008a. “Serbs Enact Plan to Sabotage Kosovo.” February 23.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2008b. “Saying ‘No’ to Kosovo Independence.” February 28.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2008c. “Kosovo Partition Scheme Opposed.” February 28.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2008d. “Kosovo Suspends Rebel Serb Police.” March 1.Google Scholar
BBC News Online. 2008e. “Serbia ‘Retakes’ Rail Line.” March 3.Google Scholar
Beaumont, Peter. 2008. “Serbia in Crisis as PM Quits Over Kosovo.” The Guardian, March 9.Google Scholar
Ben-Porat, Guy. 2005. Grounds for Peace; Territoriality and Conflict Resolution. Geopolitics 10: 147–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilefsky, Dan. 2008a. “Serbs Continue to Push for Control of Northern Kosovo.” New York Times, February 21.Google Scholar
Bilefsky, Dan. 2008b. “Kosovo's Constitution Takes Effect.” New York Times, June 16.Google Scholar
Bowring, Bill. 2002. Austro-Marxism's last laugh? The struggle for recognition of national-cultural autonomy for Rossians and Russians. Europe-Asia Studies 54 (2): 229–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, Neil. 1998. Global cities, global states: Global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe. Review of International Political Economy 5 (1): 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich. 2005. Failed states, or the state as failure? University of Chicago Law Review 72 (4): 1159–96.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. National minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands in the new Europe. In Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and Destruction of Socialism and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burns, John. 2008. “Top Anglican Seeks a Role for Islamic Law in Britain.” New York Times, February 8.Google Scholar
Caporaso, James A., and Jupille, Joseph. 2004. Sovereignty and territoriality in the European Union: Transforming the UK institutional order. In Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared, ed. Ansell, Christopher and Di Palma, Giuseppe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coakley, John. 1994. Approaches to the resolution of ethnic conflict: The strategy of non-territorial autonomy. International Political Science Review 15 (3): 297–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Commission on Security, and Cooperation in Europe. 1998. Macedonia's Parliamentary Elections, October 18 and November 1, 1998. Available at: http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.Home&ContentType=RGoogle Scholar
Constitutional Commission, Government of Kosovo. 2008a. Draft Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. Available at: http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/?cid=2,1Google Scholar
Constitutional Commission, Government of Kosovo. 2008b. Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. Available at: http://www.kosovoconstitution.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cooley, Alexander. 2000/01. Imperial wreckage: Property rights, sovereignty, and security in the post-Soviet space. International Security 25 (3): 100–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooley, Alexander. 2005. Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 2006. “Three Iraqs Would Be One Big Problem.” New York Times, May 9.Google Scholar
Cornell, Svante E. 2002. Autonomy as a source of conflict: Caucasian conflicts in theoretical perspective. World Politics 54: 245–76.Google Scholar
Deets, Stephen. 2002. Reconsidering East European minority policy: Liberal theory and European norms. East European Politics and Societies 16 (1): 30–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deets, Stephen. 2008. The Hungarian Status Law and the Specter of Neomedievalism in Europe. Forthcoming in Ethnopolitics 7 (3).Google Scholar
Deets, Stephen, and Stroschein, Sherrill. 2005. Dilemmas of autonomy and liberal pluralism: Examples involving Hungarians in Central Europe. Nations and Nationalism 11 (2): 285–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 1993. Three paradoxes of democracy. In The Global Resurgence of Democracy, ed. Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2005. Squandered Victory: The American Occupation and the Bungled Effort to Bring Democracy to Iraq. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry, Dobbins, James, Kaufmann, Chaim, Gelb, Leslie H., and Biddle, Stephen. 2006. What to do in Iraq: A roundtable. Foreign Affairs 85 (4): 150–69.Google Scholar
Di Palma, Giuseppe. 2004. Postscript: What inefficient history and malleable practices say about nation-states and supranational democracy when territory is no longer exclusive. In Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared, ed. Ansell, Christopher and Di Palma, Giuseppe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Downes, Alexander. 2001. The Holy Land divided: Defending partition as a solution to ethnic war. Security Studies 10 (4): 58–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eide, Ashjorn, Greni, with Vibeke, and Lundberg, Maria. 1998. Cultural autonomy: Concept, content, history and role in the world order. In Autonomy: Applications and Implications, ed. Suksi, Markku. Cambridge: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai. 2006. Sovereignty as responsibility. Orbis 50 (1): 71–85.Google Scholar
Farrell, Mary, and Van Langenhove, Luk. 2005. Towards cultural autonomy in Belgium. In National Cultural Autonomy and Its Contemporary Critics, ed. Nimni, Ephraim. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fearon, James. 1998. Commitment problems and the spread of ethnic conflict. In The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict; Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, ed. Lake, David and Rothchild, Donald. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 2002. “Law on Protection of Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities.” Trans. OSCE Mission to FRY. Official Gazette no. 11, February 27.Google Scholar
Foniq-Kabashi, Blerta. 2008. “Kosovo Assembly Approves Laws Based on Ahtisaari Plan.” Southeast European Times, February 28.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–77. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 1997. Nations in Transit. New York: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 1999–2000. Nations in Transit. New York: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Friedrichs, Jörg. 2001. The meaning of the new medievalism. European Journal of International Relations 7 (4): 475–502.Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. 2001a. “West Is Alarmed as Warfare Grows in Balkans Again,” New York Times, March 17.Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. 2001b. “Rising Violence Polarizes Macedonians.” New York Times, March 23.Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. 2001c. “Fear of Ethnic Attacks Grips Macedonia's Cities.” New York Times, May 21.Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. 2001d. “Macedonia Expands Attacks Against Rebels.” New York Times, June 9.Google Scholar
Glenny, Misha. 2001. “Haven Could Drown in Blood.” The Observer, March 18.Google Scholar
Goddard, Stacie E. 2006. Uncommon ground: Indivisible territory and the politics of legitimacy. International Organization 60: 35–68.Google Scholar
Goddard, Stacie E., and Nexon, Daniel H.. 2005. Paradigm lost? Reassessing Theory of International Politics. European Journal of International Relations 11 (1): 9–61.Google Scholar
Gorenburg, Dimitry. 2003. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, Gidon. 1994. Nations without states. Foreign Affairs 73 (3): 100–12.Google Scholar
Gould, Carol. 2006. Self-determination beyond sovereignty: Relating transnational democracy to local autonomy. Journal of Social Philosophy 37 (1): 44–60.Google Scholar
Gould, Carol, and Macleod, Alistair. 2006. Introduction. Journal of Social Philosophy, Special issue on Democracy and Globalization, 37 (1): 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, Kelly. 2003. The use of refugees as political and military weapons in the Kosovo conflict. In Yugoslavia Unraveled: Sovereignty, Self-Determination, Intervention, ed. Thomas, Raju. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Hale, Henry. 2000. The parade of sovereignties: Testing theories of secession in the Soviet setting. British Journal of Political Science 30: 31–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry. 2004. Divided we stand: Institutional sources of ethnofederal state survival and collapse. World Politics 56: 165–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannum, Hurst. 1996. Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hayden, Robert. 1999. Blueprints for a House Divided: The Constitutional Logic of the Yugoslav Conflicts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayton, Bill. 2004. “‘Sinister Purpose’ to Kosovo Clashes?” BBC News Online, March 19.Google Scholar
Heintze, Hans-Joachim. 1998. On the legal understanding of autonomy. In Autonomy: Applications and Implications, ed. Suksi, Markku. Cambridge: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Heintze, Hans-Joachim. 2002. Implementation of minority rights through the devolution of powers—The concept of autonomy reconsidered. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 9: 325–43.Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. 1996/1997. Responding to state failure in Africa. International Security 21 (3): 120–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, John M., and Sharman, Jason. 2005. The enduring place of hierarchy in world politics: Tracing the social logics of hierarchy and political change. European Journal of International Relations 11 (1): 63–98.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Liesbet. 1993. Belgium: From regionalism to federalism. Regional Politics and Policy 3 (1): 44–68.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hughes, James, and Sasse, Gwendolyn. 2001. Conflict and accommodation in the FSU: The role of institutions and regions. Regional and Federal Studies 11 (3): 220–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2002a. A Kosovo Roadmap I: Addressing Final Status. March 1.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2002b. A Kosovo Roadmap II: Internal Benchmarks. March 1.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2005a. Kosovo: Toward Final Status. Europe Report no. 161, January 24.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2005b. Macedonia: Not out of the Woods Yet. Europe Briefing no. 37, February 25.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2005c. Serbia's Sandzak: Still Forgotten. Europe Report no. 162, April 8.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2006. Kosovo's Final Status. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3225&1=1.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2007. Kosovo: No Good Alternatives to the Ahtisaari Plan. Europe Report no. 182, 14 May. Available at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4830.Google Scholar
International Herald Tribune. 2008. “Kosovo Heartens a Hungarian Enclave in Romania.” April 3. Reprinted in New York Times, April 7.Google Scholar
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. 2006. Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus, and Nexon, Daniel H.. 1999. Relations before states: Substance, process, and the study of world politics. European Journal of International Relations 5 (3): 291–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Robert, and Rosberg, Carl S.. 1982. Why Africa's weak states persist: The empirical and the juridical in statehood. World Politics 35 (1): 1–24.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Dirk. 2000. Multinational and polyethnic politics entwined: Minority representation in the region of Brussels-Capital. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26 (2): 289–304.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Dirk, and Swyngedouw, Marc. 2003. Territorial and non-territorial federalism in Belgium: Reform of the Brussels capital region, 2001. Regional and Federal Studies 13 (2): 127–39.Google Scholar
Jacobson, David. 1997. New frontiers: Territory, social spaces, and the state. Sociological Forum 12 (1): 121–33.Google Scholar
Jenne, Erin. 2004. A bargaining theory of minority demands: Examining the dog that didn't bite in 1990s Yugoslavia. International Studies Quarterly 48 (4): 729–54.Google Scholar
Joseph, Edward P. 2005. Back to the Balkans. Foreign Affairs 84 (1): 111–22.Google Scholar
Judah, Tim. 2005. Kosovo's moment of truth. Survival 47 (4): 73–84.Google Scholar
Juviler, Peter, and Stroschein, Sherrill. 1999. Missing boundaries of comparison: The political community. Political Science Quarterly 114 (3): 435–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars. International Security 20: 136–75.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1998. When all else fails: Ethnic population transfers and partitions in the twentieth century. International Security 23 (2): 120–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocsis, Károly, and Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter. 1998. Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen. 2004. Sharing sovereignty: New institutions for collapsed and failing states. International Security 29 (2): 85–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristic, Branislav. 2008. “Kosovo Serbs Convene Parliament.” Reuters UK, June 28.Google Scholar
Kumar, Radha. 1997. The troubled history of partition. Foreign Affairs 76 (1): 22–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupchan, Charles. 2005. Independence for Kosovo. Foreign Affairs 84 (6): 14–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laitin, David. 2001. Secessionist rebellion in the former Soviet Union. Comparative Political Studies 34 (8): 839–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lake, David A. 1996. Anarchy, hierarchy and the variety of international relations. International Organization 50 (1): 1–33.Google Scholar
Lapidoth, Ruth. 1997. Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Laughland, John. 2008. “A Postmodern Declaration.” The Guardian, February 19.Google Scholar
Lauvaux, Philippe. 2001. Tendences récentes du fédéralisme en Europe: La remise en cause de la primauté du droit fédéral. In La Belgique: un État Féderal en Évolution, ed. Leton, André. Brussels: Bruylant.Google Scholar
Leton, André, ed. 2001. La Belgique: un État Féderal en Évolution. Brussels: Bruylant.Google Scholar
Licklider, Roy. 1995. The consequences of negotiated settlements in civil wars, 1945–1993. American Political Science Review 89 (3): 681–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidström, Anders. 2007. Territorial governance in transition. Regional and Federal Studies 17 (4): 499–508.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Liptak, Adam. 2008. “When God and the Law Don't Square.” New York Times, February 17.Google Scholar
Lobiakas, Ahto. 2008. “Balkans: EU Praises Croatia, Fears Serbia Backlash.” RFE/RL Balkan Report, March 11.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian. 1979. Stability in deeply divided societies: Consociationalism versus control. World Politics 31 (3): 325–44.Google Scholar
Lustick, Ian, Miodownik, Dan, and Eidelson, Roy J.. 2004. Secessionism in multicultural states: Does sharing power prevent or encourage it? American Political Science Review 98 (2): 209–29.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl. 1955. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Harvest Books.Google Scholar
McGarry, John. 2007a. Asymmetry in federations, federacies and unitary states. Ethnopolitics 6 (1): 105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGarry, John. 2007b. Asymmetrical autonomy and conflict regulation: A response to Adeney, Conversi, Hechter and Rezvani. Ethnopolitics 6 (1): 133–36.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2001a. “Questions from Tetovo.” RFE/RL Newsline, March 16.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2001b. “Going for Broke.” RFE/RL Newsline, March 20.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2006a. “Moving Toward Endgame in Kosova.” RFE/RL Balkan Report 10 (6), June 27.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2006b. “Balkans: A Talk of Two Serbias.” RFE/RL, July 29.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2008a. “Analysis: Are Kosovar Serbs, UN, on a Collision Course?” RFE/RL Balkan Report, May 28.Google Scholar
Moore, Patrick. 2008b. “Analysis: Kosovo's Rocky Road to Statehood.” RFE/RL Balkan Report, June 24.Google Scholar
Mozaffar, Shaheen, and Scarritt, James R.. 1999. Why territorial autonomy is not a viable option for managing ethnic conflict in African plural societies. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5 (3–4): 230–53.Google Scholar
Mustafa, Artan. 2008. “Kosovo Leaders Proclaim Independent State Based on Ahtisaari Plan.” Southeast European Times, February 18.Google Scholar
Naegele, Jolyon. 2003. “Yugoslavia: Country Dissolves as Kosovo Lawmakers Threaten Independence.” RFE/RL, February 4.Google Scholar
National Democratic Institute. 2004. Kosovo 2004 Central Assembly Elections. Available at: http://www.accessdemocracy.org/library/1761_ksv_assembly_102604.pdfGoogle Scholar
Népszabadság (Budapest). 1999a. “Orbán a Vajdasági biztonságáról.” July 13.Google Scholar
Népszabadság (Budapest). 1999b. “Nem a Vajdaságé az elsőbbség.” July 14.Google Scholar
Népszabadság (Budapest). 2003. “Vajdasági autonómia—tervek és félelmek.” February 21.Google Scholar
Nexon, Daniel H.Forthcoming. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nexon, Daniel H., and Wright, Thomas. 2007. What's at stake in the American empire debate. American Political Science Review 101 (2): 253–71.Google Scholar
Nimni, Ephraim. 2005. Introduction: The National Cultural Autonomy Model Revisited. In National Cultural Autonomy and Its Contemporary Critics, ed. Nimni, Ephraim. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nootens, Genviève. 2006. Liberal nationalism and the sovereign territorial ideal. Nations and Nationalism 12 (1): 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, Brendan. 2002. The Belfast Agreement and the British-Irish Agreement: Consociation, confederal institutions, a federacy, and a peace process. In The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, ed. Reynolds, Andrew. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Organization for Security, and Cooperation in Europe, OSCE Mission to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 2002. Background Report on Recently Adopted Federal Law on the Protection and Freedoms of National Minorities. Available at: http://greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/countries/serbia/index_01-02-03_02.html.Google Scholar
Padgett, John F., and Ansell, Christopher K.. 1993. Robust action and the rise of the Medici, 1400–1434. American Journal of Sociology 98 (6): 1259–319.Google Scholar
Partos, Gabriel. 2001. “Presevo Valley Tension.” BBC News Online, February 2.Google Scholar
Petrov, Vladimir. 2006. “‘Independence’ for Kosovo or a domino effect?” International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations, June 15.Google Scholar
Pettifer, James. 2006. Macedonian Elections 2006: Ohrid Accords Survive. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Conflict Studies Research Centre, July.Google Scholar
Pettifer, James. 2007. The Ahtisaari Report—Totem & Taboo. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Conflict Studies Research Centre. February.Google Scholar
Posen, Barry. 1993. The security dilemma and ethnic conflict. Survival 35: 27–47.Google Scholar
Puzigaća, Milka, and Molnar, Aleksander. 2001. Istraživanje javnog mnenja autonomija Vojvodine. Novi Sad: SCAN.Google Scholar
Ra-anan, Uri. 1991. The nation-state fallacy. In Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, ed. Montville, Joseph. New York: Lexington Books/Macmillan.Google Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2001. Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renner, Karl. 1899 (2005). State and nation. In National Cultural Autonomy and Its Contemporary Critics, ed. Nimni, Ephraim. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rezvani, David. 2007a. The basis of Puerto Rico's constitutional status: Colony, compact, or “federacy”? Political Science Quarterly 122 (1): 115–40.Google Scholar
Rezvani, David. 2007b. Shaping the federacy research agenda. Ethnopolitics 6 (1): 129–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2001. Stories from February 27, October 23, November 15, 16, and 26, and December 18. Available at: http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2002. Stories from January 23, 24, and 29, March 6, April 8, April 18, May 10, May 23, May 24, June 26, July 2, July 15, August 19 and 21, and September 9. Available at http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2003. Stories from February 5, 6, 7, 11, 18, 24, 25, 26, and 27. Available at http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2006. Stories from August 7, 18, 25, and 28, and September 1, 5, 14, and 15. Available at http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2007. Stories from November 19. Available at http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
RFE/RL Newsline. 2008. Stories from February 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29, March 10, and April. Available at http://archive.rferl.org/newsline/default.asp#archive and at http://www.rferl.org/archive/en-newsline/latest/683/683.htmlGoogle Scholar
Roeder, Philip. 1991. Soviet federalism and ethnic mobilization. World Politics 43 (2): 196–232.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald, and Hartzell, Caroline. 1999. Security in deeply divided societies: The role of territorial autonomy. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5 (3–4): 254–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1993. Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in international relations. International Organization 47 (1): 139–74.Google Scholar
Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. Partition as a solution to ethnic war: An empirical critique of the theoretical literature. World Politics 52 (4): 437–83.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Comparative Constitutional Engineering. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Sasse, Gwendolyn. 2002. Conflict-prevention in a transition state: The Crimean issue in post-Soviet Ukraine. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 8 (2): 1–26.Google Scholar
Sassen, Saskia. 2006. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Fabian. 1993. “Kosovo: The Time Bomb that Has Not Gone Off.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Reports 2: 22–29.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Phillipe. 1974. Still the century of corporatism? Review of Politics 36 (1): 85–131.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Rolf, and Jütersonke, Oliver. 2005. Divisible sovereignty and the reconstruction of Iraq. Third World Quarterly 26 (4–5): 649–65.Google Scholar
Shotter, John. 1993. Cultural Politics of Everyday Life: Social Constructionism, Rhetoric and Knowing of the Third Kind. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Sisk, Timothy. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Sletzinger, Martin C., and Gelazis, Nida. 2005. Kosovo: Mission not yet accomplished. Wilson Quarterly 29 (4): 35–41.Google Scholar
Social Democratic League of Vojvodina (LSV). 2001. Republika Vojvodina: Put mira,razvoja I stabilnosti. In Republika Vojvodina i drugi programski dokumenti. Novi Sad: LSV.Google Scholar
Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, Susan. 2001. Autonomy as a mechanism for conflict regulation? The case of Crimea. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7 (4): 113–41.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2004. Islands of transnational governance. In Restructuring Territoriality: Europe and the United States Compared, ed. Ansell, Christopher and Di Palma, Giuseppe. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stroschein, Sherrill. 2003. What Belgium can teach Bosnia: The uses of autonomy in “divided house” states. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE) 3, http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/.Google Scholar
Stroschein, Sherrill. 2006. Territory and the Hungarian status law: Time for new assumptions? In The Status Law Syndrome: Post-Communist Nation-Building or Post-Modern Citizenship?, ed. Iedu, Osama. Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies, and the Slavic Research Centre, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.Google Scholar
Teleki, Ilona. 2002. “What about Vojvodina?” RFE/RL Newsline, July 15.Google Scholar
Thomas, Paul. 2004. The state of the state. Theory and Society 33: 257–71.Google Scholar
Thornberry, Patrick. 1998. Images of autonomy and individual and collective rights in international instruments on the rights of minorities. In Autonomy: Applications and Implications, ed. Suksi, Markku. Cambridge: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Thorpe, Nick. 2004. “Kosovo Violence Highlights UN Failings.” BBC News Online, March 24.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1992. Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1992. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1998. International communities, Secure or otherwise. In Security Communities, ed. Adler, Emmanuel and Barnett, Michael. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2002. Stories, Identities, and Political Change. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2004. Trust and rule. Theory and Society 33 (1): 1–30.Google Scholar
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo. 2001/2002. Constitutional Framework for Provisional Self-government in Kosovo. UNMIK, Division of Public Information.Google Scholar
United Nations Office for the Special Envoy of Kosovo (UNOSEK). 2007a. Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement. Available at: http://www.unosek.org/unosek/en/statusproposal.htmlGoogle Scholar
United Nations Office for the Special Envoy of Kosovo (UNOSEK). 2007b. Report of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General on Kosovo's Future Status. March 26. Available at: http://www.unosek.org/unosek/en/statusproposal.htmlGoogle Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 1999. Resolution 1244 (1999). Available at: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/172/89/PDF/N9917289.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar
Van Parijs, Phillipe. 2000. Power-sharing versus border-crossing. In Designing Democratic Institutions, ed. Shapiro, Ian and Macedo, Stephen. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Večernje Novosti. 2002. “Večina iza omnibus zakona.” January 24.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara. 2002. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Walzer, Michael. 1992. Membership. In Communitarianism and Individualism, ed. Avneri, Shlomo and de-Shalit, Avner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, Ronald. 1998. Federalism, federal political systems, and federations. Annual Review of Political Science 1: 117–37.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1946 [1919]. What is a state? In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. and trans. Gerth, H. H. and Mills, C. Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander, and Friedheim, Daniel. 1995. Hierarchy under anarchy: Informal empire and the East German state. International Organization 49 (4): 689–721.Google Scholar
Whitmore, Brian. 2008. “Kosovo: Province Prepares for Statehood, of a Sort.” RFE/RL, February 16.Google Scholar
Wolff, Stefan. 2004. The institutional structure of regional consociations in Brussels, Northern Ireland, and South Tyrol. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 10: 387–414.Google Scholar
Wood, Nicholas. 2006. “Firey Campaign Imperils Bosnia's Progress.” New York Times, August 27.Google Scholar