^{Note 1 in page 1186} Cf. New English Dictionary: father: “The only parallel case is rather.” Karl Luick, Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache, §392; C. H. Wyld, Short History of English, §220; Jespersen, Modern English Grammar 10.67; E. Koeppel, Archiv, civ, 57 f.; W.' Horn, Anglia, xxxv, 371; J. Wright, Elementary Historical New Engl. Gr., §94.

^{Note 2 in page 1186} The director is Hans Kurath, professor of German at Brown University; the associate director, Prof. Miles L. Hanley, of the University of Wisconsin. The New England material of the Atlas is now ready for publication.

^{Note 3 in page 1186} An informant on Martha's Vineyard gave only a in father, but œ appeared in grandfather, where the compound situation, the connotation of the word, œ in the first syllable, favored a preservation of the old œ quality.

^{Note 4 in page 1187} Both are equally natural to the informants. Aside from the a and a forms, only the d type, which also occurs in calm, palm, etc., has been recorded in some communities in New Brunswick, Canada. An informant from Barnet, Vt., says [a>] infather, upon suggestion [***> j], which is considered to be “old” and “Scotch.” For occurrences of d outside of New England cf. also Dialect Notes 1, 271, Luick §560, Anm. 1; for cases of ei: Dialect Notes ii, 234 (s. Ill.); of œ: ibid., i, 271 (s. Pa. etc.), i, 416 (N. Y.), iii, 56 (Neb.).

^{Note 5 in page 1187} Language, p. 403 : “The speaker favors the forms which he has heard from certain other speakers who, for some reason of prestige, influence his habits of speech. That is what decides, in countless instances, whether one says rather with [e] or with [a] etc.” John S. Kenyon, American Pronunciation, 6th ed. (1935), §278: calls a in rather an importation from England.—Of 224 Rockford College students from the Middle West 95% (212) indicated œ as their natural pronunciation in rather, 3% (8) a, 1% (2) ***,1% (2) a compromise vowel between a and œ. The œ speakers stated they heard the a type “in school,” “by faculty members,” etc. Several called it “affected”; some, “more pleasing,” “used in stage work.”

^{Note 6 in page 1189} Luick, op. cit., §392.

^{Note 7 in page 1189} Joshua H. Neumann, American Pronunciation according to Noah Webster (Diss. Columbia, 1924). a in father is also indicated by Walker (1791), Stephen Jones (1798). [æ:] in father appeared, according to Ellis, already in Wilkins (1668), Jones (1701), Buchanan (1766; Luick §539, Anm. 4: “*** völlig deutlich bei Buchanan.”); Th. Arnold, Grammatica Concentrata (1736) transcribed “fäther.”

^{Note 8 in page 1189} Luick, §392.

^{Note 9 in page 1189} A. Orbeck, Early New England Pronunciation, p. 23, quotes the spelling “rayther” (1683).

^{Note 10 in page 1189} Cf. Jespersen, loc. cit., Wyld, loc. cit.

^{Note 11 in page 1189} E.g. southeastern Mo. (Dialect Notes, ii, 326), northwestern Ark. (ibid., iii, 235). It occurs in Humphreys' Glossary (ibid., v, 379), and in J. R. Lowell's Biglow Papers.

^{Note 12 in page 1189} The Ithaca Dialect, §114.

^{Note 13 in page 1190} Luick, §392.

^{Note 14 in page 1190} Luick, §§494; 537 Anm.—Some scholars consider the possibility of a lengthening of ă before a voiced spirant. (W. Horn, loc. cit., E. Koeppel, loc. cit.)

^{Note 15 in page 1190} Kemp Malone, MPh, xvi, 22, assumes the influence of the vowel qualities in the words pa, papa, ma, mama upon father. Grammarians often comment on the pronunciation of these words as one group: e.g. G. Sharp (1767), Sheridan (1780), Nares (1784), Clark (1830). It is doubtful whether the influence in pronunciation from endearing terms can have been strong in New England: the informants of the Ling. Atlas declared frequently that due to old-time severity they had never been allowed to call their fathers anything but “father.” Cf. also Emerson, loc. cit., 67.

^{Note 16 in page 1190} Luick, §560, Anm. 2: “Dass father in seiner Lautgebung mit den Wörtern auf ar geht, kann nur daher stammen, dass nachtoniges *** durch Fernassimilation dieselbe Wirkung ausübte wie ein unmittelbar an den Vokal anschliessendes *** ” Actually one informant in Southampton, Mass., pronounces father with a retroflex [a]; the number of old farther spellings lot father is considerable: more than 100 can be found in the diary of a Rhode Island man, in Nailer Tom's Diary. Cf. H. Penzl, Der [r]-Einschub nach ME. ä in Neu England, Anglia xlix (1937) 89 ff.

^{Note 17 in page 1190} Loc. cit.: “The analogy failed to establish itself in America, because it did not have sufficient support: if we leave out the region East of the Connecticut River, [α:] is pretty rare.” But the a pronunciation in father is everywhere in America as good as universal.

^{Note 18 in page 1191} G. Krapp, The English Language in America, ii, 58.

^{Note 19 in page 1191} Wyld, Teaching of English (London, 1908), p. 52 (***), (***); D. Jones, Pronouncing Dictionary [a:], [æ] (W. Horn, Anglia, xxxv, 377); J. Kenyon, loc. cit.: “*** will come next.”

^{Note 20 in page 1191} F. Holthausen thought of the opposite development: an influence of rather upon father: “Sollte, wie zu erwarten, bei letztgenanntem Wort die Neubildung (***) eher eingetreten sein als bei father, so könnte es sogar auf diese noch einen rein lautlichen Analogieeinfluss ausgeübt und die Entstehungder Form (***) beschleunigt haben.” (Archiv, cv, 371.)

^{Note 21 in page 1191} Cp. Luick 539 and Holthausen, loc. cit.