Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T12:22:50.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chapter Five: Functions, Requirements, Supplies, Damage, and Needs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2020

Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This Chapter describes methods for defining the level of damage from an event, its impact on the functional status of the affected society, and for identifying the needs that result from the damage. The event may produce damage to the population (injuries, death), its constructions and societal functions, and/or to the environment. Societal functions are described as production functions with inputs, transformations, consumption of resources, and outputs. Distinction between available supplies, requirements, and needs is stressed. The differences between damage assessments and needs assessments are described. Needs for goods and services that are greater than the available level of supplies produces deficits. The concept of thresholds of available resources required to maintain the pre-event functional state, those necessary to sustain basic functional states, and those required for survival is developed. Surplus of available supplies is subdivided into those needed for contingencies and those that comprise luxuries. Indicators are required that define either the level of function or the level of available supplies.Distribution of available supplies (who receives them) impacts whether critical and functional requirements of a population, or part of the affected population, are satisfied.When critical requirements are not met, the crude mortality rate increases. Severity scoring of the damage sustained and the effects of responses is described. All damage and needs assessments and responses to them relate to the pre-event state of the affected society, and the objective of disaster responses is to return the affected society to its pre-event functional state.

Keywords

assessmentsconsumptioncontingenciescrude mortality ratedamagefunctiongoodsindicatorsinputsneedsoutcomeoutputpreevent statusproduction functionrequirementsresourcesseverity scoresservicessuppliesthresholdstransformations
Type
Conceptual Framework
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 17 , Issue S3: Health Disaster Management: Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the “Utstein Style” , December 2002 , pp. 69 - 101
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Thompson, D (ed): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 9th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1995, p 548.Google Scholar
2.Ibid. p 1169.Google Scholar
3.Rubin, M, Heuvelmans, JHA, Tomic-Cica, A, Birnbaum, ML: Healthrelated relief in the former Yugoslavia: Needs, demands, and supplies. Prehosp Disast Med 2001;15(1):1–15.Google Scholar
4. Thompson, Dictionary, p 1403.Google Scholar
5.Ibid., p 911.Google Scholar
6.Sareen, H, Shoaf, KI: Impact of the 1994 Northridge earthquake on the utilization and difficulties associated with prescription medications and health aids. Prehosp Disast Med 2000;15(4):173–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Evaluation of preparedness and response to Hurricanes Georges and Mitch: Conclusions and recommendations. Prehosp Disast Med 1999;14(2):21–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Guill, CK, Shandera, WX: The effects of Hurricane Mitch on a community in northern Honduras. Prehosp Disast Med 2001;16(3): 166–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Caldera, T, Palma, L, Penayo, U, Kullgren, G: Psychological impact of the hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua in a one-year perspective. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 2001;36(3):108–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Balluz, L, Moll, D, Diaz Martinez, MG, Merida Colindres, JE, Malilay, J: Environmental pesticide exposure in Honduras following hurricane Mitch. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001;79(4):288–295.Google ScholarPubMed
11.Goenjian, AK, Molina, L, Steinberg, AM, Fairbanks, LA, Alvarez, ML, Goenjian, HA, Pynoos, RS: Post-traumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001;158(5):788–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Thompson, Dictionary, p 1452.Google Scholar
13.Guyton, AC, Hall, JE (eds): Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company. 1996, pp 297–298.Google Scholar
14.Hole, JW (ed): Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed, Wm. C. Brown Company Publisher. USA. 1980, pp 683–684.Google Scholar
15.The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Oxford: Oxfam Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar
16. Personal Communication, 2002. Professor Hans Rosling. Division of International Health, Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
17.Roberts, L: Diminishing standards; How much water do people need? FORUM: Water and War. The Water-Page – ICRC on minimum water standards. Available at: http://www.thewaterpage.com/icrc_standards.html. Accessed 14 November 2002.Google Scholar
18.de Boer, J: An attempt at a more accurate estimation of the number of ambulances needed at disasters in the Netherlands. Prehosp Disast Med 1996;11(2):125–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Thompson, Dictionary, p 289.Google Scholar
20.Ibid., p 814.Google Scholar
21.Ibid., p 691.Google Scholar
22.Likert, R: A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology 1932;22:1–55.Google Scholar
23.Last, JM: A Dictionary of Epidemiology. New York, Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995, p 98.Google Scholar
24.Birnbaum, ML, Robinson, NE, Kuska, BM, Stone, HL, Fryback, DG, Rose, JH: Effect of advanced cardiac life-support training in rural, community hospitals. Crit Care Med 1994;22(5):741–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Teasdale, G, Jennett, B: Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury. Acta Neurochirurgica 1976;34;45–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Pal, J, Brown, R, Fleiszer, D: The value of the Glasgow Coma Scale and Injury Severity Score: Predicting outcome in multiple trauma patients with head injury. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 1989;29:746–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Boyd, CR, Tolson, MA, Copes, WS: Evaluating trauma care: The TRISS method. Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score. Journal of Trauma- Injury, Infection & Critical Care 1987;27:370–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.MacKenzie, EJ, Shapiro, S, Eastham, JN: The Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score. Levels of inter- and intra-rater reliability. Medical Care 1985;23:823–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Greenspan, L, McLellan, BA, Greig, H: Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score: A scoring chart. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 1985;25:60–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Kuhls, DA, Malone, DL, McCarter, RJ, Napolitano, LM: Predictors of mortality in adult trauma patients: The physiologic trauma score is equivalent to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2002;194(6):695–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Grisoni, E, Stallion, A, Nance, ML, Lelli, JL Jr, Garcia, VF, Marsh, E: The New Injury Severity Score and the evaluation of pediatric trauma. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 2001:50(6): 1106–1110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Stevenson, M, Segui-Gomez, M, Lescohier, I, Di Scala, C, McDonald-Smith, G: An overview of the injury severity score and the new injury severity score. Injury Prevention 2001:7(1):10–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Vassar, MJ, Lewis, FR Jr, Chambers, JA, Mullins, RJ, O’Brien, PE, Weigelt, JA, Hoang, MT, Holcroft, JW: Prediction of outcome in intensive care unit trauma patients: A multicenter study of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS), and a 24-hour intensive care unit (ICU) point system. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 1999;47(2):324–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Champion, HR, Copes, WS, Sacco, WJ, Frey, CF, Holcroft, JW, Hoyt, DB, Weigelt, JA: Improved predictions from a severity characterization of trauma (ASCOT) over Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): Results of an independent evaluation. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 1996;40(1):42–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed