Crossref Citations
This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.
Roy, Kaushik
2022.
A Global History of Warfare and Technology.
p.
19.
Article contents
Bronze Age Chariots from Europe
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 May 2014
Extract
The Oriental origin of the wheeled vehicle has long been recognized. It seems to have originated in Sumer, in the Uruk period, in the first half of the fourth millennium B.C.
A rich collection of material, including isolated wheels and other remains of wheeled vehicles, models and pictures representing vehicles, show that wagons and carts had spread to Italy, Eastern and Central Europe, and the south Scandinavian countries by the middle of the second millennium B.C. Although the presence of wheeled vehicles has been claimed in Spain as early as the ‘copper age’ the first datable evidence for them is given there by the Solana de Cabanas stele and other west Spanish stelae that probably belong to the end of the second and the first millennium B.C.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1960
References
page 50 note 1 Childe, V. G., PPS, XVII (1951), pp. 128 ff.Google Scholar
page 50 note 2 Delougaz, P., Oriental Inst, Publications, LVIII, 1942, pp. 128–31Google Scholar.
page 50 note 3 Childe, V. G., Ethnographische Archaeologische Forschungen, 2, 1954, pp. 1–18Google Scholar.
page 50 note 4 Breuil, H., Les peintures rupestres schematiques de la Peninsule Iberique, II, pp. 63, Paris, 1933Google Scholar.
page 50 note 5 Oxea, Ramon y Fernandez, Arq. Esp. de Arqueol., XXIII, pp. 293–318, Madrid, 1951Google Scholar.
page 50 note 6 For the dating of the Solana de Cabanas stele see Hencken, H., Am. J. Arch., LIV (1950), pp. 295–309Google Scholar. Other stelae of the same group, with engravings representing wheeled vehicles are probably earlier: see J. Ramon and F. Oxea, loc. cit.
page 51 note 1 Albright, W. F., J. Pal. Orient. Soc., XV (1935), pp. 223–4Google Scholar; Engberg, R. M., The Hyksos reconsidered, Chicago, 1939Google Scholar; Fitzgerald, G. M., 23rd Int. Congr. Orient., Cambridge, 1954Google Scholar; Yadin, Y., Bull. Am. Sch. Oriental Res., 137 (1955), pp. 23–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Hyksos rule started in the late 18th century, but Hyksos elements probably are already present in the 19th century.
page 51 note 2 Contenau, G., La civilisation des Hittites et des Mitanniens, 1934, pp. 122 ff.Google Scholar
page 51 note 3 Wace, A. J. B., Mycenae, pp. 60–1, Princeton, 1949Google Scholar.
page 51 note 4 Furumark, A., The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery, pp. 31 ff., Stockholm, 1947Google Scholar.
page 51 note 5 From figures both from Greece and Anatolia it appears that when they are mounted by two people, one drives the chariot, the other carries the weapons, cf. Evans, A., The Shaft-graves and the Beehive Tombs of Mycenae, London, 1928, pp. 58Google Scholar and fig. 43.
page 51 note 6 G. Karo, op. cit., No. 240, and pl. xxiv.
page 51 note 7 Von Reichel, , Homerische Waffen and 2nd ed. p. 13Google Scholar, fig. 17c.
page 51 note 8 This has often been contested, but it is too heavy and too broad to be considered as a sword. Convincing arguments for its being a halberd have been made by SirEvans, Arthur (The Palace of Minos, II, p. 172)Google Scholar.
page 52 note 1 Karo, G., Schacht graben von Mykenaie, pls. XCV–XCVII, Munchen, 1930Google Scholar.
page 52 note 2 Albright, W. P., Archiv. für Orient. Forschung, VI (1930–1931), pp. 216–21Google Scholar.
page 52 note 3 Judges V, 28–31.
page 52 note 4 Cf. Pritchard, J. B., Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, p. 486, Princeton, 1955Google Scholar.
page 52 note 5 The Tell-el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum, p. XXXVII, London, 1892Google Scholar.
page 53 note 1 Evans, A., PM, IV, pp. 815 ff.Google Scholar
page 53 note 2 Helbig, , Homerische Epos, 1887, p. 136Google Scholar.
page 53 note 3 Althin, C. A., Studien zu den Bronzezeitlichen Felszeichnungen von Skane, I, p. 60 ff., Lund, 1945Google Scholar.
page 53 note 4 Déchelette, , Manuel, II, p. 289Google Scholar.
page 53 note 5 Peet, T. E., The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily, p. 353, Oxford, 1909Google Scholar.
page 53 note 6 In the Madarovce group, information supplied by Dr M. Gimbutas, cf. Pittioni, R., Urgeschichte des österreicheschen Raume, p. 323, Wien, 1954Google Scholar.
page 53 note 7 Tibelka, K., Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Sociales 37, 1952, pp. 373–434Google Scholar; Miske, K. V., Die prähistorische Ansiedlung Vilem St, Vid., pl. 56: 13, pp. 15–16, Wien, 1908Google Scholar.
page 53 note 8 The so-called ‘bird chariots’ found in Yugoslavia and elsewhere, already belong to the Iron Age: cf. Childe, V. G., Prehistoric Migrations in Europe, p. 193, Oslo, 1950Google Scholar.
page 54 note 1 Anati, E., La civilisation du Val Camonica, Paris, 1960Google Scholar.
page 54 note 2 Cf. Menghin, G., Man, XXV (1925)Google Scholar; Battaglia, R., Studi Trentini di scienze storiche, XV (1934)Google Scholar; Ladurner, M., Der Schlern, XXVI (1952)Google Scholar; Mazza, S., Cultura Atesina, VI (1952)Google Scholar; Acanfora, M. O., Cultura Atesina, VI (1952)Google Scholar.
page 54 note 3 Cf. Mazzini, U., Giornale storico e letterario della Liguria, IX (1908)Google Scholar; ibid, Statue-Menhir di Lunigiana, Bull. Paletn. Ital., XXV (1909); also: Bull. Paletn. Ital., XLIII (1923)Google Scholar; Formenti, U., Rivi. di studi liguri, XIV (1948)Google Scholar.
page 54 note 4 Octobon, CommandantRevue Anthropologique, XLI, 1931, pp. 300–580Google Scholar; Battaglia, R., Studi Etruschi, VII (1933)Google Scholar.
page 54 note 5 Laviosa-Zambotti, P., Arch. per l'Alto Adige, XXX (1935)Google Scholar.
page 54 note 6 Patroni, , Bull. Paletn. Ital., 1912, p. 84Google Scholar; Preistoria, II, p. 663Google Scholar.
page 54 note 7 Bertolone, M., Bull. Paletn. Ital., 1953, p. 172Google Scholar.
page 54 note 8 O. Montelius, Civ. Prim., pl. 8, no. 10.
page 54 note 9 M. Bertolone, op. cit.
page 54 note 10 Battaglia, R. and Acanfora, M. O., Bull. Paletn. Ital., LXIV (1954), p. 242Google Scholar.
page 54 note 11 Montelius, O., Les relations entre l'Italie et l'Europe au Nord des Alpes pendant l'Age du Bronze, 54, Gèneve, 1912Google Scholar; Dakoner, S. I., Archaeol. Ephemeries, 1956, p. 114Google Scholar; also Sprockoff, E., Marburger Studien, 1938Google Scholar, taf. 85.
page 54 note 12 Montelius, O., Die Chronologie der Altesten Bronzezeit in Nord-Deutschland, pp. 29–30, Brunswick, 1900Google Scholar.
page 54 note 13 Dumitrescu, V., L'età delferro nel Piceno, p. 143, Bucarest, 1929Google Scholar.
page 54 note 14 Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization, p. 114, fig. 60, 1958Google Scholar.
page 54 note 15 Hampel, , Altertumer der Bronzezeit in Ungarn, 1890Google Scholar, pls. xlii–xliii; Åberg, N., Bronzezeitliche und Früheisenzeitliche Chronologie, III, Stockholm, 1932Google Scholar.
page 55 note 1 Cf. Montelius, O., Chron. Bronzezeit, p. 30Google Scholar, figs. 72–3.
page 55 note 2 Notizie Scavi, 1905, p. 277Google Scholar; Montelius, O., Civ. Prim. en Italie Septentr., pl. 33, p. 7Google Scholar; Acanfora, M. O., Bull. Paletn. Ital., LXV (1956), p. 349Google Scholar, fig. u.
page 55 note 3 Ghislanzoni, E., Bull. Paletn. Ital., LII (1932), p. 9Google Scholar.
page 55 note 4 Zambotti, P. Laviosa, Rivista Ingaura e Itemella, p. 56, Bordighera, 1940Google Scholar.
page 55 note 5 Montelius, O., Archiv f. Anthrop., XXV, p. 472Google Scholar.
page 55 note 6 Evans, A., PM, II, p. 172, London, 1927Google Scholar.
page 55 note 7 Cf. Chierici, , Bull. Pdetn. Ital., X (1884)Google Scholar, Tav. VII.
page 55 note 8 Childe, , Dawn, pp. 130–2, fig. 69, 1957Google Scholar.
page 55 note 9 Zervos, C., La Civilisation de la Sardaigne, p. 194, fig. 219, Paris, 1954Google Scholar.
page 56 note 1 Pendelbury, J. D. S., The Archaeology of Crete, p. 70, pl. XIII, London, 1939Google Scholar.
page 56 note 2 Smith, M. A., Zephyrus, VIII (1957), p. 316Google Scholar, 227, figs. 9, 11.
page 57 note 1 Peet, , The Stone and Bronze Age in Italy, p. 195Google Scholar; cf. also Colini, , in Bull. Paletn. Ital., XXV (1899), pp. 301–2Google Scholar and pl. IV, 3.
page 57 note 2 Evans, A., PM, I, p. 21Google Scholar, fig. 3.
page 57 note 3 Cf. Colini, , Bull. Paletn. Ital., XXV (1889), p. 301 ff.Google Scholar
page 57 note 4 Evans, A., PM, II, p. 169Google Scholar: cf. also I, pp. 100–1 and fig. 71.
page 57 note 5 Saflund, G., Acta Inst. Romani Regni Sueciae, VII (1939), p. 147Google Scholar.
page 57 note 6 This subject has recently been summarized by Taylour, Lord William, in Mycenaean Pottery in Italy and Adjacent Areas, pp. 170–4, Cambridge, 1958Google Scholar.
page 57 note 7 Evans, A., PM, II, p. 170Google Scholar.
page 57 note 8 Cf. L. Siret, Les premières âges du Metal dans le Sud-Est de l'Espagne, pl. 33, no. 169, etc.
page 57 note 9 Also Montelius, O., Die Chronologie d. ältesten Bronzezeit, etc., p. 164Google Scholar.
page 58 note 1 Clugnet, L., Mat. pour l'Hist. Prim, et Nat. de l'Homme, IX, pp. 379–87. Toulouse, 1877Google Scholar; Issel, A., Bull. Paletn. Ital., XXVII, 1901Google Scholar; Bicknell, C., A Guide to the Prehistoric Rock Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera, 1911 and 1913Google Scholar.
page 58 note 2 Evans, A., PM, II, pp. 170–1Google Scholar.
page 58 note 3 W. Taylour, op. cit., p. 173.
page 58 note 4 Hencken, H., PPS, XVIII (1952), pp. 36–45Google Scholar.
page 58 note 5 La civilisation du Val Camonica, Paris, 1960Google Scholar.
page 58 note 6 de Navarro, J. M., Geogr. J., LXVI (1925), pp. 482–506Google Scholar.
page 58 note 7 Rivière, E., Assoc. Franç. l'avanc. d. sci., Paris, 1878Google Scholar.
page 58 note 8 Garstang, J., The Hittite Empire, pp. 201, 247 and figs. 14, 25, London, 1929Google Scholar.
page 59 note 1 Room XXXV. I wish to express my indebtedness to Professors C. Drago and S. Puglisi for allowing me to study this model.
page 59 note 2 The body, and the wheels and pole, were found as two separate pieces.
page 59 note 3 Keller, Lake-dwellings, pl. CX, fig. 19; Montelius, , Civ. Prim., I, pl. i, fig. 12Google Scholar; Déchelette, , Manuel, II, pp. 289–90, fig. 110Google Scholar.
page 59 note 4 Antiquity III (1929), pp. 340–2Google Scholar.
page 59 note 5 Taramelli, A., Bull. Paletn. Ital., LII (1932), p. 22Google Scholar.
page 59 note 6 Levi, D., Geogr. Review, 1943, pp. 637–8Google Scholar.
page 59 note 7 A. Evans, op. cit., II, p. 171.
page 60 note 1 C. A. Althin, op. cit., pl. 73.
page 60 note 2 Ibid., pl. 1.
page 60 note 3 Offord, J., American Antiquarian, XXVI (1904), pp. 222–35Google Scholar.
page 60 note 4 Brøndsted, J. B., Danmarks Oldtid, II, p. 148Google Scholar.
page 61 note 1 For this dating we use a chronology slightly lower than that of ProfessorHawkes, , in PPS, XIV (1948), pp. 196–218Google Scholar, cf. Brøndsted, J. B., Danmarks Oldtid, II (1958), p. 150Google Scholar.
page 61 note 2 Clark, G., Antiquity, 15, 1941, p. 59 ff.Google Scholar
page 61 note 3 A. C. Althin, op. cit., p. 61.
page 61 note 4 Grinsell, L. V., Antiquity, 15 (1941), p. 367CrossRefGoogle Scholar, pls. 42–3.
page 61 note 5 Norden, A., Ostergotland Bronzalder, p. 95, fig. 158 and p. 185, pls. 42–3, Linkoping, 1925Google Scholar.
page 62 note 1 J. B. Brøndsted, op. cit., II, p. 106.
page 62 note 2 G. Clark, op. cit., 58.
page 62 note 3 A. Norden, loc. cit.
page 62 note 4 Baudet, J. L., BSPF, 1957Google Scholar.
page 62 note 5 BSPF, 1961 (in the press).
page 62 note 6 H. Breuil, op. cit. (see note 4).
page 62 note 7 H. Breuil, loc. cit.
page 62 note 8 Cf. note 6, p. 50.
page 63 note 1 I wish to thank Dr H. Hencken, who first gave me the idea of writing this paper, for continuous help and advice.
- 1
- Cited by