Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-09T03:22:43.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Stone Age of Australia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2014

D. J. Mulvaney
D. J. Mulvaney
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Fieldwork in Australian prehistory began in the opening year of Australia's history; the first excavation was directed by the Colonial Governor. In an official despatch dated 15 May 1788, less than five months after the landing at Sydney Cove, Governor Arthur Phillip recorded the results of his excavation.

‘The ground having been raised in several places, as is common in England, where poor people are buried, I had one of these graves opened, and from the ashes had no doubt but that they burn their dead. From the appearance of the ashes, the body must be laid at length only a few inches below the surface, and is, with the wood ashes made by burning the body, covered lightly over with mould, fern and a few stones.’

Elsewhere, he remarked, that

‘… we frequently saw the figures of men, shields, and fish roughly cut on the rocks ….’

Phillip's early despatches were ‘compiled’ for publication by J. Stockdale. The influence of 18th-century English Antiquarianism is evident in the ‘rude’ remains in Stockdale's revised version, and his comment that ‘Phillip caused some of these barrows to be opened.’

Despite this auspicious excursion into aboriginal prehistory, Australia remains the dark continent of prehistory even after the passage of 170 years: it will be many years before the publication of a Pelican Archaeology of Australia becomes a practicable possibility. This contribution is intended as a preliminary sketch of present problems and a résumé of existing evidence. If it were restricted to a study of archaeological stratigraphy, it would be little more than a brief note; as its scope is broader, limitations of time and space impose a selective approach to the literature.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 27 , December 1961 , pp. 56 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1961

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbie, A. A., 1951. “The Australian Aborigine’, Oceania, 22: 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allchin, B., 1957. ‘Australian Stone Industries, Past and Present’, JRAI, 87: 115–36.Google Scholar
Allchin, B., 1959. ‘A Late Stone Age site near Kondapur Museum’, Man, LIX: 197–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anell, B., 1955. ‘Contribution to the history of fishing in the southern seas’, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia, IX.Google Scholar
Archibald, J., 1894. ‘Notes on the Antiquity of the Australian aboriginal race’, Trans. Roy. Geographical Soc. Australasia, Victorian Branch, XI: 22–5.Google Scholar
Balfour, H., 1925. ‘The status of the Tasmanians among the stone-age peoples’, PPSEA, V: 1–15.Google Scholar
Balfour, H., 1928. ‘Stone implements of the Tasmanians and the culture-status which they suggest’, AAAS, XIX: 314–22.Google Scholar
Bandi, H. G., 1951. ‘Die Obsidianindustrie der Umgebung von Bandung in West Java’, in Sudseestudien. Basel.Google Scholar
Berndt, R. M., 1947. ‘Discovery of pottery in North-Eastern Arnhem Land’, JRAI, LXXVII: 133–8.Google Scholar
Berndt, R. M., 1954. Arnhem Land. Melbourne.Google Scholar
Beyer, H. O., 1947. ‘Outline review of Philippine archaeology’, Philippine J. of Science, 77: 205–373.Google Scholar
Birdsell, J. B., 1949. ‘The racial origin of the extinct Tasmanians’, Rec. Queen Vic. Mus., 11: 105–22.Google Scholar
Birdsell, J. B., 1950. ‘Some implications of the genetical concept of race in terms of spatial analysis’, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 15.Google Scholar
Black, Lindsay, 1942. Cylcons, Mystery Stones of the Darling.Google Scholar
Campbell, T. D. and Noone, H. V., 1943a. ‘South Australian microlithic stone implements’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VII: 281–307.Google Scholar
Campbell, T. D. and Noone, H. V., 1943b. ‘Some aboriginal camp sites in the Woakwine Range … of South Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VII: 371–96.Google Scholar
Campbell, T. D., 1960. [A study of pirrian implements to be published in the forthcoming Rec. S. Aus. Mus.]Google Scholar
Casey, D. A., 1934. ‘An uncommon type of stone implement from Australia and New Guinea’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 8: 94–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, D. A., 1936. ‘Ethnological notes’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., 9: 90–7.Google Scholar
Casey, D. A., 1938. ‘The present state of our knowledge of the archaeology of Australia’, Proc. Third Congress Prekistorians of the Far East. Singapore [1940]: 22–9.Google Scholar
Charlesworth, J. K., 1957. The Quaternary Era. 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D., 1959. The Prehistory of Southern Africa. Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Cook, James, 1955. Beaglehole, J. C. (ed.), The Journals of Captain Cook, vol. 1, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cook, C. K., 1958. ‘A Comparison between weapons in rock art in Southern Rhodesia and weapons … used by Bushmen’, Occ. Pap. Nat. Mus. South. Rhodesia, 3: 120–40.Google Scholar
Cooper, H. M., 1943. ‘Large stone implements from South Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VII: 343–70.Google Scholar
Cooper, H. M., 1959. ‘Large archaeological stone implements from Hallett Cove, South Australia’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 82: 55–60.Google Scholar
Crocker, R. L. and Cotton, B. C., 1946. ‘Some raised beaches of the lower south-east of South Australia’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 70: 64–82.Google Scholar
Curr, E. M., 1886. The Australian Race, 4 vols., Melbourne.Google Scholar
David, T. W. E., 1923. ‘Geological evidence of the antiquity of man in the Commonwealth, with special reference to the Tasmanian aborigines’, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.: 109–50.Google Scholar
David, T. W. E. and Browne, W. R., 1950. The Geology of the Commonwealth of Australia, 3 vols., London.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. S., 1935. ‘Archaeological Problems of North Australia’, JRAI, 65: 145–84.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. S., 1936. ‘The spearthrower in Australia’, Proc. American Phil. Soc., LXXVI: 445–83.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. S., 1937. ‘The relationship of Tasmanian and Australian cultures’, 25th Anniv. Studies: Philadelphia Anthrop. Soc.: 47–62.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. S. and McCarthy, F. D., 1957. ‘The distribution and chronology of some important types of stone implements in western Australia’, Anthropos, 52: 391–458.Google Scholar
Dawson, J., 1881. The Australian Aborigines. Melbourne.Google Scholar
De Terra, J., 1943. ‘Pleistocene Geology and Early Man in Java’, Trans. Phil. Soc., XXXII: 437–64.Google Scholar
Etheridge, R., 1891. ‘Has Man a Geological History in Australia?’, Proc. Linnaean Soc. N.S.W., 5: 259–66.Google Scholar
Etheridge, R. and Whitelegge, T. W., 1907. ‘Aboriginal workshops on the coast of N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., VI: 235–50.Google Scholar
Eylmann, E., 1908. Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Sudaustralien, Berlin.Google Scholar
Eyre, E. J., 1845. Journals of Expeditions of Discovery, 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
Ferguson, G. J. and Rafter, T. A., 1959. ‘New Zealand C 14 age measurements’, N.Z. Jour. Geology and Geophysics, 2: 208–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlayson, H. H., 1948. ‘Wellington Cave, N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXII.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, C. P., 1953. ‘A Chinese discovery of Australia?’, in Moore, T. I. (ed.), Australia Writes, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Flinders, Mathew, 1814. A Voyage to Terra Australis, 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
Gifford, E. W. and Shutler, D., 1956. ‘Archaeological Excavations in New Caledonia’, Anthropological Records, California, vol. 18.Google Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1953a. ‘Geological evidence in Western Victoria relative to the antiquity of the Australian aborigines’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 18: 25–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1953b. ‘Fluorine tests relative to the Keilor skull’, Am. Jour. Phys. Anth., 11: 1–3.Google Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1954. ‘Keilor Man’, Antiquity, 28: 110–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1955a. ‘Fluorine-Phosphate ratios in relation to the age of the Keilor skull’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 19: 106–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1955b. ‘Radiocarbon dates for Australian archaeological and geological samples’, Aust, Jour. Sci., 18: 49–52.Google Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1955c. ‘Aboriginal midden sites in Western Victoria dated by radiocarbon analysis’, Mankind, 5: 51–5.Google Scholar
Gill, Edmund D., 1960. ‘Antiquity and changing environment of the Australian aborigines’, a paper submitted to a symposium on the aborigines at Wayne State University. Awaiting publication.Google Scholar
Goddard, R. H., 1934. ‘Notes on certain massive flaked implements found in the Port Stephens district’, Mankind, 1: 191–3.Google Scholar
Gregory, J. W., 1904. ‘The antiquity of man in Victoria’, Proc Roy. Soc. Vic., XVII: 120–44.Google Scholar
Hale, H. M. and Tindale, N. B., 1930. ‘Notes on some human remains in the Lower Murray Valley, South Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., IV: 145–218.Google Scholar
Heine-Geldern, R. von, 1945. ‘Prehistoric research in the Netherlands Indies’, in Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies, New York: 129–67.Google Scholar
Hills, E. S., 1955. ‘Physiography and Geology’, in Leeper, G. W. (ed.), Introducing Victoria, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Horne, G. and Aiston, G., 1924. Savage Life in Central Australia, London.Google Scholar
Hossfeld, P. A., 1950. ‘The late Cainozoic history of the south-east of South Australia’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 73: 232–79.Google Scholar
Howchin, W., 1919. ‘Notes on artefacts …’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., XLII: 81–4.Google Scholar
Howitt, A. W., 1898. ‘On the origin of the aborigines of Tasmania and Australia’, AAAS, Sydney: 723–58.Google Scholar
Jackson, G. K., 1939. ‘Aboriginal middens at Point Cartwright district’, Mem. Queensland Mus., XI: 289–95.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. N., 1959. ‘The submarine topography of Bass Strait’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., 71: 49–72.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. E., 1958. ‘Classification of Australian aboriginal stone artifacts’, The Aust. Amateur Mineralogist, 4: 25–7; 58–60.Google Scholar
Jones, F. Wood, 1935. Tasmania's Vanished Race, Sydney.Google Scholar
Jones, F. Wood, 1944. ‘The antiquity of man in Australia’, Nature, 153: 211–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keble, R. A., 1946. ‘The Contemporaneity of the river terraces of the Maribyrnong river, Victoria, with those of the Upper Pleistocene in Europe’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Melb., 14: 52–68.Google Scholar
Keble, R. A., 1947. ‘Notes on Australian Quaternary climates and migration’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Melb., 15: 28–81.Google Scholar
Keesing, F. M., 1950. ‘Some notes on early migrations in the Southwest Pacific area’, Southwestern J. Anthrop., 6: 101–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, E., 1934. ‘Excavating a rock-shelter at Brown's Bay, Pittwater, N.S.W.’, Mankind, 1: 200–1.Google Scholar
Kenyon, A. S., 1912. ‘Camping places of the aborigines of south-east Australia’, Victorian Hist. Mag., ii: 97–110.Google Scholar
Kenyon, A. S., 1928. AAAS, XIX: 377. (A summary of three lectures which he delivered.)Google Scholar
Kenyon, A. S. and Mahony, D. J., 1914. Guide to the Stone Implements of the Australian aborigines, National Museum of Victoria.Google Scholar
Kenyon, A. S., Mahony, D. J. and Mann, S. F., 1924a. ‘Evidence of outside culture inoculations’, AAAS, XVII: 464–6.Google Scholar
Kenyon, A. S., 1924b. ‘Austral-Tasmanic connections’, AAAS, XVII: 467–9.Google Scholar
King, D., 1956. ‘The Quaternary stratigraphic record at Lake Eyre North …’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 79: 93–103.Google Scholar
King, D., 1960. ‘The sand ridge deserts of South Australia and related Aeolian landforms of the Quaternary arid cycles’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 83: 99–108.Google Scholar
Legge, R. W., 1928. ‘On some diminutive types of Tasmanian stone implements’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.: 87–92.Google Scholar
Legge, R. W., 1929. ‘Tasmanian stone culture’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas.: 39–43.Google Scholar
Mahony, D. J., 1943. ‘The problem of antiquity of man in Australia’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 13: 7–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massola, A., 1956. ‘Australian fish hooks and their distribution’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 22: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1934. ‘A rock-shelter near Emu Plains’, Mankind, 1: 23–4.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1939. ‘“Trade” in aboriginal Australia, and “trade” relationships with Torres Strait, New Guinea and Malaya’, Oceania, IX: 405–38; X: 80–104, 171–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1940. ‘A comparison of the prehistory of Australia with that of Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago’, Proc. Third Congress Prehistorians of Far East, Singapore, 1938: 30–50.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1940b. ‘The bone point, known as muduk, in Eastern Australia’, Rec Austr. Mus., XX: 313–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1940c. ‘Aboriginal Australian material culture’, Mankind, II: 241–69, 294–320.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1941. ‘Two pebble industry sites of Hoabinhien I type on the north coast of N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXI: 21–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1943a. ‘An analysis of the knapped implements from eight Elouera industry sites …’, Rec Austr. Mus., XXI: 127–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1943b. ‘Trimmed pebble implements of Kartan type from ancient kitchen-middens at Clybucca, N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXI: 164–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1944. ‘Some unusual cylindro-conical stones from N.S.W. and Java’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXI: 257–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1946. ‘The stone implements of Australia’, Memoir Australian Mus., IX: 1–94.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1947. ‘An analysis of the large stone implements from five workshops on the north coast of N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXI: 411–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1948. ‘The Lapstone Creek excavation: two culture periods revealed in eastern N.S.W.’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXII: 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1949. ‘The prehistoric cultures of Australia’, Oceania, XIX: 305–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1951. ‘Some new and unusual stone implements from Australia and New Guinea’, Rec. Austr. Mus., XXII: 344–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1953a. ‘Some new records of tanged implements and pounders in Eastern Australia’, Mankind, IV: 361–4.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1953b. ‘The Oceanic and Indonesia affiliations of Australian aboriginal culture’, Jour. Polynesian Soc., 62: 243–61.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1957. ‘Distributional notes on point industries in the Northern Territory’, Mankind, V: 163–8.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1958. ‘Culture succession in south eastern Australia’, Mankind, V: 177–90.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1959. ‘Methods and scope of Australian archaeology’, Mankind, V: 297–314.Google Scholar
McCarthy, F. D., 1960. In Mountford, C. P. (ed.), Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land, vol. 2, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Meston, A. L., 1936. ‘Observations on visits of the Tasmanian aborigines to the Hunter Islands’, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc Tas., 1935: 155–62.Google Scholar
Meston, A. L., 1937. ‘The problem of the Tasmanian aborigine’, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1936: 85–92.Google Scholar
Meston, A. L., 1956. ‘Miscellaneous notes on the culture of the Tasmanian aboriginal’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 20: 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macintosh, N. W. G., 1949. ‘A survey of possible sea routes available to the Tasmanian aborigines’, Rec. Queen. Vic. Mus., II: 123–43.Google Scholar
Macintosh, N. W. G., 1950. ‘Archaeology of Tandandjal Cave, south-west Arnhem Land’, Oceania, XXI: 178–213.Google Scholar
Macintosh, N. W. G., 1952a. ‘The Cohuna cranium: history and commentary from 1925 to 1951’, Mankind, IV: 307–29.Google Scholar
Macintosh, N. W. G., 1952b. ‘The Cohuna cranium: teeth and palate’, Oceania, XXIII: 95–105, 277–96.Google Scholar
Macintosh, N. W. G., 1952c. ‘The Talgai teeth and dental arch: remeasurement and reconstruction’, Oceania, XXIII: 106–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMichael, D. F., 1957. ‘Fossil freshwater mussels of Australia’, Proc. Linnaean Soc. N.S.W., LXXXI: 222–43.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. R., 1949. Stone-Age Craftsmen, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. R., 1955. ‘Comparison of the stone tools of the Tasmanian and Australian aborigines’, JRAI, 85: 131–39.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. R., 1958. ‘An aboriginal bone industry’, Mankind, V: 194–9.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. R., 1959. ‘The woodworking tools of the Australian aborigines’, JRAI, 89: 191–9.Google Scholar
Mountford, C. P., 1941. ‘An unrecorded method of manufacturing wooden implements by simple stone tools’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., LXV: 312–16.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1957. ‘Research in the Prehistory of Victoria: a criticism and a report on a field survey’, Historical Studies—Australia and New Zealand, 8: 32–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1958. ‘The Australian Aborigines 1606-1929: opinion and fieldwork’, Hist. Stud., 8: 131–51, 297–314.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1959. ‘Dating Australian prehistory’, Nature, 184: 918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1960a. ‘Archaeological excavations at Fromm's Landing, on the Lower Murray River, South Australia’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., 72: 53–85.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1960b. ‘Recent archaeological excavations in Australia’, Jour. Polynesian Soc., 69: 151–3.Google Scholar
Mulvaney, D. J., 1960c. ‘Anthropology in Victoria 100 years ago’, Centenary Vol. Roy. Soc. Vic., 73 (in press).Google Scholar
Newall, R. S., 1913. ‘Stone implements from Millstream station, W.A.’, PPSEA, I: 303–5.Google Scholar
Noetling, F., 1907. ‘Notes on the Tasmanian Amorpholithes’, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1907: 1–37.Google Scholar
Noone, H. V. V., 1940. ‘The stone implements of Bandarawela’, Ceylon Jour. Sci., Section G., iii: 1–23.Google Scholar
Noone, H. V. V., 1943a. ‘Some aboriginal stone implements of W.A.’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VII: 271–80.Google Scholar
Noone, H. V. V., 1943b. ‘Some aspects of aboriginal stone culture’, Mankind, iii: 136–9.Google Scholar
Noone, H. V. V., 1949. ‘Some implements of the Australian aborigines with European parallels’, Man, 49: 111–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noone, H. V. V., 1952. ‘Individual aspects in the culture of the Australian aborigine’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 75: 1–5.Google Scholar
Oakley, K. P., 1952. ‘Swanscombe Man’, Proc. Geol. Ass., 63: 271–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillip, A., 1789. The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay, London.Google Scholar
Pulleine, R. H., 1928. ‘The Tasmanians and their stone culture’, AAAS, XIX: 294–314.Google Scholar
Ride, W. D. L., 1958. ‘The edge-ground axes of south-western Australia’, The Western Australian Naturalist, 6: 162–79.Google Scholar
Rivers, W. H. R., 1926. Psychology and Ethnology, London.Google Scholar
Roth, H. L., 1890. The aborigines of Tasmania, London.Google Scholar
Roth, W. E., 1897. Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Roth, W. E., 1904. ‘Domestic implements, arts and manufactures’, North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin 7, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Setzler, F. M. and McCarthy, F. D., 1950. ‘A unique Archaeological specimen from Australia’, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 40: 1–5.Google Scholar
Simmons, R. T., 1958. ‘A review of blood group gene frequencies in aborigines of the various Australian states’, Proc. Seventh Cong. Int. Soc. Blood Transfusion, Rome: 287–92.Google Scholar
Smyth, R. B., 1878. The Aborigines of Victoria, 2 vols., Melbourne.Google Scholar
Sollas, W. J., 1911. Ancient Hunters, London.Google Scholar
SirSpencer, W. Baldwin, 1921. ‘The Aborigines of Australia’, AAAS, XV: lii–lxxxix.Google Scholar
SirSpencer, W. Baldwin, 1922. Guide to the Ethnological Coll. of the Nat. Mus. of Victoria (1st edit.), 1901 (3rd edit.), 1922.Google Scholar
SirSpencer, W. Baldwin, 1928. Wanderings in Wild Australia, 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
SirSpencer, W. Baldwin and Gillen, F. J., 1899. The Native Tribes of Central Australia, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SirSpencer, W. Baldwin and Gillen, F. J., 1927. The Arunta, 2 vols., London.Google Scholar
Stapleton, P. de S., 1945. ‘Bifaced stone implements from south-eastern South Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., 8: 281–7.Google Scholar
Taylor, G., 1937. Environment, Race and Migration, Toronto.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. F., 1936. ‘Notes on some bone and stone implements from North Queensland’, JRAI, 66: 71–4.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. F., 1939. ‘The seasonal factor in human culture’, PPS, 4: 209–22.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. F., 1949. Economic Structure and Ceremonial Exchange Cycle in Arnhem Land, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. F., 1952. ‘Some notes on primitve watercraft in Northern Australia’, Man, 52: 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, W. W., 1932. ‘A rock-shelter at Lake Burrill’, Mankind, II: 53–5, 78–9.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1937. ‘Relationship of the extinct Kangaroo Island culture with Cultures of Australia, Tasmania and Malaya’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VI: 39–60.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1937a. ‘Tasmanian aborigines on Kangaroo Island’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VI: 29–38.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1941. ‘The antiquity of man in Australia’, Aust. J. Sci., iii: 144–7.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1941a. ‘The Hand-axe used in the Western Desert of Australia’, Mankind, III: 37–41.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1945. ‘A microlithic mounted stone engraver from western Queensland’, Queensland Naturalist, XII: 83–4.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1947. ‘Subdivision of Pleistocene time in South Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., VII: 619–52.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1949. ‘Large biface implements from Mornington Island, Queensland and from south-western Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., IX: 157–66.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1950. ‘Palaeolithic kodj axe of the aborigines and its distribution in Australia’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., IX: 257–74.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1951. ‘Palaeolithic kodj axe of the aborigines: further notes’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., IX: 371–4.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1955. ‘Archaeological site at Lake Menindee, N.S.W.’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., XI: 269–98.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1956. ‘The peopling of south-eastern Australia’, Austr. Mus. Mag., XII: 115–20.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1956b. In ‘Australian and New Zealand Research in eustasy–Part II’, Aust. Jour. Sci., 19: 54–8.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1957. ‘Culture succession in south-eastern Australia from Late Pleistocene to the present’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., XIII: 1–49.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B., 1957b. ‘A dated Tartangan implement site from Cape Martin, south-east of South Australia’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 80: 109–23.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B. and Maegraith, B. G., 1931. ‘Traces of an extinct aboriginal population on Kangaroo Island’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., IV: 275–89.Google Scholar
Tindale, N. B. and Mountford, C. P., 1936. ‘Results of the excavation of Kongarati cave, near Second Valley, S.A.’, Rec. S. Aus. Mus., V: 487–502.Google Scholar
Tweedie, M. W. F., 1953. ‘The Stone Age in Malaya’, Jour. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., 26: 1–90.Google Scholar
Tweedie, M. W. F., 1957. Prehistoric Malaya. Background to Malaya series, 6.Google Scholar
Twidale, C. R., 1956. ‘The physiography of north-west Queensland’, Geographical Studies, 3: 1–11.Google Scholar
Tylor, E. B., 1894. ‘On the Tasmanians as representatives of Palaeolithic man’, JAI, XXIII: 141–52.Google Scholar
Van Heekeren, H. R., 1957. The Stone Age of Indonesia, Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Ward, L. K., 1941. ‘Underground water of the south-eastern part of South Australia’, Geol. Survey of S. Aus., Bulletin 19.Google Scholar
Waterbolk, H. T., 1960. ‘The 1959 Carbon-14 symposium at Groningen’, Antiquity, 34: 14–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, S. A., 1919. ‘The occurrence of aboriginal remains below marine deposits at Reedbeds, Fulham, near Adelaide’, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aus., 43: 77–80.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, F. W., 1948. ‘The geology of the channel country of south-western Queensland’, Queensland Bureau Investigation Bull., I: 1–28.Google Scholar
Worsley, P. M., 1955. ‘Early Asian contacts with Australia’, Past and Present, I: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderly, J., 1938. ‘The origin of the Tasmanian race’, Man, 38: 198–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderly, J., 1939. ‘The cranial and other skeletal remains of Tasmanians in the Commonwealth of Australia’, Biometrica, 30: 305–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderly, J., 1943. ‘The Keilor fossil skull: anatomical description’, Mem. Nat. Mus. Vic., 13: 57–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeuner, F. E., 1950. Dating the Past, London.Google ScholarPubMed