Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-19T11:52:45.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Submerged Palaeo-Yare: New Middle Palaeolithic Archaeological Finds from the Southern North Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2023

ANDREW SHAW
Affiliation:
Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 6EB. Emails: a.shaw@wessexarch.co.uk; d.young@wessexarch.co.uk; h.hawkins@wessexarch.co.uk
DANIEL YOUNG
Affiliation:
Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 6EB. Emails: a.shaw@wessexarch.co.uk; d.young@wessexarch.co.uk; h.hawkins@wessexarch.co.uk
HAYLEY HAWKINS
Affiliation:
Wessex Archaeology, Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 6EB. Emails: a.shaw@wessexarch.co.uk; d.young@wessexarch.co.uk; h.hawkins@wessexarch.co.uk

Abstract

The Palaeolithic archaeological record from current dryland contexts informs on activity across only a fraction of occupied Pleistocene landscapes. Now-submerged contexts, such as those preserved beneath the southern North Sea, allow past human activity to be considered at a more representative scale. Previous investigations have recovered internationally significant Middle Palaeolithic archaeology associated with submerged Pleistocene landscapes in the southern North Sea. Discovered through aggregate dredging in marine aggregate licence Area 240, the archaeology is associated with Pleistocene deposits of the Paleo-Yare river system. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that the Palaeo-Yare catchment extended across adjacent aggregate areas, leading to the implementation of a regional monitoring programme at aggregate wharfs to monitor, manage, and assimilate new archaeological data.

This paper reviews all new Palaeolithic lithic finds recovered between 2011 and 2022 from Area 240 and adjacent licence areas. Most are Middle Palaeolithic artefacts from Area 240. These new Middle Palaeolithic discoveries are related to previous finds and the combined collections placed within their wider Middle Palaeolithic British context. Middle Palaeolithic activity within the Palaeo-Yare catchment included multiple phases of occupation associated with different favoured technological repertoires, indicating that two groups of artefacts are present: Levallois artefacts likely to date to the early Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 8–7–6) and handaxes dating to the Late Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 5d–3).

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

La Paléo-Yare submergée : nouvelles données archéologiques sur le Paléolithique moyen du sud de la mer du Nord, par Andrew Shaw, Daniel Young, et Hayley Hawkins

Les données archéologiques paléolithiques dont nous disposons à partir des terres émergées actuelles ne nous informent que sur une fraction des activités qui se sont développées au sein des paysages pléistocènes. Les territoires actuellement submergés, tels que ceux recouverts par la mer du Nord, nous permettent d’envisager les activités humaines passées à une échelle plus représentative. Des recherches précédentes ont mis au jour des vestiges archéologiques du Paléolithique moyen d’importance internationale en lien avec les paysages pléistocènes submergés du sud de la mer du Nord. Découverts lors de dragages d’agrégats effectués dans la Zone de Licence 240 d’agrégats marins, ces vestiges sont associés aux dépôts pléistocènes du réseau fluvial de la Paléo-Yare. Des études ultérieures ont démontré que le bassin versant de la Paléo-Yare s’étendait à d’autres zones d’agrégats adjacentes, entrainant la mise en place d’un programme régional de surveillance sur des quais d’agrégats afin de surveiller, gérer, et assimiler de nouvelles données archéologiques.

Cet article examine l’ensemble des productions lithiques paléolithiques découvertes entre 2011 et 2022 dans la Zone 240 et dans les zones de licence adjacentes. Il s’agit pour la plupart d’industries du Paléolithique moyen provenant de la Zone 240. Ces nouvelles découvertes du Paléolithique moyen sont mises en rapport avec des découvertes précédentes, et l’ensemble de ces séries est placé dans son contexte plus large du Paléolithique moyen britannique. Les activités du Paléolithique moyen dans le bassin versant de la Paléo-Yare se manifestent à travers plusieurs phases d’occupation associées à différents répertoires technologiques privilégiés, indiquant la présence de deux groupes d’outillage : des outillages Levallois datant certainement du début du Paléolithique moyen (MIS 8–6) et des bifaces datant du Paléolithique moyen récent (MIS 5d–3).

Zusammenfassung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Der versunkene Paläo-Yare: Neue archäologische Funde des Mittelpaläolithikums aus der südlichen Nordsee, von Andrew Shaw, Daniel Young, und Hayley Hawkins

Die archäologischen Daten zum Paläolithikum aus heutigen Trockenböden geben nur Aufschluss über Aktivitäten in einem Bruchteil der genutzten pleistozänen Landschaften. Jetzt versunkene Kontexte, wie sie unter der südlichen Nordsee erhalten sind, ermöglichen es, die vergangenen menschlichen Aktivitäten in einem repräsentativeren Umfang zu betrachten. Bei früheren Untersuchungen wurden international bedeutende mittelpaläolithische Funde in Verbindung mit versunkenen pleistozänen Landschaften in der südlichen Nordsee entdeckt. Die archäologischen Belege, die bei Baggerarbeiten im Lizenzgebiet 240 für marine Zuschlagstoffe entdeckt wurde, stehen im Zusammenhang mit pleistozänen Ablagerungen des Paläo-Yare-Flusssystems. Nachfolgende Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass sich das Einzugsgebiet des Paläo-Yare über angrenzende Abbaugebiete erstreckt, was zur Einführung eines regionalen Überwachungsprogramms an Zuschlagstoffwerften führte, um neue archäologische Daten zu beobachten, zu verwalten und zu verarbeiten.

In diesem Beitrag werden alle neuen lithischen Funde des Paläolithikums vorgestellt, die zwischen 2011 und 2022 im Gebiet 240 und den angrenzenden Lizenzgebieten geborgen wurden. Bei den meisten Funden handelt es sich um mittelpaläolithische Artefakte aus Gebiet 240. Diese neuen mittelpaläolithischen Funde werden mit früheren Funden in Beziehung gesetzt und die kombinierten Funde in den weiteren mittelpaläolithischen britischen Kontext eingeordnet. Die mittelpaläolithischen Aktivitäten im Paläo-Yare-Einzugsgebiet umfassten mehrere Besiedlungsphasen, die mit unterschiedlichen bevorzugten technologischen Repertoires verbunden waren, was darauf hindeutet, dass zwei Gruppen von Artefakten vorhanden sind: Levallois-Artefakte, die wahrscheinlich in das frühe Mittelpaläolithikum (MIS 8–6) zu datieren sind, und Faustkeile, die in das späte Mittelpaläolithikum (MIS 5d–3) datiert werden.

Resumen

RESUMEN

El Paleo-Yare sumergido: nuevos hallazgos del Paleolítico medio en el sur del Mar del Norte, por Andrew Shaw, Daniel Young, y Hayley Hawkins

El registro arqueológico paleolítico de los actuales contextos de tierra firme nos informa sobre la actividad en sólo una fracción de los paisajes ocupados del Pleistoceno. Los contextos actualmente sumergidos, como aquellos preservados bajo el sur del mar del Norte, permiten considerar la actividad humana pasada a una escala más representativa. Las investigaciones previas han registrado una realidad arqueológica internacionalmente significativa adscrita al Paleolítico Medio y asociada a los paisajes pleistocenos sumergidos en el sur del Mar del Norte. Descubierta gracias al dragado de una serie de agregados marinos en el área 240, estos hallazgos arqueológicos están asociados a los depósitos pleistocenos del sistema fluvial del Paleo-Yare. Los estudios subsecuentes han demostrado que el sistema de captación del Paleo-Yare se extendía a lo largo de una serie de áreas agregadas adyacentes, lo que llevó a la implementación de un programa de monitoreo regional en muelles agregados para monitorear, gestionar y asimilar nuevos datos arqueológicos.

En este artículo se revisan todos los nuevos hallazgos de industria lítica paleolíticos documentados entre 2011 y 2022 en el Área 240 y áreas de licencia adyacentes. La mayor parte son artefactos del Paleolítico medio del Área 240. Estos nuevos descubrimientos del Paleolítico medio están relacionados con previos hallazgos y las colecciones que aparecen en el contexto del Paleolítico medio británico. La actividad del Paleolítico medio dentro de la zona de captación del Palaeo-Yare incluye múltiples fases de ocupación asociadas con diferentes repertorios tecnológicos privilegiados, indicando que dos están presentes dos grupos de artefactos: los artefactos Levallois que probablemente se datan en el Paleolítico medio inicial (MIS 8–6) y las hachas de mano que datan en los momentos finales del Paleolítico medio (MIS 5d–3).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Prehistoric Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arthurton, R.S., Booth, S.J., Morigi, A.N., Abbott, M.A.W. & Wood, C.J. 1994. Geology of the country around Great Yarmouth. Memoir of the British Geological Survey Sheet 162 (England & Wales). London: HMSOCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N. & Lewis, S. 2002. Deserted Britain: declining populations in the British late Middle Pleistocene. Antiquity 76 (292), 388–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, N.M., Lewis, S.G. & Hosfield, R.T. 2011. Mapping the human record: population change in Britain during the early Palaeolithic. In Ashton, N.M., Lewis, S.G. & Stringer, C.B. (eds), The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain, 3951. Amsterdam: Elsevier CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, C.R., Shaw, A., Bates, M.R., Pope, M. & Scott, S. 2023. La Cotte, Neanderthals and Goldilocks: investigating hominin adaptations in the submerged landscapes of the Normanno-Breton Gulf. In Scott et al. (eds) 2023, 107–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briant, R.M. & Bateman, M.D. 2009. Luminescence dating indicates radiocarbon age underestimation in late Pleistocene fluvial deposits from eastern England. Journal of Quaternary Science 24 (8), 916–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boismier, W.A, Gamble, C. & Coward, F. 2012. Neanderthals Among Mammoths: excavations at Lynford Quarry, Norfolk. Swindon: English Heritage Google Scholar
Bordes, F. 1961. Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moye. Bordeaux: Institut de Préhistoire Mémoire lGoogle Scholar
Bynoe, R, Grant, M. & Dix, J.K. 2022 Strategic Support for Marine Development Management: Palaeolithic archaeology and landscape reconstruction offshore. Discovery, innovation and science in the historic environment. London: Historic England Research Report Series 90/2022Google Scholar
Davis, R., Ashton, N., Bynoe, R., Craven, J., Ferguson, R., Gardner, I., Grimmer, T., Harris, C., Hatch, M., Johnson, C. & Leonard, J. 2023. Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the southern North Sea Basin: evidence from the sandscaping sediments emplaced on the beach between Bacton and Walcott, Norfolk, UK. Journal of Quaternary Science 38 (6), 866–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Loecker, D. 2010. Great Yarmouth Dredging Licence Area 240, Norfolk, United Kingdom – Preliminary Report on the Lithic Artefacts. Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden, unpublished reportGoogle Scholar
Fjordr 2015. Written Scheme of Investigations: Early Prehistoric Material in the Anglian Region (appendix 1). Salisbury: Fjordr Marine Consulting, unpublished report ver. 031016Google Scholar
Hijma, M.P., Cohen, K.M., Roebroeks, W., Westerhoff, W.E. & Busschers, F.S. 2012. Pleistocene Rhine–Thames landscapes: geological background for hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region. Journal of Quaternary Science 27 (1), 1739 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Limpenny, S.E., Barrio Froján, C., Cotterill, C, Foster-Smith, R.L., Pearce, B., Tizzard, L., Limpenny, D.L., Long, D., Walmsley, S., Kirby, S., Baker, K., Meadows, W.J., Rees, J., Hill, J., Wilson, C., Leivers, M., Churchley, S., Russell, J., Birchenough, A.C., Green, S.L. & Law, R.J. 2011. The East Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation. London: MEPF, Cefas Open report 08/04Google Scholar
Marshall, P., Bayliss, A., Grant, M., Bridgland, D.R., Duller, G., Housley, R., Matthews, I., Outram, Z., Penkman, K.E.H., Pike, A., Schreve, D. & Xuan, C. 2020. Scientific Dating of Pleistocene Sites: guidelines for best practice. Available at https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/440891/ Google Scholar
Roe, D. A. 1964. The British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: some problems, methods of study and preliminary results. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30, 245–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, D. 1968. A Gazetteer of British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Sites. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 8Google Scholar
Roe, D.A. 1969. British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic handaxe groups. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 34, 182 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Hublin, J.J. & MacDonald, K. 2011. Continuities and discontinuities in Neandertal presence: a closer look at northwestern Europe In Ashton, N.M., Lewis, S.G. & Stringer, C.B. (eds), The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain, 113–23. Amsterdam: Elsevier CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sainty, J.E. 1927. An Acheulean Palaeolithic workshop site at Whitlingham, near Norwich. With geological notes on the Acheulian site at Whitlingham, Norfolk by Professor P.G.H. Boswell. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 5(2), 177209 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sainty, J.E. 1933. Some Norfolk Palaeolithic discoveries: with an appendix on implementiferous gravels in East Anglia by Dr J. D. Solomen. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 7(2), 171–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, B. 2011. Becoming Neanderthals: the earlier British Middle Palaeolithic. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Scott, B., Shaw, K., Scott, K. & Pope, M. (eds). 2023. Repeopling La Manche. New Perspectives on Neanderthal Archaeology and Landscapes from La Cotte de St Brelade. Oxford: Prehistoric Society Research Paper 10.Google Scholar
Schreve, D.C., Brothwell, D.R. & Stuart, A.J. 2012. The vertebrate assemblage. In Boismier et al. (eds) 2012, 157–205Google Scholar
Schwenninger, J.-L. & Rhodes, E. 2012. ‘Optically stimulated luminescence’. In Boismier et al. (eds) 2012, 6770 Google Scholar
Shaw, A. & Scott, B. 2023. Coming home: reconstructing place and landscape during the early Middle Palaeolithic at La Cotte de St Brelade. In Scott et al. (eds) 2023, 6377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, A., Bates, M., Conneller, C., Gamble, C., Julien, M.A., McNabb, J., Pope, M. & Scott, B. 2016. The archaeology of persistent places: the Palaeolithic case of La Cotte de St Brelade, Jersey. Antiquity 90(354), 1437–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tizzard, L., Benjamin, J. & De Loecker, D. 2014. A Middle Palaeolithic site in the southern North Sea: investigating the archaeology and palaeogeography of Area 240. Journal of Quaternary Science 29(7), 698710 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tizzard, L., Bicket, A. & De Loecker, D. 2015. Seabed Prehistory: investigating the palaeogeography and early Middle Palaeolithic archaeology in the southern North Sea. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology Monograph 35Google Scholar
Tyldesley, J.A. 1987. The Bout Coupé Handaxe. A Typological Problem. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2008. Seabed Prehistory: gauging the effects of marine aggregate dredging. final report volume IV Great Yarmouth. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 57422.34Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2010a. Seabed Prehistory: site evaluation techniques (Area 240): palaeoenviromental sampling. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 70753.02Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2010b. Seabed Prehistory: site evaluation techniques (Area 240): seabed sampling. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 70752.02Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2011. Seabed Prehistory: site evaluation techniques (Area 240): seabed sampling: synthesis. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 70753.02Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2013. Palaeo-Yare Catchment Technical Report. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 83740.04Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2015. Palaeo-Yare Operational Sampling Conducted under the Short-term Licensing Provisional Written Scheme of Investigation Interpretive Report. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 83742.01Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2020. Geoarchaeological Assessment of Marine Aggregates Licence Areas 511, 512, 513/1 and 513/2. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 233240.01Google Scholar
Wessex Archaeology. 2021. Palaeo-Yare Catchment Monitoring: Interpretative Report Five Year Review of Operational Sampling: January 2015 to December 2019. Salisbury: unpublished report ref. 226020.03Google Scholar
White, M.J. 2012. The lithic assemblage. In Boismier et al. (eds) 2012, 219–60Google Scholar
White, M.J. & Jacobi, R.M. 2002. Two sides to every story: bout coupé handaxes revisited. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21(2), 109–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M.J. & Schreve, D.C. 2000. Island Britain–peninsula Britain: palaeogeography, colonisation, and the Lower Palaeolithic settlement of the British Isles. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66, 128 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J. 1985. The Palaeolithic Sites of East Anglia. Norwich: Geo Books Google Scholar
Wymer, J.J. 1999. The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology and English HeritageGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Shaw et al. supplementary material

Shaw et al. supplementary material

Download Shaw et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 197.1 KB