Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-22T01:48:47.984Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Insanity and the realities of history in early modern England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Michael MacDonald*
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
*
1Address for correspondence: Professor Michael MacDonald, Department of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Synopsis

This paper argues that the attack on religious enthusiasm, a campaign against popular religious radicalism, prompted the governing classes in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England to embrace secular explanations of the nature of insanity and to repudiate treatments which were based on religious and magical beliefs. An objection to the argument is considered, and some of its implications are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abbey, C. J. & Overton, J. H. (1878). The English Church, in the Eighteenth Century (2 vols). London.Google Scholar
Adams, J. (1700). An Essay Concerning Self-Murther, pp. 120121. London.Google Scholar
Alexander, F. G. & Selesnick, S. T. (1967). The History of Psychiatry, p. 88. George Allen & Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Babb, L. (1951). The Elizabethan Malady. Michigan State University Press: East Lansing.Google Scholar
Bacon, F. (1969). The Advancement of Learning and New Atlantis (ed. Case, T.), p. 130. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Bamborough, J. B. (1951). The Little World of Man. Long-mans: London.Google Scholar
Battie, W. (1962). A Treatise on Madness (ed. Hunter, R. and Macalpine, I.), pp. 56. Dawsons: London.Google Scholar
Baxter, R. (1656). Gildas Salvianus: The First Part. i.e. The Reformed Pastor, pp. 77, 94. London.Google Scholar
Blount, C. (1695). Anima Mundi. In his Miscellaneous Works, p. 53. London.Google Scholar
Burton, R. (1968). Anatomy of Melancholy (ed. Jackson, H.). Everyman: London.Google Scholar
Bynum, W. F. (1974). Rationales for therapy in British psychiatry, 1780–1835. Medical History 18, 318328.Google Scholar
Capp, B. S. (1979). Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs, 1500–1800. Faber: London.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O. C. (1979). Prophetess. The New York Review of Books, 09 12, p. 31.Google Scholar
Church, T. (1745). Remarks on the Reverend Mr John Wesley's Last Journal, pp. 6869. London.Google Scholar
Clarke, S. (1706). A Discourse Concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion, p. 366. London.Google Scholar
De Porte, M. V. (1974). Nightmares and Hobbyharses: Swift, Sterne, and Augustan, ideas of Madness. Huntington Library: San Marino.Google Scholar
Evans, T. (1757). The History of Modern Enthusiasm (2nd edn), p. 127. London.Google Scholar
Ferriar, J. (1795). Medical Histories and Reflections, Vol. 2. London.Google Scholar
Flecknoe, R. (1665). Sixtynine Enigmatical Characters, p. 101. London.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique (rev. edn). Gallimard: Paris.Google Scholar
Fox., G. (1948). George Fox's ‘Book of Miracles’ (ed. Cadbury, H. J.). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Glanvill, J. (1681). Saducismus Triumphatus. London.Google Scholar
Hair, P. E. H. (1971). Deaths from violence in Britain: a tentative secular survey. Population Studies 25, 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haller, W. (1958). The Rise of Puritanism. Harper & Row:New York.Google Scholar
Harrison, J. F. C. (1979). The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780–1850. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Harth, P. (1961). Swift and Anglican Rationalism. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Hayden, R. (ed.) (1974). Records of a Church of Christ in Bristol, 1640–1687. Bristol Record Society Publications no. 27.Google Scholar
Heywood, O. (18821885). His Autobiography, Diaries, Anecdote and Event Books (4 vols) (ed. Turner, J. Horsfall). Bingley & Brighthouse.Google Scholar
Hill, J. E. C. (1975). The World Turned Upside Down. Penguin: Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
HMC, Report V. (1876). Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report V.Google Scholar
Howell, J. (1890). Epistolae Ho-Elianae (ed. James, J.). London.Google Scholar
Hunnisett, R. F. (1981). Wiltshire Coroners' Bills, 1752–1796. Wiltshire Record Society, no. 37 (in the press).Google Scholar
Hunter, R. & Macalpine, I. (1963). Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Jacob, M. C. (1976). The Newtonians and the English Revolution, 1689–1720. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. (1755). A Dictionary of the English Language, s.v. ‘Enthusiasm’. London.Google Scholar
Kocher, P. H. (1953). Science and Religion in Elizabethan England. Huntington Library: San Marino.Google Scholar
Lavington, G. (1757). The Enthusiasm of Methodists and Papists Compared (2 pts in 3 vols), Pt II, p. 39; pt III, p. 16. London.Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1959). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2nd edn) (2 vols) (ed. Fraser, A. C.), Vol. 1, pp. 209210. Dover: New York.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. (1977). The inner side of wisdom: suicide in early modern England. Psychological Medicine 7, 565582.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. (1979). Madness and healing in seventeenth- century England. Ph.D. thesis: Stanford University.Google Scholar
McKenzie, I. (1935). The Social Activities of the English Friends in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Privately printed: New York.Google Scholar
Mead, R. (1775). The Works of Richard Mead. Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Monro, J. (1962). Remarks on Dr Battie's Treatise on Madness. In Battie, W. Treatise on Madness (ed. Hunter, R. and Macalpine, I.). Dawsons: London.Google Scholar
More, H. (1656). Enthusiasmus Triumphatus. London.Google Scholar
Murphy, T. R. (1981). Suicide and madness in early modern England: a Szaszian perspective. (To be published.)Google Scholar
Naylor, M. J. (1795). The Insanity and Mischief of Vulgar Superstitions. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Obelkevich, J. (1976). Religion and Rural Society: South Lindsey, 1825–1875. Clarendon Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Pargeter, W. (1792). Observations on Maniacal Disorders. Reading.Google Scholar
Parry-Jones, W. L. (1972). The Trade in Lunacy. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.Google Scholar
Paulson, R. (1970). Hogarth's Graphic Works (2 vols) (rev. edn). Yale University Press: New Haven.Google Scholar
PRO, C. 217/55. Public Record Office, Chancery 217/55, Parts I and II. Unpublished manuscripts.Google Scholar
Schwartz, H. (1978). Knaves, Fools, Madmen, and that Subtile Effluvium. University of Florida: Gainesville.Google Scholar
Scull, A. T. (1979). Museums of Madness.. Allen Lane:London.Google Scholar
Sena, J. F. (1973). Melancholic madness and the Puritans. Harvard Theological Review 66, 294309.Google Scholar
Smollet, T. (1758, 1759). [Untitled reviews of the Battie–Monro controversy.] Critical Review 4, 509516; 5, 224–228.Google Scholar
Sprat, T. (1959), History of the Royal Society (ed. Cope, J. I.), p. 359. Washington University Press: St Louis.Google Scholar
Steffan, T. G. (1941). The Social Argument against Enthusiasm 1650–1660. Studies in English, no. 21. Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Thomas, K. (1978). Religion and the Decline of Magic (2nd edn). Penguin: Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Tilley, M. p. (1950). A Dictionary of Proverbs in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Tourney, G. (1972). The physician and witchcraft in Restoration England. Medical History 16, 143155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuke, S. (1964). Description of the Retreat (ed. Hunter, R. and Macalpine, I.). Dawsons: London.Google Scholar
Wagstaffe, J. (1669). The Question of Witchcraft Debated. London.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. (1966). Origins of the Evangelical revival. In Essays in Modern Church History (ed Bennett, G. V. and Walsh, J. D. W.), pp. 132162. Adam & Charles Black: London.Google Scholar
Ward, E. (1706). The London-Spy (3rd edn), pp. 6267. London.Google Scholar
Ward, W. R. (1972). Religion and Society in England, 17901850. Batsford: London.Google Scholar
Wesley, J. (1842). The Works of John Wesley (4th edn) (14 vols), Vol. 3, pp. 308309. London.Google Scholar
Whitefield, G. (1960). Journals. The Banner Trust.Google Scholar
Williamson, G. (1933). The Restoration revolt against enthusiasm. Studies in Philology 30, 571603.Google Scholar
Willis, T. (1683). Two Discourses Concerning the Soul of Brutes. In his Dr Willis's Practice of Physick (trans. Pordage, S.). London.Google Scholar
Zilboorg, G. with the collaboration of Henry G. W. (1941). A History of Medical Psychology. Norton: New York.Google Scholar
Academicus, (1761). The Principles and Practices of the Methodists Further Considered. London.Google Scholar
Arnold, T. (1806). Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity (2nd edn) (2 vols). London.Google Scholar
Ayscough, F. (1755). A Discourse against Self-Murder. London.Google Scholar
Bartel, R. (19591960). Suicide in eighteenth-century England: the myth of a reputation. Huntington Library Quarterly 23, 145158.Google Scholar
Baxter, R. (1716). The Signs and Causes of Melancholy (ed Clifford, S.). London.Google Scholar
Bowen, M. E. (1974). The scientific revolution in astrology: the English reformers, 15581686. Ph.D. thesis: Yale University.Google Scholar
Brown, T. M. (1970). The Collegeof Physicians and the acceptance of iatromechanism in England, 16651695. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64, 1230.Google Scholar
Byrd, M. (1974). Visits to Bedlam: Madness and Literature in the Eighteenth Century. University of South Carolina Press: Columbia.Google Scholar
Casaubon, M. (1970). A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasme (ed. Korshin, P. J.). Scholars' Facsimiles: Gainesville, Fla.Google Scholar
Chardler, S. (1763). An Answer to the Rev. Mr John Wesley's Letter to William, Lord Bishop of Gloucester. London.Google Scholar
Chriton, A. (1798). An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. London.Google Scholar
Clarke, B. (1975). Mental Disorder in Earlier Britain. University of Wales: Cardiff.Google Scholar
Cope, J. I. (1956). Joseph Glanvill, Anglican Apologist. Washington University Press: St Louis.Google Scholar
Cullen, W. (1829). First Lines in the Practice of Physic (2 vols) (ed. Gregory, J. C.). Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Enthusiasm Explained: Or, a Discourse on the Nature, Kind and Cause of Enthusiasm (1739). London.Google Scholar
Fleetwood, W. (1705). The Relative Duties of Parents and Children, Husbands and Wives, Masters and Servants. London.Google Scholar
The Gentleman's Magazine (1762), 33, 2021.Google Scholar
Gibson, E. (1778). A Caution against Enthusiasm. In his Political Tracts. London.Google Scholar
Green, T. (1755). A Dissertation on Enthusiasm. London.Google Scholar
Harper, A. (1789). A Treatise on the Real Cause and Cure of Insanity. London.Google Scholar
Haslam, J. (1798). Observations on Insanity. London.Google Scholar
Haslam, J. (1809). Observations on Madness and Melancholy (2nd edn). London.Google Scholar
Hazard, P. (1973). The European Mind, 1680–1750 (trans. May, J. Lewis). Penguin: Harmondsworth.Google Scholar
Hickes, G. (1680). The Spirit of Enthusiasm Exorcised. London.Google Scholar
Leigh, D. (1961). The Historical Development of British Psychiatry, Vol. 1: 18th and 19th Century. Pergamon: New York.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. (1981). Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (in the press).Google Scholar
Moore, C. (1790). A Full Inquiry into the Subject of Suicide. (2 vols). London.Google Scholar
Newcome, H. (1849). The Diary of the Rev. Henry Newcoine (ed. Heywood, T.). Chetham Society, no. 28.Google Scholar
Perfect, W. (n.d.) Cases of Insanity (2nd edn). London.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. (1968). Enthusiasm: ‘a dark lanthorn of the spirit’. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 42, 393421.Google Scholar
Rowley, W. (1788). Treatise on Female, Nervous, Hysterical, Hypochondriacal, Bilious, Convulsive Diseases. London.Google Scholar
Schmitt, J.-C. (1976). Le suicide au moyen âge. Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations 31, 228.Google Scholar
Scot, R. (1584). The Discoverie of Witchcraft. London.Google Scholar
Sprott, S. E. (1961). The English Debate on Suicide: From Donne to Hume. Open Court: La Salle, Ill.Google Scholar
Swift, J. (1975). A Tale of a Tub and Other Satires (ed. Williams, K.). Everyman: London.Google Scholar
Thomson, E. P. (1974). Patrician society, Plebian culture. Journal of Social History 7, 382405.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1978). Eighteenth-century English society: class struggle without class? Social History 3, 133165.Google Scholar
Trosse, G. (1974). The Life of the Reverend Mr George Trosse (ed. Brink, A. W.). McGill University Press: Montreal.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. (1972). Methodism and the mob in the eighteenth century. In Popular Belief and Practice (ed. Cuming, G. J. and Baker, D.), pp. 213227. Studies in Church History, no. 8. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Warburton, W. (1763). The Doctrine of Grace. London.Google Scholar
Wilder, J. (1739). The Trial of the Spirits: Or, a Caution against Enthusiasm, or Religious Delusion. Oxford.Google Scholar