Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-12T14:58:30.894Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ask the Fellows who Lop the Hay: Leaf-Fodder in the Mountains of Northwest Greece

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 October 2008

Paul Halstead
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Extract

As recently as the first half of this century, leaf- and twig-fodder cut from trees played a major role in animal husbandry across most of Europe and, in many areas, stored leafy hay was of critical importance to the survival of stalled livestock over winter (e.g. Brockmann-Jerosch, 1936; Radley, 1961; Spray, 1981; Salvi, 1982; Sigaut, 1982; Haas and Rasmussen, 1993). In addition to its importance to livestock, leaf- and twig-foddering also played a major role in shaping the cultural landscapes of the continent, and in particular the structure and composition of vegetation cover (e.g. Moreno, 1982; Austad, 1988). During this century, the use of arboreal fodder has declined dramatically to the point of almost total abandonment and, in consequence, this once important practice is both poorly understood and largely ignored by historians, geographers and ecologists alike.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austad, I. 1988. ‘Tree pollarding in western Norway’, in Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., Kaland, P.E. and Moe, D. (eds.) The Cultural Landscape: Past, Present and Future (Cambridge) pp. 1129.Google Scholar
Bolaños, M.M. 1960. ‘Las plantas leñosas en la alimentación y pastoreo de la ganaderia española’, Montes 16, 347–51.Google Scholar
Brockmann-Jerosch, H. 1936. ‘Futterlaubbäume und Speiselaubbäume’, Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 46, 594613.Google Scholar
Campbell, J.K. 1964. Honour, Family and Patronage (Oxford).Google Scholar
Campbell, J.K. 1976. ‘Regionalism and local community’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 268, 1827.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esat-Kadaster, I. and Kansu, S. 1947. ‘Mese yapraklarinin hayvan besleme degeri’, Ankaro Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü Dergisi 7, 329–36.Google Scholar
Greig, J. 1988. ‘Plant resources’, in Astill, G. and Grant, A. (eds.) The Countryside of Medieval England (Oxford) pp. 108–27.Google Scholar
Haas, J.N., Karg, S. and Rasmussen, P. 1998. ‘Beech leaves and twigs used as winter fodder: examples from historic and prehistoric times’, in Charles, M., Halstead, P. and Jones, G. (eds.) Fodder: Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Studies, Environmental Archaeology 1, 81–6.Google Scholar
Haas, J.N. and Rasmussen, P. 1993. ‘Zur Geschichte der Schneitel- und Laubfutterwirtschaft in der Schweiz – eine alte Landwirtschaftspraxis kurz vor dem Aussterben’, in C. Brombacher, S. Jacomet and J.N. Haas (eds.) Festschrift Zoller, Dissertationes Botanicae 196, 469–89.Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1991. ‘Present to past in the Pindhos: specialisation and diversification in mountain economies’, Rivista di Studi Liguri 56, 6180.Google Scholar
Halstead, P. 1998. ‘Mortality models and milking: problems of uniformitarianism, optimality and equifinality reconsidered’, Anthropozoologica 27.Google Scholar
Halstead, P. and Tierney, J. with a contribution by Butler, S. and Mulder, Y. 1998. ‘Leafy hay: an ethnoarchaeological study in NW Greece’, in Charles, M., Halstead, P. and Jones, G. (eds.) Fodder: Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Studies, Environmental Archaeology 1, 7180.Google Scholar
Herms, D.A. and Mattson, W.J. 1992. ‘The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend’, The Quarterly Review of Biology 67, 283333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heybroek, H.M. 1963. ‘Diseases and lopping for fodder as possible causes of a prehistoric decline of Ulmus’, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 12, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Höeg, C. 1925. Les Saracatsanes, une Tribu Nomade Grecque: 1, Étude Linguistique Précédée d'une Notice Ethnographique (Paris).Google Scholar
IGME 1985. Geological Map of Greece, 1:50,000: Chionades-Grammos Sheet (Athens).Google Scholar
Kavadias, G.B. 1965. Pasteurs-Nomades Méditerranéens: les Saracatsans de Grèce (Paris).Google Scholar
Kruker, R. and Niederer, A. 1982. ‘Aspects de la cuillette dans les Alpes suisses’, Études Rurales 8788, 139–52.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, K.P. 1972. H Atomiki Idioktisia sto Zagori (Yannina).Google Scholar
McNeill, J.R. 1992. The Mountains of the Mediterranean World (Cambridge).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makris, K.A. 1981. Khionadites Zografoi (Athens).Google Scholar
Marietan, I. 19431944. ‘Les arbres sauvages taillés pour la feuille en Valais’, Bulletin de la Murithienne 61, 14–8.Google Scholar
Moreno, D. 1982. ‘Querce come olivi: sulla rovericoltura in Liguria tra 18 e 19 secolo’, in Moreno, D., Piussi, P. and Rackham, O. (eds.) Boschi: Storia e Archeologia, Quaderni Storici 49, 108–36.Google Scholar
Moreno, D. and Raggio, O. 1990. ‘The making and fall of an intensive pastoral land-use-system: Eastern Liguria, 16–19th centuries’, Rivista di Studi Liguri 56, 193217.Google Scholar
Nitsiakos, V. 1985. A Vlach Pastoral Community in Greece: the Effects of its Incorporation into the National Economy and Society. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nitsiakos, V. 1995. Oi Oreines Koinotites tis Voreias Pindou (Athens).Google Scholar
NSSG 1962. Katanomi tis Ektaseos tis Khoras kata Vasikas Katigorias Khriseos: Proapografika Stoikhia (Athens).Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, V. and Petronotis, A. 1996. ‘O Pirsogiannitis protomastoras Ziogas Frontzos kai ta erga tou (mastoroi kai gefiria)’, in Nitsiakos, V. (ed.) I Eparkhia Konitsas sto Khoro kai sto Khrono (Konitsa) pp. 219327.Google Scholar
Papakharisis, A. (ed.) 1964. Kosma Thesprotou kai Athanasiou Psalida: Geografia Albanias kai Ipirou (Yannina).Google Scholar
Petsas, F.M. and Saralis, G.A. 1982. Aristi kai Ditiko Zagori (Athens).Google Scholar
Psikhogios, D.K. 1987. Proikes, Forai, Stafida kai Psomi: Oikonomia kai Oikoyenia stin Agrotiki Ellada tou 19 Aiona (Athens).Google Scholar
Psikhogios, D. and Papapetrou, G. 1984. ‘Oi metakinisis ton nomadon ktinotrofon’, Epitheorisi Koinonikon Ereunon 53, 323.Google Scholar
Rackham, O. 1990. Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape (rev. edn.) (London).Google Scholar
Radley, J. 1961. ‘Holly as winter feed’, Agricultural History Review 9, 8992.Google Scholar
Raptis, D.E. 1996. ‘Dioikitikoi thesmoi epi Tourkokratias stin Eparkhia Konitsis’, in Nitsiakos, V. (ed.) I Eparkhia Konitsas sto Khoro kai sto Khrono (Konitsa) pp. 329–43.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, P. 1989. ‘Leaf foddering in the earliest neolithic agriculture: evidence from Switzerland and Denmark’, Acta Archaeologica 60, 7186.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, P. 1990. ‘Pollarding of trees in the Neolithic: often presumed – difficult to prove’, in Robinson, D.E. (ed.) Experimentation and Reconstruction in Environmental Archaeology (Oxford) pp. 7799.Google Scholar
Salvi, G. 1982. ‘La scalvatura della cerreta nell' alta valle del Trebbia. Note dalle fonti orali’, in Moreno, D., Piussi, P. and Rackham, O. (eds.) Boschi: Storia e Archeologia, Quaderni Storici 49, 148–56.Google Scholar
Salvi, G. 1983. ‘Alberi da foraggio: foglia e stalla a Bertassi (1880–1980)’, in Còveri, L. and Moreno, D. (eds.) Studi di Etnografia e Dialettologia Ligure in Memoria di Hugo Plomteux (Genoa) pp. 193209.Google Scholar
Sigaut, F. 1982. ‘Gli alberi da foraggio in Europa: significato tecnico ed economico’, in Moreno, D., Piussi, P. and Rackham, O. (eds.) Boschi: Storia e Archeologia, Quaderni Storici 49, 4958.Google Scholar
Sivignon, M. 1968. ‘Les pasteurs du Pinde septentrional’, Revue de Géographie de Lyon 43, 543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spray, M. 1981. ‘Holly as a fodder in England’, Agricultural History Review 29, 97110.Google Scholar
Tierney, J. in press. ‘Shredding and the production of winter fodder in northern Greece. An interim statement on the archaeological detectability of shredding’, in Coles, G. and Mills, C. (eds.) Proceedings of an Annual Conference of the Association for Environmental Archaeology (Oxford).Google Scholar
Vergopoulos, K. 1975. To Agrotiko Zitima stin Ellada, H Koinoniki Ensomatosi tis Georgias (Athens).Google Scholar
Vrelli-Zakhou, M. 1996. ‘O Khionaditis laïkos agiografos Polikarpos Anast. Zografos (1874–1953)’, in Nitsiakos, V. (ed.) I Eparkhia Konitsas sto Khoro kai sto Khrono (Konitsa) pp. 395421.Google Scholar
Wace, A.J.B. and Thompson, M.S. 1914. The Nomads of the Balkans (London).Google Scholar