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² See, for example, Sugrue, T., The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, 2005)Google Scholar; and Klemek, C., The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal: Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin (Chicago, 2012)Google Scholar.

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⁵ The term ‘black’ is predominantly used throughout this Special Issue to refer to people of African and African Caribbean descent in Britain. It is not capitalized to avoid confusion with the contemporary term ‘Black’, a collective identity which could include all people of colour and was closely linked with the British Black Power movement. On ‘political blackness’, see R. Waters, Thinking Black: Britain, 1964–1985 (Berkeley, 2019); and J. White, ‘Black women's groups, life narratives, and the construction of the self in late twentieth-century Britain’, Historical Journal (FirstView online, 2021), 1–21.

⁶ Rhodes, J. and Brown, L., ‘The rise and fall of the “inner city”: race, space and urban policy in postwar England’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45 (2019), 3243–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ N. Deakin and J. Edwards, The Enterprise Culture and the Inner City (London, 1993).

¹⁴ See, for example, A. Kirby, The Inner City: Causes and Effects (Corbidge, 1978); G. Whitting, Implementing an Inner City Policy: A Case Study of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Inner Area Programme (Bristol, 1985); and P. Lawless, Britain's Inner Cities, 2nd edn (London, 1989).

¹⁵ J. Higgins, N. Deakin, J. Edwards and M. Wicks, Government and Urban Poverty: Inside the Policy-Making Process (Oxford, 1983).

¹⁶ S. MacGregor and B. Pimlott, ‘Action and inaction in the cities’, in S. MacGregor and B. Pimlott (eds.), Tackling the Inner Cities: The 1980s Reviewed, Prospects for the 1990s (Oxford, 1990).

¹⁷ P. Harrison, Inside the Inner City: Life under the Cutting Edge (London, 1973), 11 and 369.

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²⁴ B. Bryan, S. Dadzie and S. Scafe, The Heart of the Race: Black Women's Lives in Britain (London, 2018), 62 and 67. On the ‘Educational Subnormality’ scandal, see K. Andrews, Resisting Racism: Race, Inequality, and the Black Supplementary School Movement (London, 2013); and B. Coard, How the West Indian Child Is Made Educationally Subnormal in the British School System: The Scandal of the Black Child in Schools in Britain (London, 1971).

²⁵ Histories of black and South Asian Britain in the twentieth century that focus on space and place, in various ways, include J.N. Brown, Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool (Woodstock, 2005); M. Matera, Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 2015); C. Willis, Lovers and Strangers: An Immigrant History of Post-War Britain (London, 2017); and K. Connell, Black Handsworth: Race in 1980s Britain (Berkeley, 2019).

²⁶ For example, see J. Davis, ‘Rents and race in 1960s London: new light on Rachmanism’, Twentieth Century British History, 12 (2001), 69–92.

²⁷ On the ‘mugging crisis’, see S. Hall, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke and B. Roberts, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 2013). On the early 1980s disorders, see Peplow, S., ‘“A tactical manoeuvre to apply pressure”: race and the role of public inquiries in the 1980 Bristol “riot”’, Twentieth Century British History, 29 (2018), 129–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; and S. Peplow, Race and Riots in Thatcher's Britain (Manchester, 2019).

²⁸ See, for example, P. Joyce, The Policing of Protest, Disorder and International Terrorism in the UK since 1945 (Basingstoke, 2016); and Linstrum, E., ‘Domesticating chemical weapons: tear gas and the militarization of policing in the British imperial world, 1919–1981’, Journal of Modern History, 91 (2019), 557–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁰ A. Andrews, ‘Multiple deprivation, the inner city, and the fracturing of the welfare state: Glasgow, 1968–78’, Twentieth Century British History, 29 (2018), 605–24.

³¹ See, for example, L. Gooberman, ‘The state and post-industrial urban regeneration: the reinvention of south Cardiff’, Urban History, 45 (2018), 504–23.

³² P. Borsay, L. Miskell and O. Roberts, ‘Introduction: Wales, a new agenda for urban history’, Urban History, 32 (2005), 5–16.

³³ Belfast Areas of Special Social Need: Report by Project Team (Belfast, 1976).

³⁴ S. Prince and G. Warner, Belfast and Derry in Revolt: A New History of the Start of the Troubles (Newbridge, 2019).

³⁵ I. Gregory, N. Cunningham, C.D. Lloyd, I. Shuttleworth and P. Ell, Troubled Geographies: A Spatial History of Religion and Society in Ireland (Bloomington, 2013), 201–20.

³⁶ Similar, though less severe, sectarian conflict existed in cities like Liverpool and Glasgow; see, for example, Warner, D., ‘When two tribes go to war: Orange parades, religious identity and urban space in Liverpool, 1965–1985’, Oral History, 47 (2019), 30–42Google Scholar. Moreover, the violence linked with the ‘Troubles’ was not absent from British cities; see G. Dawson, J. Dover and S. Hopkins (eds.), The Northern Ireland Troubles in Britain: Impacts, Engagements, Legacies and Memories (Manchester, 2016).

³⁷ H. Wilson and L. Womersley, Change or Decay? Final Report of the Liverpool Inner Area Study (London, 1977), 1.

³⁸ See, for example, J.R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (Chicago, 1992).

³⁹ Sunday Times, 25 Aug. 1985.

⁴⁰ Connell, K., ‘Race, prostitution and the New Left: the postwar inner city through Janet Mendelsohn's “social eye”’, History Workshop Journal, 83 (2017), 301–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hirsch, S. and Swanson, D., ‘Photojournalism and the Moss Side riots of 1981: narrowly selective transparency’, History Workshop Journal, 89 (2020), 221–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁴² Wetherell, S., ‘Painting the crisis: community arts and the search for the “ordinary” in 1970s and ’80s London’, History Workshop Journal, 76 (2013), 235–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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