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Modulating oxidative stress and epigenetic homeostasis in preimplantation IVF embryos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2021

Yves Menezo Open the ORCID record for Yves Menezo [Opens in a new window] ,
Patrice Clement ,
Brian Dale Open the ORCID record for Brian Dale [Opens in a new window]  and
Kay Elder
Yves Menezo*
Affiliation:
Laboratoire Clement, Paris, France
Patrice Clement
Affiliation:
Laboratoire Clement, Paris, France
Brian Dale
Affiliation:
Centro Fecondazione Assistita, Napoli, Italy
Kay Elder
Affiliation:
Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Yves Menezo. Laboratoire Clement, Paris, France. E-mail: yves.menezo@gmail.com
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Summary

Assisted reproductive technology is today considered a safe and reliable medical intervention, with healthy live births a reality for many IVF and ICSI treatment cycles. However, there are increasing numbers of published reports describing epigenetic/imprinting anomalies in children born as a result of these procedures. These anomalies have been attributed to methylation errors in embryo chromatin remodelling during in vitro culture. Here we re-visit three concepts: (1) the so-called ‘in vitro toxicity’ of ‘essential amino acids’ before the maternal to zygotic transition period; (2) the effect of hyperstimulation (controlled ovarian hyperstimulation) on homocysteine in the oocyte environment and the effect on methylation in the absence of essential amino acids; and (3) the fact/postulate that during the early stages of development the embryo undergoes a ‘global’ demethylation. Methylation processes require efficient protection against oxidative stress, which jeopardizes the correct acquisition of methylation marks as well as subsequent methylation maintenance. The universal precursor of methylation [by S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)], methionine, ‘an essential amino acid’, should be present in the culture. Polyamines, regulators of methylation, require SAM and arginine for their syntheses. Cystine, another ‘semi-essential amino acid’, is the precursor of the universal protective antioxidant molecule: glutathione. It protects methylation marks against some undue DNA demethylation processes through ten-eleven translocation (TET), after formation of hydroxymethyl cytosine. Early embryos are unable to convert homocysteine to cysteine as the cystathionine β-synthase pathway is not active. In this way, cysteine is a ‘real essential amino acid’. Most IVF culture medium do not maintain methylation/epigenetic processes, even in mouse assays. Essential amino acids should be present in human IVF medium to maintain adequate epigenetic marking in preimplantation embryos. Furthermore, morphological and morphometric data need to be re-evaluated, taking into account the basic biochemical processes involved in early life.

Keywords

Amino acidsEpigenesisHuman preimplantation embryoImprintingMethylationOxidative stress
Type
Review Article
Information
Zygote , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , April 2022 , pp. 149 - 158
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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