Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-05-20T03:49:23.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ending disability segregated employment: ‘modern slavery’ law and disabled people's human right to work

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2023

Linda Steele*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia,
*
*Corresponding author: linda.steele@uts.edu.au

Abstract

Disability segregated employment (also referred to as ‘sheltered workshops’) violates disabled people's human right to work and employment. This article argues that modern slavery law might serve as one part of a broader strategy to end disability segregated employment, ensure accountability for the injustices within them and ensure equal access to open employment opportunities for disabled people. This is on the basis that disability segregated employment can be understood as a form of labour exploitation under modern slavery law – specifically forced labour and servitude. Modern slavery law is a useful legal tool to unseat deeply entrenched ableist attitudes of disability segregated employment as beneficial and necessary and build corporate/charity, public and government momentum towards the transition away from disability segregated employment, even if this particular area of law cannot itself legally compel the closure of sheltered workshops and an increase in open employment opportunities for disabled people.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anti-Slavery Australia (2017) Bo-Syun Chen & Yu-Hao Huang (2017), Anti-Slavery Australia. Available at: https://antislavery.org.au/bo-syun-chen-and-yu-hao-huang-2017/ (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Australian Human Rights Commission (2016) Willing to Work: National Inquiry into Employment Discrimination Against Older Australians and Australians with Disability. Sydney: Australian Human Rights Commission. Available at: https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/disability-rights/publications/willing-work-national-inquiry-employment-discrimination (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020) People with Disability in Australia 2020. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/disability/people-with-disability-in-australia/contents/summary (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Bantekas, I, Pennilas, F and Trömel, S (2018) Article 27: Work and Employment. In Bantekas, I, Stein, MA and Anastasiou, D (eds), The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 777–800.Google Scholar
Barclay, J (2021) The Mark of Slavery. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Beckwith, R-M (2016) Disability Servitude: From Peonage to Poverty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Moshe, L and Stewart, J (2017) Disablement, Prison and Historical Segregation: 15 Years Later. In Malhotra, R (ed), Disability Politics in a Global Economy: Essays in Honour of Marta Russell. Abingdon: Routledge, 87.Google Scholar
Berg, L (2016) Migrant Rights at Work: Law's Precariousness at the Intersection of Immigration and Labour. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burn, J, McLeod, F and Knackstredt, N (2016) Establishing a National Compensation Scheme for Victims of Commonwealth Crime. Canberra: Law Council of Australia. Available at: http://www.antislavery.org.au/images/FINAL%20REPORT%20-%20ASA%20-%20LCA%20The%20Case%20for%20a%20National%20Compensation%20Scheme.pdf (accessed 10 April 2022).Google Scholar
BuyAbility (nd) What is supported employment? BuyAbility. Available at: https://buyability.org.au/supported-employment/ (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Carey, C and Peterson, S (2019) Trafficking people with disabilities: A legal analysis. Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights and Social Justice 26, 471498.Google Scholar
Centre for Research Excellence in Disability and Health (2021) Nature and Extent of Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation against People with Disability in Australia, Research Report. Brisbane: Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability. Available at: https://disability.royalcommission.gov.au/system/files/2021-11/Research%20Report%20-%20Nature%20and%20extent%20of%20violence%2C%20abuse%2C%20neglect%20and%20exploitation%20against%20people%20with%20disability%20in%20Australia.pdf (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2019) Concluding Observations on the Combined Second and Third Periodic Reports of Australia, UN Doc. CRPD/C/AUS/CO/2-3. Available at: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnzSGolKOaUX8SsM2PfxU7sdcbNJQCwlRF9xTca9TaCwjm5OInhspoVv2oxnsujKTREtaVWFXhEZM%2F0OdVJz1UEyF5IeK6Ycmqrn8yzTHQCn (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2022) General Comment No. 8 (2022) on the Right of Persons with Disabilities to Work and Employment, UN Doc. CRPD/C/GC/8. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/crpdcgc8-general-comment-no-8-2022-right-persons (accessed 11 October 2022).Google Scholar
Connor, S (2014) The dignity of slavery – or ‘Why my shoes are cheaper at Kmart’, Global Freedom Movement, 21 October. Available at https://globalfreedommovement.org/sweatshops-in-australia-lucky-country-exposed/ (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Cullen, M and McSherry, B (2009) Without sex – Slavery, trafficking in persons and the exploitation of labour in Australia. Alternative Law Journal 34, 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degeling, S and Barker, K (2015) Private law and grave historical injustice: The role of the common law. Monash University Law Review 41, 377413.Google Scholar
Department of Finance (2020) Commonwealth Procurement Rules. Canberra: Australian Government. Available at https://www.finance.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-12/Commonwealth%20Procurement%20Rules%20-%2014%20December%202020.pdf (accessed 10 April 2022).Google Scholar
Department of Social Services (nd) Supported Employment, Department of Social Services. Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/disability-and-carers-programs-services-for-people-with-disability/supported-employment (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Disabled People's Organisations Australia (2020) Segregation of People with Disability Is Discrimination and Must End. Sydney: People with Disability Australia. Available at: https://dpoa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Segregation-of-People-with-Disability_Position-Paper.pdf (accessed 10 April 2022).Google Scholar
Erevelles, N (2011) Disability and Difference in Global Contexts: Enabling a Transformative Body Politic. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Explanatory Memorandum, Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Bill 1999 (Cth).Google Scholar
Explanatory Memorandum, Crimes Legislation Amendment (Slavery, Slavery-like Conditions and People Trafficking) Bill 2012 (Cth).Google Scholar
Farbenblum, B and Berg, L (2017) Migrant workers’ access to remedy for exploitation in Australia: The role of the National Fair Work Ombudsman. Australian Journal of Human Rights 23, 310331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fasciglione, M (2015) ‘Article 27 of the CRPD and the Right of Inclusive Employment of People with Autism’ in Fina, Valentina Della and Cera, Rachele (eds) Protecting the Rights of People with Autism in the Fields of Education and Employment. Cham: Springer, 145170.Google Scholar
Fellows, J and Chong, MD (2020) Australia's Modern Slavery Act: Challenges for a post-COVID world? Alternative Law Journal 45, 209214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fudge, J (2018) Slavery and unfree labour: The politics of naming, framing, and blaming. Labour 82, 227244.Google Scholar
Harpur, P (2019) Ableism at Work: Disablement and Hierarchies of Impairment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodkinson, S, Lewis, H, Waite, L and Dwyer, P (2021) Fighting or fuelling forced labour? The Modern Slavery Act 2015, irregular migrants and the vulnerabilising role of the UK's hostile environment. Critical Social Policy 41, 6890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hohmann, J (2022) Conceptualising domestic servitude as a violation of the human right to housing and reframing Australian policy responses. Griffith Law Review, 125.Google Scholar
Hsin, LKE (2020) Modern slavery in law: Towards continuums of exploitation. Australian Journal of Human Rights 26, 165175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt-Kennedy, S (2020) Between Fitness and Death: Disability and Slavery in the Caribbean. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Inclusion Australia (2022a), Equal Pay, Equal Respect: Federal Election 2022 Platform. Sydney: Inclusion Australia. Available at: https://www.inclusionaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Equal-Pay-Equal-Respct-Federal-Election-2022-Platform-Inclusion-Australia.pdf.Google Scholar
Inclusion Australia (2022b), ‘Equal Pay, Equal Respect: Time to End Discriminatory Wages for People with an Intellectual Disability’, Inclusion Australia https://www.inclusionaustralia.org.au/equal-pay-equal-respect-time-to-end-discriminatory-wages-for-people-with-an-intellectual-disability/.Google Scholar
Inclusion Australia (2022c) What Works: Making Disability Employment Services (DES) Work for People with an Intellectual Disability. Sydney: Inclusion Australia. Available at: https://www.inclusionaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Our-Submissions_2022_02_What-Works-Final-Report-2021.pdf (accessed 13 April 2022).Google Scholar
Inclusion Australia and People with Disability Australia (2022) Wage Equity and More Choices in Employment for People with an Intellectual Disability: Research Review. Sydney: Inclusion Australia. Available at: https://www.inclusionaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ADE-research-brief-April-2022.pdf (accessed 13 April 2022).Google Scholar
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs (2017) Hidden in Plain Sight: An Inquiry into Establishing a Modern Slavery Act in Australia. Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/024102/toc_pdf/HiddeninPlainSight.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 10 April 2022).Google Scholar
Kayess, R and French, P (2008) Out of darkness into light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Human Rights Law Review 8, 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenway, E (2021) The Truth About Modern Slavery. London: Pluto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langensiepen, K (2021) An end to sheltered workshops for person with disabilities - Vote in the Social Affairs Committee, Die Grünen/EFA (26 January 2021). Available at: https://www.katrin-langensiepen.eu/de/article/132.an-end-to-sheltered-workshops-for-person-with-disabilities-vote-in-the-social-affairs-committee.html (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Malaquias, C (2019) Ethical supply chains, disability, sheltered workshops, segregation and exploitation, Starting with Julius (19 April 2019). Available at: http://www.startingwithjulius.org.au/ethical-supply-chains-disability-sheltered-workshops-segregation-and-exploitation/ (accessed 11 April 2022).Google Scholar
May-Simera, C (2018) Reconsidering sheltered workshops in light of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006). Laws 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGaughey, F. (2021) Behind the scenes: Reporting under Australia's Modern Slavery Act. Australian Journal of Human Rights 27, 2039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Disability Insurance Agency (2021a) Supports in Employment Provider Handbook. National Disability Insurance Agency. Available at: https://www.ndis.gov.au/media/2919/download?attachment (accessed 11 April 2022).Google Scholar
National Disability Insurance Agency (2021b) What is the NDIS? NDIS. Available at: https://www.ndis.gov.au/understanding/what-ndis#what (accessed 11 April 2022).Google Scholar
National Disability Rights Network (2011) Segregated and Exploited: The Failure of the Disability Service System to Provide Quality Work, National Disability Rights Network. Available at: https://www.ndrn.org/images/Documents/Resources/Publications/Reports/Segregated-and-Exploited.pdf (accessed 11 October 2022).Google Scholar
Nichols, A and Heil, E (2022) Human trafficking of people with a disability: An Analysis of state and federal cases. Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence 7, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, J and Boersma, M (2019) Addressing Modern Slavery. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing.Google Scholar
Nolan, J and Bott, G (2018) Global supply chains and human rights: Spotlight on forced labour and modern slavery practices. Australian Journal of Human Rights 24, 4469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, J and Frishling, N (2019) Australia's Modern Slavery Act: Towards meaningful compliance. Company and Securities Law Journal 37, 104126.Google Scholar
People with Disability Australia (2021) We Belong Here: Our Nation Must End Exclusionary Systems That Harm People with Disability. Sydney: People with Disability Australia. Available at: https://pwd.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/27072021-SUB-PWDA_DRC-Inclusion.pdf (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Redmond, P (2020) Regulating through reporting: An anticipatory assessment of the Australian Modern Slavery Acts. Australian Journal of Human Rights 26, 526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability (2020) Employment, Issues Paper. Brisbane: Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation. Available at: https://disability.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/employment (accessed 12 April 2022)Google Scholar
Senate Community Affairs References Committee (2015) Final Report: Violence, Abuse and Neglect against People with Disability in Institutional and Residential Settings. Canberra: Parliament of Australia. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Violence_abuse_neglect/Report (accessed 11 April 2022).Google Scholar
Spivakovsky, C and Steele, L (2022) Disability law in a pandemic: The temporal folds of medico-legal violence. Social & Legal Studies 31, 175196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, MA and Bantekas, I (2021) Including disability in business and human rights discourse and corporate practice. Business and Human Rights Journal 6, 490513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, L (2014) Disability, abnormality and criminal law: Sterilisation as lawful and ‘good’ violence. Griffith Law Review 23, 467497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, L (2023 forthcoming) Law and disability supported employment in Australia: The case for ending segregation, discrimination, exploitation and violence against people with disability at work. Monash University Law Review. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4187360 (accessed 11 October 2022).Google Scholar
US Commission on Civil Rights (2020) Subminimum Wages: Impacts on the Civil Rights of People with Disabilities. Available at: https://www.usccr.gov/reports/2020/subminimum-wages-impacts-civil-rights-people-disabilities (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Varman, R, Skalen, P, Belk, RW and Chaudhuri, HR (2021) Normative violence in domestic service: A study of exploitation, status, and grievability. Journal of Business Ethics 171, 645665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vijeyarasa, R (2016) Sex, Slavery and the Trafficked Woman: Myths and Misconceptions About Trafficking and its Victims. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vijeyarasa, R (2019) A missed opportunity: How Australia failed to make its modern slavery act a global example of good practice comments. Adelaide Law Review 40, 857866.Google Scholar
Vijeyarasa, R and Villarino, JMB (2013) Modern-day slavery – A judicial catchall for trafficking, slavery and labour exploitation: A critique of Tang and Rantsev. Journal of International Law and International Relations 9, 3661.Google Scholar
Women with Disabilities Victoria (2019) Submission to the Australian Human Rights Commission's National Inquiry into Sexual Harassment in Australian Workplaces. Melbourne: Women with Disabilities Victoria. Available at: https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-05/submission_312_-_women_with_disabilities_victoria.pdf (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar
Women with Disabilities Australia (2020) Response to the Employment Issues Paper of the Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability. Rosny Park: Women With Disabilities Australia. Available at: https://wwda.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/WWDA-Response-to-Employment-Issues-Paper-Final1.pdf (accessed 12 April 2022).Google Scholar